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95 results for “Wrasse”
Data from: "A cleaner break": genetic divergence between geographic groups and sympatric phenotypes revealed in ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta)
<p>Capture and long-distance translocation of cleaner fish to control lice infestations on marine salmonid farms has the potential to influence wild populations via overexploitation in source regions, and introgression in recipient regions. Knowledge of population genetic structure is therefore required. We studied the genetics of ballan wrasse, a phenotypically diverse and extensively used cleaner fish, from 18 locations in Norway and Sweden, and from Galicia, Spain. We detected two very distinct genetic groups in Scandinavia, northwest and southeast. These groups were split by a stretch of sandy beaches in southwest Norway, representing a habitat discontinuity for this rocky shore associated benthic egg laying species. The Galician sample was highly differentiated from all Scandinavian samples, but overall closer to northwestern samples. . Distinct genetic differences were observed between sympatric spotty and plain phenotypes in Galicia, but not in Scandinavia. The mechanisms underlying the geographical patterns between phenotypes are discussed, but not identified. We conclude that extensive aquaculture-mediated translocation of ballan wrasse from Sweden and southern Norway, to western and middle Norway, has the potential to mix genetically distinct populations. These results question the sustainability of the current cleaner fish practice.</p>
Data from: Does the risk of sperm competition help explain cooperation between reproductive competitors? A study in the ocellated wrasse (Symphodus ocellatus)
Although cooperating individuals may gain benefits, they risk being cheated by their allies. Therefore, to understand the persistence of cooperation by mutual benefits, it is important to document both the potential benefits of cooperation and the risks of cheating. We experimentally examined evidence of cooperation in the ocellated wrasse (Symphodus ocellatus), a fish species with males that exercise three reproductive strategies: satellite and sneaker males attempt to parasitically spawn in the nests of nesting males. Nesting males have been hypothesized to tolerate satellites as a result of satellite aid in defense against sneaker males and help in courting females. Here, we provide evidence that cooperation between reproductive competitors may arise in response to sperm competition from other males. After we experimentally removed satellites, nesting males had more sneakers at their nest and experienced a higher rate of sneaking when they spawned (increased sperm competition risk). When we experimentally distracted nesting males to prevent their acting aggressively toward satellites, satellites spawned with females and ate eggs in the nest. Our results suggest that nesting males and satellites gain fitness benefits of reduced direct reproductive and sperm competition through cooperation. However, nesting males risk losing paternity, while satellites experience increased aggression and must invest in aggression themselves (i.e., they act aggressively toward sneakers).
Data from: Phylo-allometric analyses showcase the interplay between life history patterns and phenotypic convergence in cleaner wrasses
Phenotypic convergence is a macroevolutionary pattern that need not be consistent across life history. Ontogenetic transitions in dietary specialization clearly illustrate the dynamics of ecological selection as organisms grow. The extent of phenotypic convergence among taxa that share a similar ecological niche may therefore vary ontogenetically. Because ontogenetic processes have been shown to evolve, phylogenetic comparative methods can be useful in examining how the scaling of traits relates to ecology. Cleaning, a behavior in which taxa consume ectoparasites off clientele, is well-represented among wrasses (Labridae). Nearly three-fourths of labrids that clean do so predominately as juveniles, transitioning away as adults. We examine the scaling patterns of 33 labrid species to understand how life history patterns of cleaning relate to ontogenetic patterns of phenotypic convergence. We find that as juveniles, cleaners exhibit convergence in body and cranial traits that enhance ectoparasitivory. We then find that taxa that transition away from cleaning exhibit ontogenetic trajectories that are distinct from those of other wrasses. Obligate and facultative species that continue to clean over ontogeny, however, maintain characteristics that are conducive to cleaning. Collectively, we find that life history patterns of cleaning behavior are concordant with ontogenetic patterns in phenotype in wrasses.
Data from: Cleaner fish escape salmon farms and hybridize with local wrasse populations
The genetic impact of farmed fish escaping aquaculture is a highly debated issue. However, non-target species, such as cleaner fish used to remove sea lice from farmed fish, are rarely considered. Here we report that wild corkwing wrasse (Symphodus melops), which are transported long distances to be used as cleaner fish in salmon farms, escape and hybridize with local populations. Recently, increasing numbers of corkwing wrasse have been reported in Flatanger in Norway, north of its described distribution range, an area heavily relying on import of cleaner fish from Skagerrak. Using genetic markers identified with 2bRAD sequencing, we show that, although the Flatanger population largely is a result of a northwards range expansion, there is also evidence of considerable gene flow from southern populations in Skagerrak and Kattegat. Out of 40 corkwing wrasses sampled in Flatanger, we discovered two individuals with clear southern genotypes, one first generation hybrid, and twelve potential second-generation hybrids. In summary, we provide evidence that corkwing wrasse escape from fish farms and hybridize with local populations at the leading edge of an ongoing range expansion. Although the magnitude and significance of escapees warrants further investigation, these results should be taken in consideration in the use of translocated cleaner fish.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of deepwater wrasse (Labridae: Terelabrus) from the western Pacific Ocean
FIGURE 4. Head of A, Terelabrus dewapyle sp. nov. and B, T. rubrovittatus — arrows indicate places of least distance between anteroventral margin of orbit and maxilla (A, KAUM–I. 37693, holotype, 52.3 mm SL, Japan; B, NMV A 29675-001, paratype, 69.5 mm SL, Western Australia). C, Relationships of least distance between anteroventral margin of orbit and maxilla with standard length in Terelabrus dewapyle sp. nov. (stars) and T. rubrovittatus (circles).
FIGURE 3 in A new species of deepwater wrasse (Labridae: Terelabrus) from the western Pacific Ocean
FIGURE 3. Distributional records of Terelabrus dewapyle sp. nov. (stars) and T. rubrovittatus (circles) based on specimens examined in this study.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of deepwater wrasse (Labridae: Terelabrus) from the western Pacific Ocean
FIGURE 1. Terelabrus dewapyle sp. nov. A–B, KAUM–I. 37693, holotype, 52.3 mm SL, Japan; C, BPBM 40105, paratype, 56.3 mm SL, Fiji; D, off Kashiwa-jima, Kochi, Japan, 8 June 2013 (about 6 cm TL, specimen not collected); E, off Kashiwajima, Kochi, Japan, 58 m depth, 19 September 2013 (about 12 cm TL, specimen not collected); F, off Kashiwa-jima, Kochi, Japan, 35 m depth, 5 September 2008 (about 6 cm TL, specimen not collected). Underwater photographs D–F by K. Nishiyama.
FIGURE 5. Terelabrus rubrovittatus. A in A new species of deepwater wrasse (Labridae: Terelabrus) from the western Pacific Ocean
FIGURE 5. Terelabrus rubrovittatus. A, KPM-NI 4172, 98.5 mm SL, Japan (photo by H Senou); B, KPM-NI 4340, 49.9 mm SL, Japan (photo by H. Senou); C, off Kashiwa-jima, Kochi, Japan, 54 m depth, 24 December 2014 (photo by M. Watanabe).
FIGURE 2 in A new species of deepwater wrasse (Labridae: Terelabrus) from the western Pacific Ocean
FIGURE 2. Dentition of the holotype of Terelabrus dewapyle sp. nov. (KAUM–I. 37693, 52.3 mm SL, Japan). A, Upper and lower jaws in ventral and dorsal views respectively; B, teeth on upper and lower jaws in lateral view. Scales 1 mm.
FIGURE 5. A in Halichoeres sazimai, a new species of wrasse (Perciformes: Labridae) from the Western South Atlantic
FIGURE 5. A terminal phase Halichoeres sazimai foraging while being followed by a Haemulon aurolineatum school at Laje de Santos Marine State Park. Photograph by O.J. Luiz Jr.
FIGURE 4 in Halichoeres sazimai, a new species of wrasse (Perciformes: Labridae) from the Western South Atlantic
FIGURE 4. Mandibular apparatus of Halichoeres sazimai, showing the posterior canine (ZUEC 6324, female, 171 mm). Photograph by J.L. Gasparini and J.-C. Joyeux.
FIGURE 3 in Halichoeres sazimai, a new species of wrasse (Perciformes: Labridae) from the Western South Atlantic
FIGURE 3. Lateral view of preserved specimens of Halichoeres sazimai, (A) holotype ZUEC 6323, (B) paratype MZUSP 98973, and H. bathyphilus UF 203925. Photographs by J.L. Gasparini and J.-C. Joyeux.
FIGURE 2 in Halichoeres sazimai, a new species of wrasse (Perciformes: Labridae) from the Western South Atlantic
FIGURE 2. Comparison of color photographs of Halichoeres bathyphilus (A) terminal phase male, (B) initial phase/ female and H. sazimai (C) terminal phase male, (D) initial phase/female. Photographs by (A-B) W. Smith-Vaniz and (C- D) A. Carvalho-Filho.
FIGURE 1 in Halichoeres sazimai, a new species of wrasse (Perciformes: Labridae) from the Western South Atlantic
FIGURE 1. Underwater photographs of Halichoeres sazimai: (A) terminal phase male, (B) initial phase/female, and (C) newly collected recruit. Photographs by (A-B) O. J. Luiz Jr., and (C) A. Carvalho-Filho.
FIGURE 6 in Halichoeres sazimai, a new species of wrasse (Perciformes: Labridae) from the Western South Atlantic
FIGURE 6. Southernmost record of Halichoeres sazimai at the Marine Biological Reserve of Arvoredo. Photograph by Banco de Imagens Rebiomar Arvoredo, Marcelo Kammers.
FIGURE 1. Suezichthys rosenblatti, the spotted rainbow wrasse. A in A new species of Suezichthys (Teleostei: Perciformes: Labridae) from the southeastern Pacific, with a redefinition of the genus and a key to species
FIGURE 1. Suezichthys rosenblatti, the spotted rainbow wrasse. A. Holotype: FMNH 120653, male colouration when fresh. B. Suezichthys rosenblatti, FMNH 109197, fresh colouration of female from the paratype series. C. Holotype: FMNH 120653, same specimen as in A, preserved colouration. D. Suezichthys rosenblatti, FMNH 109197, same specimen as in B, preserved colouration.
Demographic history has shaped the strongly differentiated corkwing wrasse populations in Northern Europe
<p>Understanding the biological processes involved in genetic differentiation and divergence between populations within species is a pivotal aim in evolutionary biology. One particular phenomenon that requires clarification is the maintenance of genetic barriers despite the high potential for gene flow in the marine environment. Such patterns have been attributed to limited dispersal or local adaptation, and to a lesser extent to the demographic history of the species. The corkwing wrasse (<i>Symphodus melops</i>) is an example of a marine fish species where regions of particular strong divergence are observed. One such genetic break occurred at a surprisingly small spatial scale (<i>F</i><sub>ST</sub> ~0.1), over a short coastline (<60 km) in the North Sea-Skagerrak transition area in southwestern Norway. Here, we investigate the observed divergence and purported reproductive isolation using genome resequencing. Our results suggest that historical events during the post-glacial recolonization route can explain the present population structure of the corkwing wrasse in the northeast Atlantic. While the divergence across the break is strong, we detected ongoing gene flow between populations over the break suggesting recent contact or negative selection against hybrids. Moreover, we found few outlier loci and no clear genomic regions potentially being under selection. We concluded that neutral processes and random genetic drift e.g., due to founder events during colonization have shaped the population structure in this species in Northern Europe. Our findings underline the need to take into account the demographic process in studies of divergence processes.</p>
FIGURE 9 in Cirrhilabrus shutmani, a new species of fairy wrasse from the Babuyan Islands, northern Philippines (Teleostei: Labridae)
FIGURE 9. Cirrhilabrus earlei, male, approximately 100 mm SL (140 mm TL), collected from Pohnpei, Micronesia. Photo by B.D. Greene & R. Whitton.
FIGURE 7 in Cirrhilabrus shutmani, a new species of fairy wrasse from the Babuyan Islands, northern Philippines (Teleostei: Labridae)
FIGURE 7. Cirrhilabrus jordani, male, approximately 95 mm TL, aquarium specimen from Hawaii. Image reversed, specimen not retained. Photo by Y.K. Tea.
FIGURE 10 in Cirrhilabrus shutmani, a new species of fairy wrasse from the Babuyan Islands, northern Philippines (Teleostei: Labridae)
FIGURE 10. Unknown Cirrhilabrus, male, approximately 70 mm TL, A) not displaying, B) in nuptial display, photographed in the Ogasawara Islands. Photo by S. Kobayashi.
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