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35 results for “Wild carnivore”
Data from: Assessing the relationship between illegal hunting of ungulates, wild prey occurrence and livestock depredation rate by large carnivores
1. Illegal hunting of ungulates can reduce the prey base of carnivores, which can increase human-carnivore conflict (HCC) through livestock depredation. However, the relationship between ungulate poaching, wild prey abundance and livestock depredation has rarely been empirically studied. 2. We surveyed 18 sites across the Hyrcanian forest in northern Iran; a global biodiversity hotspot under pressure of illegal hunting of ungulates, prey depletion, livestock grazing and HCC. We conducted three field surveys across 1204 km in 93 4×4 km cells to count signs of ungulate poaching as well as encounters with livestock and prey species of the Persian leopard Panthera pardus saxicolor and the grey wolf Canis lupus. We documented sheep/goat and cattle depredation from interviews with 201 herders and analysed the effects of illegal hunting of ungulates, forest cover, IUCN categories of reserves, elevation, distance to villages, and wild prey and livestock encounter rates on carnivore depredation rates using generalized linear models. 3. Illegal hunting of ungulates was the most influential depredation predictor. An increase in the illegal hunting of ungulates by one sign/km significantly increased depredation by up to four times. We also found significantly lower levels of ungulate poaching in national parks (IUCN category II) compared to protected areas (V), wildlife refuges (IV) and no-hunting areas, though poaching signs were frequently found in most cells (58%). Encounters with livestock was inversely linked to wild prey species, but positively coupled with signs of ungulate poaching. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our study reveals that: (i) an increase in the intensity of illegal hunting of ungulates can intensify livestock depredation by carnivores; (ii) future efforts in reducing human-carnivore conflict (HCC) to acceptable levels require a combination of law enforcement, prey recovery approaches and mitigation measures; (iii) there is an urgent need to better understand the root causes of poaching of ungulates to help minimize HCC.
Fig. 4 in Zoonotic nematodes of wild carnivores
Fig. 4. Encapsulated larvae of Trichinella britovi in the striated muscular tissue of a fox.
Fig. 1 in Zoonotic nematodes of wild carnivores
Fig. 1. Adult specimens of Thelazia callipaeda on the eye of a red fox (A), and a wild cat (B).
Evaluating noninvasive methods for estimating cestode prevalence in a wild carnivore population
<p>This repository holds the datasets and R code files needed to run the models in: Brandell et al., 2022. Evaluating noninvasive methods for estimating cestode prevalence in a wild carnivore population. <em>PLOS ONE</em>.</p> <p>Excel files have associated KEYs for each data column; CSVs are analyzed with their associated R code.</p>
Data from: Assessing the relationship between illegal hunting of ungulates, wild prey occurrence and livestock depredation rate by large carnivores
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Data and code for: Carnivore exclosures to protect sheep affect the distribution of a wild cervid
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Data from: Do wild ungulates experience higher stress with humans than with large carnivores?
Predation is a major selective pressure for prey; however, the stress response to predation risk and the relative importance of natural versus anthropogenic stress factors in wild populations of animals have rarely been studied. We investigated the level of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs) in 6 populations of red deer and roe deer exposed to potentially different levels of stress, resulting from both natural (predator presence, forest cover, undergrowth, ungulate density, and temperature) and anthropogenic (hunting harvest, percentage of build-up areas, and road density) factors. We found the highest and most variable FGM concentrations in both ungulates in areas without large carnivores, and the lowest and least variable FGM levels in areas with wolf and lynx. Anthropogenic factors (hunting harvest, roads, and built-up area) positively correlated with the gradient of FGM levels in both species. Both the mean and the variance of the FGM concentrations measured within populations of both red deer and roe deer were affected positively by variation in hunting harvest and negatively by the minimum temperature. The variance in the roe deer FGM was also positively influenced by the percentage of built-up areas. The results indicate that stress in wild ungulate populations is lower and less variable in areas utilized by large carnivores than in carnivore-free areas where human-related factors predominate. This may be explained by evolutionary adaptations of prey animals constantly exposed to the risk of natural predation and their inability of adapting to the risk from humans probably due to its high intensity and erratic occurrence.
Supplementary File 4; Complete list of all wild herbivores, wild carnivores, wild primates and prosimians and wild rodents sampled in this study:
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Relative influence of wild prey and livestock abundance on carnivore caused livestock predation
<p class="BodyA"><span>Conservation conflict over livestock depredation is one of the key drivers of large mammalian carnivore declines worldwide. Mitigating this conflict requires strategies informed by reliable knowledge of factors influencing livestock depredation. Wild prey and livestock abundance are critical factors influencing the extent of livestock depredation. We compared whether the extent of livestock predation by snow leopards <i>Panthera uncia </i>differed in relation to densities of wild prey, livestock and snow leopards at two sites in Shey Phoksundo National Park, Nepal. We used camera trap-based spatially explicit capture-recapture models to estimate snow leopard density; double-observer surveys to estimate the density of their main prey species, the blue sheep <i>Pseudois nayaur</i>; and interview-based household surveys to estimate livestock population and number of livestock killed by snow leopards. The proportion of livestock lost per household was seven times higher in Upper Dolpa, the site which had higher snow leopard density (2.51 snow leopards per 100 km<sup>2</sup>) and higher livestock density (17.21 livestock per km<sup>2</sup>) compared to Lower Dolpa (1.21 snow leopards per 100 km<sup>2</sup>; 4.5 livestock per km<sup>2</sup>). The wild prey density was similar across the two sites (1.81 and 1.57 animals per km<sup>2</sup> in Upper and Lower Dolpa, respectively). Our results suggest that livestock depredation level may largely be determined by the abundances of the snow leopards and livestock and predation levels on livestock can vary even at similar levels of wild prey density. In large parts of the snow leopard range, <span>livestock production is indispensable to local livelihoods</span> and livestock population is expected to increase to meet the demand of cashmere. Hence, we recommend that any efforts to increase livestock populations or conservation initiatives aimed at recovering or increasing snow leopard population be accompanied by better herding practices (e.g., predator-proof corrals) to protect livestock from snow leopard.</span></p>
Relative influence of wild prey and livestock abundance on carnivore caused livestock predation
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Data from: Do wild ungulates experience higher stress with humans than with large carnivores?
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Fig. 3 in Zoonotic nematodes of wild carnivores
Fig. 3. Baylisascaris procionis anterior end with typical lips (A), and male posterior end with spicules (B) and papillae (F). Scale bars = 220 μm (A), 600 μm (B), 900 μm (C), 200 μ (D, E), 100 μm (F).
Fig. 2 in Zoonotic nematodes of wild carnivores
Fig. 2. Anterior edge of Toxocara cati from the gut of a wild cat. The short and wide cervical algae give the typical appearance of an arrow.
Fig. 2 in Molecular identification of Taenia hydatigena and Mesocestoides species based on copro-DNA analysis of wild carnivores in Mongolia
Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree based on a partial sequence of tapeworms obtained by the neighbor joining method was conducted using the TN93 + I nucleotide substitution model. Numbers above branches are percent bootstrap values based on 1,000 replicates. Bootstrap value> 70% are shown. (a) Phylogenetic tree based on the cox1 sequences of T. hydatigenaand Mesocestoides sp. isolates available in the GenBankṜ database were included. Hymenolepis nana served as an out-group. (b) Phylogenetic analysis of the 12SrRNA partial sequence of T. hydatigena, Mesocestoides sp., and M. lineatus inferred using the sequence distance method and maximum likelihood. Hymenolepis nana was used as an out-group.
Data from: Examining human-carnivore interactions using a socio-ecological framework: sympatric wild canids in India as a case study
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Allen Brain Atlas
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