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opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 3 in Host and geographic differences in prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal helminths of foxes (Vulpes vulpes), coyotes (Canis latrans) and wolves (Canis lupus) in Quebec´, Canada

Fig. 3. Neighbour-joining tree of Jukes-Cantor distances among sequences of CO1 (alignment 450 bp using all sites) from Alaria available on GenBank as of 7 July 2021. Data from Alaria americana, including data from the present study, indicated by darker shaded cluster and white font. Sequences from A. alata are HM022221-3, KF751233-4, KP123416-20, KP123422-5, KX962374, KX962392, KX962395, KX962397-8, KX962402, KX962406, KX962415, KX962421, KX962433, KX962437, KX962454-5, KX962471-2, KX962481, KX962491, KY012317, MT103215-31; from Alaria sp. in Argentina KF572949, MH892076, MT328804-6; from Alaria sp. in Wisconsin, USA KT223036; from A. americana MZ605217-33 (present study) and MH536507 (indicated with an asterisk).

Fig. 6 in Angiostrongylus vasorum in foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and wolves (Canis lupus italicus) from Abruzzo region, Italy

Fig. 6. Lung of red fox: adult nematode within a pulmonary artery (A). Lung of wolf: nematode larvae were observed in alveolar spaces causing a thickening of connective tissue and a fibrotic response (B). Two nematode larvae were visible in the mediastinal lymph node of a red fox (C). Lymphocytic and eosinophilic infiltrates were present in brain tissue of a red fox infected with A. vasorum (D). Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain. Final magnification: × 100 (A–B), ×200 (C), × 400 (D). Scale bar: 200 μm (A–B), 100 μm (C), 50 μm (D). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in Angiostrongylus vasorum in foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and wolves (Canis lupus italicus) from Abruzzo region, Italy

Fig. 4. Angiostrongylus vasorum: scanning electron micrographies (SEM). A higher magnification of A) anterior end of adult worm, enface view showing the oral orifice; B) anterior end of adult worm, lateral view; C) posterior end of adult male, enface view showing copulatory bursa and spicules; D) detail of posterior end of adult male at higher magnification; E) posterior end of adult male, showing lateral rays of copulatory bursa.

Fig. 3 in Angiostrongylus vasorum in foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and wolves (Canis lupus italicus) from Abruzzo region, Italy

Fig. 3. Province of Chieti, showing the municipalities of origin in which tested wolves resulted positive for Angiostrongylus vasorum.

Fig. 2 in Angiostrongylus vasorum in foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and wolves (Canis lupus italicus) from Abruzzo region, Italy

Fig. 2. Province of Chieti, showing the municipalities of origin in which tested foxes resulted positive for Angiostrongylus vasorum.

Fig. 1 in Angiostrongylus vasorum in foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and wolves (Canis lupus italicus) from Abruzzo region, Italy

Fig. 1. Map of the geographical areas of Europe where the presence of Angiostrongylus vasorum was reported before and after 2000 in definitive and intermediate hosts. This map was created by placing the reports of the literature in Eurostat's nomenclature units for statistics (NUTS).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Fig. 4 in Gray wolves as sentinels for the presence of Echinococcus spp. and other gastrointestinal parasites in France

Fig. 4. Histogram of the total number of fecal samples analyzed for each French wolf pack with a minimum of 12 fecal samples available, with indication of the detection of cestodes (red), nematodes (orange) or absence of parasites (green).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Fig. 2 in Gray wolves as sentinels for the presence of Echinococcus spp. and other gastrointestinal parasites in France

Fig. 2. Spatial distribution of the 911 fecal samples collected from wolves (gray circle) in southeastern France submitted to copro-DNA analyses for identification of gastrointestinal parasites. The size of the circles is proportional to the number of samples collected per municipality. The departments (corresponding to NUTS3 level) are indicated by black lines.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Fig. 3 in Gray wolves as sentinels for the presence of Echinococcus spp. and other gastrointestinal parasites in France

Fig. 3. Location of the French wolf fecal samples positive for Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (green circles) and Echinococcus multilocularis (red circles). The E. multilocularis-positive fecal samples of dogs (red triangles) and wolves (small red diamonds) from Imperia (Italy) taken from Massolo et al., (2018) are also shown.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Fig. 2 in Wild carnivores and Thelazia callipaeda zoonotic eyeworms: A focus on wolves

Fig. 2. Thelazia callipaeda collected from the eyes of wolves. a) anterior end of a female; b) anterior end of a female highlighting the striated cuticle throughout the body; c) presence of L1 in the uterus; d) posterior end of a male highlighting the short and long spicules.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Fig. 1 in Wild carnivores and Thelazia callipaeda zoonotic eyeworms: A focus on wolves

Fig. 1. Presence of Thelazia callipaeda in the conjunctival sacs of wolves (Canis lupus) from the Italian Alps.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Ungulate spatiotemporal responses to contrasting predation risk from wolves and snow leopards

Spatial responses to risk from multiple predators can precipitate emergent consequences for prey (i.e., multiple-predator effects, MPEs) and mediate indirect interactions between predators. How prey navigate risk from multiple predators may therefore have important ramifications for understanding the propagation of predation-risk effects (PREs) through ecosystems. The interaction of predator and prey traits has emerged as a potentially key driver of anti-predator behaviour but remains underexplored in large vertebrate systems, particularly where sympatric prey share multiple predators. We sought to better generalize our understanding of how predators influence their ecosystems by considering how multiple sources of contingency drive prey distribution in a multi-predator-multi-prey system. Specifically, we explored how two sympatric ungulates with different escape tactics – vertically agile, scrambling ibex (Capra sibirica) and sprinting argali (Ovis ammon) – responded to predation risk from shared predators with contrasting hunting modes – cursorial wolves (Canis lupus) and vertical-ambushing, stalking snow leopards (Panthera uncia). Contrasting risk posed by the two predators presented prey with clear trade-offs. Ibex selected for greater exposure to chronic long-term risk from snow leopards, and argali for wolves, in a nearly symmetrical manner that was predictable based on the compatibility of their respective traits. Yet, acute short-term risk from the same predator upended these long-term strategies, increasing each ungulate's exposure to risk from the alternate predator in a manner consistent with a scenario in which conflicting anti-predator behaviours precipitate risk-enhancing MPEs and mediate predator facilitation. By contrast, reactive responses to wolves led ibex to reduce their exposure to risk from both predators – a risk-reducing MPE. Evidence of a similar reactive risk-reducing effect for argali vis-à-vis snow leopards was lacking. Our results suggest that prey spatial responses and any resulting MPEs and prey-mediated interactions between predators are contingent on the interplay of hunting mode and escape tactics. Further investigation of interactions among various drivers of contingency in PREs will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding and improved forecasting of the ecological effects of predators.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

From high masked to high realized genetic load in inbred Scandinavian wolves

When new mutations arise at functional sites they are more likely to impair than improve fitness. If not removed by purifying selection, such deleterious mutations will generate a genetic load that can have negative fitness effects in small populations and increase the risk of extinction. This is relevant for the highly inbred Scandinavian wolf (Canis lupus) population, founded by only three wolves in the 1980s and suffering from inbreeding depression. We used functional annotation and evolutionary conservation scores to study deleterious variation in a total of 209 genomes from both the Scandinavian and neighboring wolf populations in northern Europe. The masked load (deleterious mutations in heterozygote state) was highest in Russia and Finland with deleterious alleles segregating at lower frequency than neutral variation. Genetic drift in the Scandinavian population led to the loss of ancestral alleles, fixation of deleterious variants and a significant increase in the per-individual realized load (deleterious mutations in homozygote state; an increase by 45% in protein-coding genes) over five generations of inbreeding. Arrival of immigrants gave a temporary genetic rescue effect with ancestral alleles re-entering the population and thereby shifting deleterious alleles from homozygous into heterozygote genotypes. However, in the absence of permanent connectivity to Finnish and Russian populations, inbreeding has then again led to the exposure of deleterious mutations. These observations provide genome-wide insight into the magnitude of genetic load and genetic rescue at the molecular level, and in relation to population history. They emphasize the importance of securing gene flow in the management of endangered populations.

opencc-zeroOct 2023View details →

Data and code for: Disease outbreaks select for mate choice and coat color in wolves

We know much about pathogen evolution and the emergence of new disease strains but less about host resistance and how it is signaled to other individuals and subsequently maintained. The cline in frequency of black-coated wolves across North America is hypothesized to result from a relationship with canine distemper virus (CDV) outbreaks. We test this hypothesis using cross-sectional data from wolf populations across North America that vary in the prevalence of CDV and the allele that makes coats black, longitudinal data from Yellowstone National Park, and modeling. The frequency of CDV outbreaks generates fluctuating selection that results in heterozygote advantage that in turn impacts the frequency of the black allele, the optimal mating behavior, and the black wolf cline across the continent.