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FIGURES 10–19. Xiphocentron spp. 10–17 in New records and two new species of Xiphocentron Brauer 1870 (Trichoptera Xiphocentronidae) from southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil

FIGURES 10–19. Xiphocentron spp. 10–17, Xiphocentron muelleri sp. nov. holotype, male: 10, right wing venation, dorsal; 11, right forewing photograph, dorsal. 12–19, Xiphocentron spp. male genitalia: 12–17, X. muelleri: 12, dorsal; 13, ventral; 14, left lateral; 15, phallus, left lateral; 16, phallus, dorsal; 17, left inferior appendage photograph, left lateroventral. 18–19, left inferior appendage, left lateral: 18, X. copacabana Vilarino et al. 2018; 19, X. maiteae Vilarino & Calor 2015.

FIGURES 32–38 in New records and two new species of Xiphocentron Brauer 1870 (Trichoptera Xiphocentronidae) from southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil

FIGURES 32–38. Xiphocentron maracanan Vilarino et al. 2018 male, genitalia variations: 32–34, specimen from Bahia state: 32, dorsal; 33, ventral; 34, left lateral. 35–36, specimen from Espírito Santo state: 35, tergum IX, dorsal, 36, genitalia, left lateral. 37, 38, specimen from Bahia state photographs: 37, tergum IX, dorsal; 38, left inferior appendage, left lateroventral view. Arrows highlight diagnosable structures.

FIGURES 5–9 in New records and two new species of Xiphocentron Brauer 1870 (Trichoptera Xiphocentronidae) from southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil

FIGURES 5–9. Xiphocentron gwarakeraba sp. nov., holotype, male genitalia. 5, dorsal; 6, ventral; 7, left lateral; 8, phallus, full length, dorsal. 9, left inferior appendage photograph, left lateroventral.

FIGURES 3–4 in New records and two new species of Xiphocentron Brauer 1870 (Trichoptera Xiphocentronidae) from southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil

FIGURES 3–4. Xiphocentron gwarakeraba sp. nov., holotype male. 3, right wing venation, dorsal; 4, right forewing photograph, dorsal.

FIGURES 20–26. Xiphocentron spp. 20–22 in New records and two new species of Xiphocentron Brauer 1870 (Trichoptera Xiphocentronidae) from southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil

FIGURES 20–26. Xiphocentron spp. 20–22, heads and thoraces, dorsal: 20, Xiphocentron gwarakeraba sp. nov.; 21, X. muelleri sp. nov.; 22, X. jaguare Rocha et al. 2017. 23–24, X. jaguare head, arrow showing reduced segment V of maxillary palp: 23, frontal; 24, right lateroventral. 25–26, X. maracanan Vilarino et al. 2018 abdominal sternum V glands: 25, ventral, 80x magnification; 26, detail of cuticular reticulated area around a gland opening, ventral, 200x magnification. 20–24, scale bar = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 26–29 in Two new species of Xiphocentronidae (Trichoptera) and their bionomics in Central Amazonia, Brazil

FIGURES 26–29. Male pupa of Xiphocentron (Antillotrichia) sclerothrix sp. nov. 26) Mandibles and labrum, dorsal view; 27) left half of abdominal segments IX–X, ventral and dorsal views; 28) left tibia and tarsus of middle leg, posterior view; 29) right hook plates (2–7 = abdominal segment number, a = anterior, p = posterior), dorsal view.

FIGURES 13–16 in Two new species of Xiphocentronidae (Trichoptera) and their bionomics in Central Amazonia, Brazil

FIGURES 13–16. Male pupa of Machairocentron falciforme sp. nov. 13) labrum and mandibles, dorsal view; 14) left half of abdominal segments IX–X, dorsal and ventral views; 15) left tibia and tarsus of middle leg, posterior view; 16) right hook plates (2–7 = abdominal segment number, a = anterior, p = posterior), dorsal view.

FIGURES 7–9 in Two new species of Xiphocentronidae (Trichoptera) and their bionomics in Central Amazonia, Brazil

FIGURES 7–9. Adult male of Machairocentron falciforme sp. nov. 7a) genitalia, left lateral view (phallusomitted); 7b) tergum X, left lateral view; 8a) terga IX, X and preanal appendages, dorsal view; 8b) tergum X dorsal view (tergum IX omitted); 9) inferior appendages, ventral view.

FIGURES 1–6 in Two new species of Xiphocentronidae (Trichoptera) and their bionomics in Central Amazonia, Brazil

FIGURES 1–6. Adult of Machairocentron falciforme sp. nov. 1) male habitus, dorsal view; 2–3) male right anterior and posterior wings, respectively, dorsal views; 4) male abdominal sternum V, ventral view and ventrolateral view (indicated by arrow); 5) female abdominal sternum V, ventral view; 6) female abdomen, ventral view.

FIGURES 10–12 in Two new species of Xiphocentronidae (Trichoptera) and their bionomics in Central Amazonia, Brazil

FIGURES 10–12. Adult male of Machairocentron falciforme sp. nov. 10) terga IX, X and inferior appendages, dorsal view; 11) sternum IX, ventral view; 12) phallus, left lateral view.

FIGURES 22–25 in Two new species of Xiphocentronidae (Trichoptera) and their bionomics in Central Amazonia, Brazil

FIGURES 22–25. Adult male of Xiphocentron (Antillotrichia) sclerothrix sp. nov. 22a) genitalia, left lateral view; 22b) phallus, left lateral view; 23) sternum IX, ventral view; 24) genitalia, dorsal view; 25) phallus, left dorsolateral view.

FIGURES 17–21 in Two new species of Xiphocentronidae (Trichoptera) and their bionomics in Central Amazonia, Brazil

FIGURES 17–21. Adult of Xiphocentron (Antillotrichia) sclerothrix sp. nov.. 17) male habitus, dorsal view; 18) right anterior and 19) posterior wings, dorsal views; 20) male abdominal sternum V (arrow indicating left process), ventral view; 21) female abdominal sternum V (arrow indicating right process), ventral view.

FIGURE 5. Xiphocentron from Brazil, male genitalia. A—X in New species of Xiphocentron Brauer 1870 (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae) from Northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 5. Xiphocentron from Brazil, male genitalia. A—X. ilionea Schmid, left lateral; B—dorsal; C—X. sclerothrix Pes & Hamada, dorsal; D—X. steffeni (Marlier), dorsal. Illustrations modified from Schmid (1982), Pes & Hamada (2013), and Marlier (1964), respectively.

FIGURE 4 in New species of Xiphocentron Brauer 1870 (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae) from Northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 4. Distribution of Xiphocentron species recorded from Brazil, except X. saltuum (Müller), nomen dubium. Overlapping symbols indicate an overlap in species distributions.

FIGURE 3 in New species of Xiphocentron Brauer 1870 (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae) from Northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 3. Xiphocentron (Antillotrichia) maiteae Vilarino & Calor, new species, male. A—apex of left hind tibia and spurs and basitarsus, anterior; B—right wings, dorsal; C—genitalia, dorsal view; D—genitalia, ventral; E—genitalia, left lateral; F—aedeagus apex, left lateral; G—dorsal.

FIGURE 1 in New species of Xiphocentron Brauer 1870 (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae) from Northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 1. Xiphocentron (Antillotrichia) kamakan Vilarino & Calor, new species, male. A—apex of left hind tibia and spurs and basitarsus; B—right wings, dorsal; C—genitalia, dorsal; D—genitalia, ventral; E—genitalia, left lateral; F—aedeagus apex, left lateral; G—aedeagus apex, dorsal.

Figure 6. Chronogram resulting from Bayesian analysis employing a in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)

Figure 6. Chronogram resulting from Bayesian analysis employing a relaxed clock. Most likely ancestral distribution recovered in DEC analysis and estimated mean age are displayed at the nodes. Dispersal events are indicated as a black line below the distribution boxes, vicariant events are indicated in a green line, as recovered in the biogeographic analysis. Highest posterior density (HPD) 95% intervals for the ages of the nodes are indicated by light blue bars. Timescale and global surface temperature estimated from δ18O benthic (Zachos et al., 2001) are displayed on the bottom. Eocene and Miocene thermal optimum are highlighted in grey. Cnodocentron and Caenocentron species distributions are shown in the maps.

Figure 5. Maximum credibility Bayesian tree obtained from 46 in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)

Figure 5. Maximum credibility Bayesian tree obtained from 46 morphological characters and COI coded to Cnodocentron sensu Schmid and related taxa (all compatible groups shown). Morphological character states are displayed along the branches: boxes refer to unambiguous transformations; circles to characters under ACCTRAN optimization. Black symbols indicate unique character changes. Posterior probability support values are displayed in boxes below the node branches. Male genitalia of species of each clade are displayed in lateral view. Oriental species modified from the original descriptions: Malicky & Chantaramongkol (1992), Oláh & Johanson (2010), Schmid (1982).

Figure 3 in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)

Figure 3. Mesothorax: A, Caenocentron carlosdelarosai; B, Cnodocentron brogimarus; C, Xiphocentron maiteae; D, Melanotrichia samaconius. Hind leg apical spur: E, Drepanocentron sp.; F, Cnodocentron sp.

Figure 2 in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)

Figure 2. Wing venation: A, Melanotrichia attia; B, Cnodocentron tchaturbhuja; C, Cnodocentron girika. Male genitalia: D, aspect of mesal sclerite of Melanotrichia sp., 200×; E, Melanotrichia attia, lateral view; F, Cnodocentron vrisaparvan, lateral view. Male genitalia, sternum IX, ventral: G, Cnodocentron filamenta; H, Cnodocentron brogimarus; I, Cnodocentron tchaturbhuja; J, Cnodocentron devayani; K, Cnodocentron vrisaparvan; L, Cnodocentron girika. Female genitalia, segment VIII apex, dorsal: M, Caenocentron carlosdelarosai; N, Cnodocentron tchaturbhuja.