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Online Data for 'The role of wildfires in the interplay of forest carbon stocks and wood harvest in the contiguous United States during the 20th century'
<p>This data file (.xlsx) contains all data used to create table 1, figures 1a-d, figure 2, figure S1, S2, and S5 of the study "The role of wildfires in the interplay of forest carbon stocks and wood harvest in the contiguous United States during the 20th century". Main article is available under: https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB007813</p>
Initial Sample of HYPERNETS Hyperspectral Surface Reflectance Measurements for Satellite Validation from the Wytham Woods site in the United Kingdom
<p>The HYPERNETS project (www.hypernets.eu) has the overall aim to ensure that high quality in situ measurements are available to support the (VNIR/SWIR) optical Copernicus products. Therefore, it established a new autonomous hyperspectral spectroradiometer (HYPSTAR® - www.hypstar.eu) dedicated to land and water surface reflectance validation with instrument pointing capabilities. In the prototype phase, the instrument is being deployed at 24 sites covering a range of water and land types and a range of climatic and logistic conditions. This dataset provides the first published data for the Wytham Woods HYPERNETS site in the United Kingdom (WWUK). It is a subset of the complete data record which consists of the best quality WWUK measurements which could be used for satellite validation. </p> <p>The provided NetCDF files are the L2A hypernets products with surface reflectances, their associated uncertainties and error-correlation information. The reflectance in the L2A products is the Hemispherical-directional Reflectance Factor (HDRF) defined as: HDRF = π L / E where L is the directional upwelling radiance (with field of view of 5 degrees) and E is the (hemispherical) downwelling irradiance (i.e. including both direct solar and diffuse sky irradiance). These reflectances have dimensions of wavelength and series, where each series is a set of measurements for a given geometry (combination of viewing zenith and azimuth angle). In addition to variables for wavelength and bandwidth, the files also contain variables that provide for each series the acquisition time, viewing and solar angles, number of valid scans used, and quality flags (typically no flags are set in the data provided in this dataset). These NetCDF files also contain further relevant metadata as attributes. See https://hypernets-processor.readthedocs.io/ for further info.</p> <p>The WWUK site is a deciduous broadleaf forest comprised primarily of Oak, Hazel, Ash, Sycamore and Beech. It is located approximately 5 km North-West of Oxford, UK and has an extensive history of scientific research. The site follows the typical seasonal dynamics of a temperate forest with distinctive periods of leaf-off, green up and senescence across the growing season. The HYPERNETS site itself (51.777206 degrees N, 1.338494 W), is located at a height of 28 m upon a flux tower in the centre of the forest. The HYPSTAR®-XR sensor was installed in October 2021. Data are collected e very 30 minutes between 9am and 6pm local time between viewing zenith angles of 0 and 30 degrees.</p> <p>The HYPSTAR®-XR (eXtended Range) instruments deployed at each land HYPERNETS site consist of a VNIR and a SWIR sensor and autonomously collect data between 380-1700 nm at various viewing geometries and send it to a central server for quality control and processing. The VNIR sensor spans 1330 channels between 380 and 1000 nm with a FWHM of 3 nm and the SWIR sensor has 220 channels between 1000 and 1700 nm with a FWHM of 10 nm. The hypernets_processor (Goyens et al. 2021; De Vis et al. in prep.) automatically processes all this data into various products, including the L2A surface reflectance product provided here. All of the products have associated uncertainties (divided into random and systematic uncertainties, including error-correlation information) which were propagated using the CoMet toolkit (www.comet-toolkit.org). </p> <p>To obtain this dataset, we start from the full WWUK data record and omit all the data that do not pass all of the quality checks performed as part of the hypernets_processor. In addition, two additional screening procedures are developed to remove outliers and only supply the best quality data suitable for satellite validation. For Wytham wood, sequences are only supplied that match a typical vegetation spectrum. As such, data is only provided between April and October during the leaf-on period. Reflectances are then tested against three parameters to check that they are vegetation spectrum. Firstly, that there is a peak in the green portion of the visible wavebands (560 nm). Secondly, that a red edge is detected. Finally, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is calculated. Spectra with an NDVI of less than 0.42 are removed from the final data set.</p> <p>After the vegetation quality flag are applied, a sigma-clipping method is used to remove outliers. First reflectances are extracted in separate 2 hour windows throughout the day (to account for BRDF differences due to different solar position) for 4 different wavelengths (500, 900, 1100 and 1600 nm). Outliers in these reflectances are then identified by iteratively calculating the mean reflectance trend with time (by binning the data per maximum 30 data points), calculating the standard deviation from this trend, and masking any data that is more than 3 standard deviations away from the trend. This process is repeated on the unmasked data until the standard deviation does not vary by more than 5% between two iterations. The masks for the 4 different wavelengths are then combined (keeping only measurements for which none of the 4 wavelengths is an outlier). The reflectances and associated uncertainties for any masked series (i.e. a geometry that is masked either by the sigma-clipping procedure or from the masks of the hypernets_processor) are replaced by NaNs. Any sequence that has more than half of its series masked is removed entirely. </p>
Palmyra Atoll soil and/or wood density sampling locations used in the carbon storage analysis
This dataset provided soil and/or wood density sampling locations and values from Palmyra Atoll (2016 and 2019). Soil samples were extracted to measure organic carbon content associated with different vegetation communities in Palmyra. Wood samples were collected to measure basic wood density values for dominant woody vegetation types found in Palmyra to calculate aboveground carbon values.
Fine wood decay studies at the H.J. Andrews and other Forests across the world, 1989 to 2006
This study was established to examine the loss of mass and changes in nutrient content of fine woody debris in various ecosystems. Also examined was the effect of piece size, position (aboveground, belowground, or suspended), and species on loss of mass over time.
Wood alpha-cellulose stable C and O isotope ratios from New Hampshire and Vermont
To quantify the effects of tree height and canopy position on delta13C and delta18O of wood cellulose, we sampled 399 trees and saplings of eight species at nine forest stands across New Hampshire and Vermont, along with nearby saplings growing in the open. Samples were collected in 2017-18, and we analyzed the combined alpha-cellulose from growth rings formed in 2013-2017 for each tree. Carbon data are published in: Vadeboncoeur, M., K. Jennings, A. Ouimette, and H. Asbjornsen. (2020) Correcting tree-ring d13C time series for tree-size effects in eight temperate tree species. Tree Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz138
Biomass accumulation in trees and downed wood at Bartlett Experimental Forest, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, the Bowl Natural Research Area, and the White Mountain National Forest, NH, USA
Standing trees and downed wood were inventoried in all of the chronosequence stands in the White Mountains, New Hampshire to characterize biomass. Live and standing dead trees were inventoried in the chronosequence stands in 1994, 2004, 2012, and 2021. Coarse (≥ 7.6 cm diameter) and fine woody debris (3.0 – 7.6 cm) were inventoried at the same stands in 2004 and 2020. Twigs (FWD < 3.0 cm) were inventoried in 2004 and 2020. The Bowl and Mt. Pond old-growth sites were inventoried (standing trees and downed wood) in 2021.
RIV01 Stream water isotopes in wooded riparian areas and areas where canopy had been cut at Konza Prairie
The stream water samples are the same as collected for the NWC01 dataset. Water samples are frozen (-3 C) in sealed polyvinyl bottles until time of processing. These water samples are thawed, subsampled at 1 mL, and analyzed for delta18O and delta2H using a Picarro L2130-i isotopic water analyzer. Samples are corrected using in-house standards calibrated to the international standard, V-SMOW. The long-term precision for delta18O is 0.1 permil and for delta2H is 1 permil.
RIV03 Channel morphology in streams in wooded riparian areas and areas before and after canopy cutting at Konza Prairie
Our project was designed to test if woody removal in a riparian zone allowed the system to rebound to a grassland stream state. We hypothesized that removal would increase stream width due to increased erosion without plant cover.
RIV05 Leaf mass in streams in wooded riparian areas and areas where canopy had been cut at Konza Prairie
Our project was designed to test if woody removal in a riparian zone allowed the system to rebound to a grassland state. We hypothesized that removal would decrease organic matter input into streams.
Wood to Soil 0-10 cm data and Wood to Soil 10-20 cm data to detect the imprint of decaying logs (30-80 cm diameter) from two hurricane cohorts (Hugo, 1989, and Georges, 1998)
Many trees fell during Hurricanes Hugo (1989) and Georges (1998) in Puerto Rico. A debris removal experiment suggested that coarse woody hurricane debris slowed canopy recovery by fueling microbial nitrogen immobilization. We analyzed C, N, microbial biomass C and root length in paired soil samples taken under versus 20-50 cm away from large trunks of two species felled by Hugo and Georges three times during wet and dry seasons during the two years after Georges. Data on soil P and other nutrients have not yet been analyzed. Soil microbial biomass, C and N were higher under than near logs of both age cohorts. Frass from wood boring beetles may induce the early effects. Root length was greater under logs at 0-10 cm depth during the dry season, and away from logs in the wet season, but varied independently of microbial biomass. Thus decaying wood can provide resources exploited by tree roots. Percent soil C and N were significantly higher under than near logs in both the 0-10 and 10-20 cm samples. Microbial biomass C varied significantly among seasons at 0-10 cm depth but differences between positions (under vs away) were only suggestive. Surface soil on the upslope side of the logs had significantly more N and microbial biomass, likely from accumulation of leaf litter above the logs on steep slopes. This study shows that C and N accumulate significantly more in soil under than near decaying logs, even in logs that had only decayed for 7 months, and thus contributes to soil heterogeneity. Tree roots track and exploit resource and nutrient hotspots as they change locations between seasons, so the soil heterogeneity in soil fertility is important for forest productivity. Soil phosphorus (P) availability is most often the most limiting nutrient in wet tropical forests. Total soil P was measured by complete digestion in samples from the upper 10 cm; Olsen extractable P (available) was also measured. Total soil P concentrations were significantly greater under than away fr
Regeneration after Hurricane Hugo woody species greater than 1cm tall (9ha grid, El Verde)(Wood fall from Hurricane Hugo 9Ha Grid)
The purpose of this data set is to document vegetation damage and recovery following Hurricane Hugo, a borderline category 3-4 hurricane with winds from 130 to 160mph (110kts) and a pressure of 945 to 946.1 mb, which hit Puerto Rico in September 18th, 1989. Support for this work was provided by grants BSR-8811902, DEB-9411973, DEB-9705814 , DEB-0080538, DEB-0218039 , DEB-0620910 , DEB-1239764, DEB-1546686, and DEB-1831952 from the National Science Foundation to the University of Puerto Rico as part of the Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research Program. Additional support provided by the University of Puerto Rico and the International Institute of Tropical Forestry, USDA Forest Service.
Data cleaning and analysis for the Master's thesis: DIFFERENCES IN CONSUMER PREFERENCES FOR UNWEATHERED AND WEATHERED WOOD
<p>The data and analytical support the Master's thesis submitted by Hana Remesova at the University of Primorska<br> Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences, and Information Technologies. The .csv files are data files, the .Rmd file is an R markdown which can be run. The product of knitting the .Rmd file is the .html.</p>
Raw and analyzed data for manuscript: "Wood surface ablation and nanostructuring using a femtosecond laser"
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The processing of Norway spruce and European beech wood specimens by means of femtosecond laser pulses was investigated on conditioned natural samples as well as on samples coated with beeswax or a water-borne stain. Depending on laser pulse energies and processing times, this allowed for different modes of surface modification. At low laser intensities, an etching almost without thermal impact was detected, whereas higher laser intensities led to the generation of hierarchical micro and nanostructures. The usage of argon or atmospheric air as cover gases during the laser processing had only minor effects on the surface structures. Observed differences in the etching or functionalization of the wooden surfaces mostly originated in the chemical structure of the surface finish and the physical properties of the wood substrates, such as the density or moisture content.</p>
Build-in-Wood Regulation Analysis – Fire Safety
<p>This dataset contains an analysis of selected EU Member State building regulations covering fire safety in residential multi-storey wood buildings. The data has been collected as part of the Build-in-Wood project (<a href="https://www.build-in-wood.eu/)">https://www.build-in-wood.eu/)</a> which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 862820.</p> <p>Disclaimer: The presented data might be outdated, flawed, or otherwise incomplete. Users are responsible for checking the correctness of the presented data.</p>
Build-in-Wood Regulation Analysis – Overview
<p>This dataset contains an overview of selected EU Member State building regulations relevant for construction of multi-storey wood buildings. The data has been collected as part of the Build-in-Wood project (<a href="https://www.build-in-wood.eu/)">https://www.build-in-wood.eu/)</a> which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 862820.</p> <p>Disclaimer: The presented data might be outdated, flawed, or otherwise incomplete. Users are responsible for checking the correctness of the presented data.</p>
Dataset for: Wood et al Role of sea surface temperature patterns for the Southern hemisphere jet stream response to CO2 forcing
<p>This is a dataset of output from version 4 of the Reading Intermediate Global Circulation Model (IGCM4) that was used in the article Wood et al (2020) 'Role of sea surface temperature patterns for the Southern hemisphere jet stream response to CO2 forcing' published in Environmental Research Letters (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abce27">https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abce27</a>).</p> <p>To isolate the role of sea surface temperature (SST) patterns for the Southern Hemisphere circulation response in the abrupt-4xCO2 experiments in CMIP5 and CMIP6, we perform experiments using IGCM4.</p> <p>Five 120-year long simulations were performed following a 5-year spin-up period. In the control simulation (CTRL) we prescribe an annually repeating cycle of climatological monthly mean SSTs using the multi-model mean (MMM) of the ‘ts’ field for the first 200 years of the CMIP5 piControl simulations. Following the CMIP6 protocol (Eyring et al., 2016), greenhouse gas (CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O) concentrations are set at preindustrial (year 1850) values and ozone is prescribed as a zonally averaged monthly mean preindustrial climatology.</p> <p>In two perturbation simulations (4xCO2-FULL<sub>CMIP5</sub> and 4xCO2-FULL<sub>CMIP6</sub>) the same boundary conditions are used as in CTRL, but with an annually repeating cycle of climatological monthly mean SST anomalies added using the MMM ‘ts’ field for either the CMIP5 or CMIP6 FAST (years 4-10) responses. In both the 4xCO2-FULL<sub>CMIP5</sub> and 4xCO2-FULL<sub>CMIP6</sub> simulations CO<sub>2</sub> is quadrupled from its preindustrial concentration. This enables a like-for-like comparison with the CMIP5 and CMIP6 abrupt-4xCO2 simulations. Two further perturbation simulations (SHET-only<sub>CMIP5</sub> and SHET-only<sub>CMIP6</sub>) are used to isolate the effect of differences in SH extratropical SST patterns alone. In both simulations CO<sub>2</sub> is kept at preindustrial values, and CTRL SSTs are used with the SST anomalies from either 4xCO2-FULL<sub>CMIP5</sub> or 4xCO2-FULL<sub>CMIP6</sub> added poleward of 18°S. Similarly to McCrystall et al. (2020), the SST anomalies are smoothed between 18°S and 29°S using a cosine squared weighting function with weights of 0 at 18°S and 1 at 29°S. This minimizes sharp gradients in SST across the tropical-extratropical boundary.</p> <p>To enable a clean determination of the effects of SST patterns alone, in all perturbation simulations we keep sea ice fixed at preindustrial values by only adding SST anomalies where the MMM sea ice concentration in the CMIP5 piControl simulations is less than 15% (i.e., equatorward of the sea ice edge). Furthermore, to remove the effect of differences in the change in global mean SST, the SST anomalies in each CMIP model are normalised by the respective global mean SST anomaly and then scaled to a global mean value of 2.2 K (the pooled MMM of CMIP5 and CMIP6). The CMIP6 FAST SST anomalies are added to the CMIP5 preindustrial control SSTs, so as to isolate the effect of differences in the fast SST responses between CMIP5 and CMIP6, and not the effect of differences in the base state.</p>
Raw and analyzed data for manuscript: "An open-source surface barrier discharge plasma pretreatment for reduced cracking of outdoor wood coatings"
<p><strong>Highlights:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Surface barrier discharges are an affordable and available plasma technology for industrial, laboratory and home-workshop applications.</li> <li>Plasma pretreatments had no impact on the appearance of different protective wood coating for outdoor usage.</li> <li>The weathering performance of outdoor wood coatings improved by plasma, showing less cracks and less biotic factors.</li> </ul>
Data from: Choosy beetles: how host trees and southern boreal forest naturalness may determine dead wood beetle communities
<p>See methods section of paper for detailed information on dataset and sources; briefly, these .csv files includes numbers of each beetle species captured at all sites used in the project, as well as information about each site and about each species.</p> <p> </p> <p>Data from:</p> <p><strong>Choosy beetles: how host trees and southern boreal forest naturalness may determine dead wood beetle communitie</strong><strong>s</strong></p> <p>Ryan C. Burner, Tone Birkemoe, Jörg G. Stephan, Lukas Drag, Jörg Muller, Otso Ovakainen, Mária Potterf, Olav Skarpaas, Tord Snall, Anne Sverdrup-Thygeson</p> <p>Forest Ecology and Management, 2021</p> <p> </p> <p>From abstract of paper:</p> <p>Wood-living beetles make up a large proportion of forest biodiversity, and contribute to important ecosystem services, including decomposition. Beetle communities in managed southern boreal forests are less species rich than in natural and near-natural forest stands. In addition, many beetle species rely primarily on specific tree species. Yet, the associations between individual beetle species, forest management category, and tree species are seldom quantified, even for red-listed beetles. We compiled a beetle capture dataset from flight intercept traps placed in Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies</em>), oak (<em>Quercus sp.</em>), and Eurasian aspen (<em>Populus tremulae</em>) trees in 413 sites in mature managed forest, near-natural forest, and clear-cuts in southeastern Norway. We used joint species distribution models to estimate the strength of associations for 368 saproxylic beetle species (including 20 vulnerable, endangered, or critical red-listed species) for each forest management category and tree species. Tree species on which traps were mounted had the largest effect on beetle communities; oaks had the most highly associated beetle species, including most of the red-listed species, followed by Norway spruce and Eurasian aspen. Most beetle species were more likely to be captured in near-natural than in mature managed forest. Our estimated associations were compatible – for many species – with categorical classifications found in several existing databases of saproxylic beetle preferences. These quantitative beetle-habitat associations will improve future analyses that have typically relied on categorical classifications. Our results highlight the need to prioritize conservation of near-natural forests and oak trees in Scandinavia to protect the habitat of many red-listed species in particular. Furthermore, we underline the importance of carefully considering the species of trees on which traps are mounted in order to representatively sample beetle communities in forest stands.</p>
Global patterns of tree wood density
<p>Wood density is a fundamental property related to tree biomechanics and hydraulic function while playing a crucial role in assessing vegetation carbon stocks by linking volumetric retrieval and a mass estimate. This study provides a high-resolution map of the global distribution of tree wood density at the 0.01º (~1 km) spatial resolution, derived from four decision trees machine learning models using a global database of 28,822 tree-level wood density measurements. An ensemble of four top-performing models, combined with eight cross-validation strategies shows great consistency, providing wood density patterns with pronounced spatial heterogeneity. The global pattern shows lower wood density values in northern and northwestern Europe, Canadian forest regions, and slightly higher values in Siberia forests, western USA, and southern China. In contrast, tropical regions, especially wet tropical areas, exhibit high wood density. Climatic predictors explain 49~63% of spatial variations, followed by vegetation characteristics (25~31%) and edaphic properties (11~16%). Notably, leaf type (evergreen vs. deciduous) and leaf habit type (broadleaved vs. needleleaved) are the most dominant individual features among all selected predictive covariates. Wood density tends to be higher for angiosperm broadleaf trees compared to gymnosperm needleleaf trees, particularly for evergreen species. The distributions of wood density categorized by leaf types and leaf habit types have good agreement with the features observed in wood density measurements. This global map quantifying wood density distribution can help improve accurate predictions of forest carbon stocks, providing deeper insights into ecosystem functioning and carbon cycling such as forest vulnerability to hydraulic and thermal stresses in the context of future climate change. </p> <h3>Research Funding</h3> <ul> <li>GlobBiomass DUE Project. Grant Number: <span>4000113100/14/I-NB</span></li> <li>German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action. Grant Number: <span>50EE1904</span></li> <li>ESM2025</li> <li>H2020 European Research Council. Grant Number: <span>855187</span></li> <li>International Max Planck Research School for Biogeochemical Cycles</li> <li>ESA IFBN project. Grant Number: <span>4000114425/15/NL/FF/gp</span></li> <li>ESA FRM4BIOMASS. Grant Number: <span>4000142684/23/I-EF-bgh</span></li> <li>Poland National Centre for Research and Development REMBIOFOR project. Grant Number: <span>BIOSTRATEG1/267755/4/NCBR/2015</span></li> </ul>
Simulation of the efficiency of a reversed supply chain of wood biomass using different types of transport units (NCN) DEC-2020/39/I/HS4/03533
<p>Data describing simulations related to the standardisation of loading units for the transport of wood biomass. The effectiveness of assumptions relating to the use of different types of packaging were verified from the perspective of the number of vehicles required and their emissions. The relationship between the size and specification of the wood biomass load and the packaging used was indicated. The study was funded by National Science Centre in Poland under agreement National Center of Science (NCN) through grant DEC-2020/39/I/HS4/0353</p>
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