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Fig. 20. 3D in 3D X-ray microscopy (Micro-CT) and SEM reveal Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 and allied species from the Western Balkans (Ellobioidea: Carychiidae)
Fig. 20. 3D visualizations of Micro-CT data of Zospeum sp. 2, Taleža pećina, bei Trebinje, BiH, presented as Z. troglobalcanicum in Inäbnit et al. 2021 (NMBE 553414/1 (ex RSC 1981). A. Aperture view showing low, ridge-like fold on inner penultimate whorl. B. Aperture facing right view showing smooth columella. C. Apical view. D. Dorsal view. E. Aperture facing right view. F. Ventral view showing peristome edge directly parallel to umbilical depression.
Fig. 8. 3D in 3D X-ray microscopy (Micro-CT) and SEM reveal Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 and allied species from the Western Balkans (Ellobioidea: Carychiidae)
Fig. 8. 3D visualizations of Micro-CT data of shells from the caves Lipska pećina and Duboki do (Montenegro). A–F. Zospeum troglobalcanicum Absolon, 1916 (MCSMNH-PMSL-Moll.-FVelkovrh 29603) (Fig. 7A). A. Aperture view. B. Aperture facing right view. C. Apical view. D. Dorsal view. E. Aperture facing left view. F. Ventral view showing reduced umbilical depression. G–L. Zospeum dubokidoense Jochum & Ruthensteiner sp. nov., holotype (MCSMNH-PMSL-Moll.-FVelkovrh 30360[spm1]). G. Aperture view. H. Aperture facing right view. I. Apical view. J. Dorsal view. K. Aperture facing left view. L. Ventral view showing no umbilical depression.
◂Fig.15 Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) showing transverse rows of dentition on Dinaride Zospeum and Iberozospeum radulae; (a) Z. pretneri, (NMBE 553290), Gornja Cerovačka pećina, Croatia, transverse rows of teeth on long, slender basal plates (bp), rachidian (r) and lateral teeth (l), arrows indicate medial grooves on mesocones of individual teeth; (b) Z. isselianum, NMBE 553389, Turjeva jama, Slovenia, ibid.; (c) Iberozospeum sp. (RMNH.MOL.234,116), Cueva a Sul, straight transverse rows of small, seemingly bi-cuspid lateral teeth (l) with reduced mesocones on compact basal plates; (d) ibid., close up view of rachidian teeth (r), lateral fang-like teeth (l) and transitional teeth (t); (e) I. vasconicum, (AJC 1848), Cueva Ermita de Sandaili, rachidian teeth (r) flanked by 4-cuspid lateral teeth (l), C. ibazoricum-like in form; (f) Iberozospeum sp. (RMNH. MOL.234108), Cueva la Torcona, lateral teeth showing reduced mesocones (me) flanked by long, fang-like endo- and ectocones (e), rachidian tooth (r) (flipped over in upper righthand corner of image); (g) I. zaldivarae (AJC 1876a), Cueva de Las Paúles, transverse rows of teeth showing varying cusp lengths; (h) ibid., close up view (left to right) of marginal (m) and transitional teeth (t) on short, compact basal plates (bp). — Magnification varies for each perspective, see scale bars; all Figs taken by M. Ruppel, (ret.) Goethe University Frankfurt am Main in Molecular investigation and description of Iberozospeum n. gen., including the description of one new species (Eupulmonata, Ellobioidea, Carychiidae)
◂Fig.15 Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) showing transverse rows of dentition on Dinaride Zospeum and Iberozospeum radulae; (a) Z. pretneri, (NMBE 553290), Gornja Cerovačka pećina, Croatia, transverse rows of teeth on long, slender basal plates (bp), rachidian (r) and lateral teeth (l), arrows indicate medial grooves on mesocones of individual teeth; (b) Z. isselianum, NMBE 553389, Turjeva jama, Slovenia, ibid.; (c) Iberozospeum sp. (RMNH.MOL.234,116), Cueva a Sul, straight transverse rows of small, seemingly bi-cuspid lateral teeth (l) with reduced mesocones on compact basal plates; (d) ibid., close up view of rachidian teeth (r), lateral fang-like teeth (l) and transitional teeth (t); (e) I. vasconicum, (AJC 1848), Cueva Ermita de Sandaili, rachidian teeth (r) flanked by 4-cuspid lateral teeth (l), C. ibazoricum-like in form; (f) Iberozospeum sp. (RMNH. MOL.234108), Cueva la Torcona, lateral teeth showing reduced mesocones (me) flanked by long, fang-like endo- and ectocones (e), rachidian tooth (r) (flipped over in upper righthand corner of image); (g) I. zaldivarae (AJC 1876a), Cueva de Las Paúles, transverse rows of teeth showing varying cusp lengths; (h) ibid., close up view (left to right) of marginal (m) and transitional teeth (t) on short, compact basal plates (bp). — Magnification varies for each perspective, see scale bars; all Figs taken by M. Ruppel, (ret.) Goethe University Frankfurt am Main
◂Fig. 13 Crystallographic structure on the columellar lamellae of Dinaride Zospeum and Iberozospeum shells; (a) Zospeum spelaeum, (AJC 847), Betalov Spodmol jama, Slovenia (45.7922 14.1877), pattern of low, non-overlapping, wedges of crystallographic structure on the lamella; (b) Zospeum spelaeum, (MCBI CSR SASA 37049a), Velika Pasica, Slovenia (N45.9189 E14.4934), non-overlapping wedges of crystallographic structure on lamella in old shell; (c) Iberozospeum sp., (RMNH.MOL. 234,120), Cueva Refugio, Trucios, overview of dense, overlapping, scale-like wedges of localized, crystallographic structure on upper part of the lower lamella; (d) ibid., closeup view of c; (e) Iberozospeum sp., (RMNH.MOL. 234,104), Cueva del Comediante, Santander, upper part of the lamella of chemically treated shell showing dense, overlapping wedges of localized, crystallographic structure; (f) Iberozospeum sp., (RMNH. MOL. 234,141), Cueva a Sul, Oviedo, localized, overlapping wedges of crystallographic structure on lamella of chemically treated shell; (g) Iberozospeum vasconicum, (AJC 1849), Cueva Arrikrutz, overview of dense, localized, crystallographic structure on lower part of the lamella; h, ibid., closeup view of g. — Magnification varies for each perspective, see scale bars; Figs. a–b, g–h) imaged by M. Ruppel, (ret.) Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Figs. c–f imaged by Dirk Vendermarel, Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Molecular investigation and description of Iberozospeum n. gen., including the description of one new species (Eupulmonata, Ellobioidea, Carychiidae)
◂Fig. 13 Crystallographic structure on the columellar lamellae of Dinaride Zospeum and Iberozospeum shells; (a) Zospeum spelaeum, (AJC 847), Betalov Spodmol jama, Slovenia (45.7922 14.1877), pattern of low, non-overlapping, wedges of crystallographic structure on the lamella; (b) Zospeum spelaeum, (MCBI CSR SASA 37049a), Velika Pasica, Slovenia (N45.9189 E14.4934), non-overlapping wedges of crystallographic structure on lamella in old shell; (c) Iberozospeum sp., (RMNH.MOL. 234,120), Cueva Refugio, Trucios, overview of dense, overlapping, scale-like wedges of localized, crystallographic structure on upper part of the lower lamella; (d) ibid., closeup view of c; (e) Iberozospeum sp., (RMNH.MOL. 234,104), Cueva del Comediante, Santander, upper part of the lamella of chemically treated shell showing dense, overlapping wedges of localized, crystallographic structure; (f) Iberozospeum sp., (RMNH. MOL. 234,141), Cueva a Sul, Oviedo, localized, overlapping wedges of crystallographic structure on lamella of chemically treated shell; (g) Iberozospeum vasconicum, (AJC 1849), Cueva Arrikrutz, overview of dense, localized, crystallographic structure on lower part of the lamella; h, ibid., closeup view of g. — Magnification varies for each perspective, see scale bars; Figs. a–b, g–h) imaged by M. Ruppel, (ret.) Goethe University Frankfurt am Main; Figs. c–f imaged by Dirk Vendermarel, Naturalis Biodiversity Center
◂Fig. 14 Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) showing radular ribbon form, middle adhesive zone (az) and rows of dentition (rd) of Dinaride and Iberian individuals (notation denotes aspects on one Dinaride Zospeum and one Iberozospeum ribbon); (a) Z. exiguum (NMBE 553384), Križna jama, Slovenia (45.7452, 14.4673), long and narrow, tapered anterior end (tae), short adhesive zone (az), bottom furled with narrow obtuse or straight base (nosb); (b) Z. pretneri, (NMBE 553290), Gornja Cerovačka pećina, Croatia (44.2701, 15.8855), ibid., with straight base; (c) I. vasconicum, (AJC 1848), Cueva Ermita de Sandaili (42.9994, -2.4381), moderately long and broad, tapered anterior end (tae), prominent adhesive zone (az), straight base (sb); (d) I. zaldivarae, (AJC 1876), Cueva de Las Paúles (43.1282, -2.7362), ibid.; (e) Iberozospeum sp. (RMNH.MOL. 234,109), Cueva de la Foz, long and broad, ibid; (f) Iberozospeum sp., (RMNH.MOL. 234,144), Cueva de Rales, very long and broad, ibid; (g) Iberozospeum sp., (RMNH.MOL. 234,116), Cueva a Sul, long and broad, ibid; (h) Iberozospeum sp., (RMNH.MOL. 234,108), Cueva de Torcona, very long and broad, ibid. — Magnification varies for each perspective, see scale bars; all Figs imaged by M. Ruppel, (ret.) Goethe University Frankfurt am Main in Molecular investigation and description of Iberozospeum n. gen., including the description of one new species (Eupulmonata, Ellobioidea, Carychiidae)
◂Fig. 14 Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) showing radular ribbon form, middle adhesive zone (az) and rows of dentition (rd) of Dinaride and Iberian individuals (notation denotes aspects on one Dinaride Zospeum and one Iberozospeum ribbon); (a) Z. exiguum (NMBE 553384), Križna jama, Slovenia (45.7452, 14.4673), long and narrow, tapered anterior end (tae), short adhesive zone (az), bottom furled with narrow obtuse or straight base (nosb); (b) Z. pretneri, (NMBE 553290), Gornja Cerovačka pećina, Croatia (44.2701, 15.8855), ibid., with straight base; (c) I. vasconicum, (AJC 1848), Cueva Ermita de Sandaili (42.9994, -2.4381), moderately long and broad, tapered anterior end (tae), prominent adhesive zone (az), straight base (sb); (d) I. zaldivarae, (AJC 1876), Cueva de Las Paúles (43.1282, -2.7362), ibid.; (e) Iberozospeum sp. (RMNH.MOL. 234,109), Cueva de la Foz, long and broad, ibid; (f) Iberozospeum sp., (RMNH.MOL. 234,144), Cueva de Rales, very long and broad, ibid; (g) Iberozospeum sp., (RMNH.MOL. 234,116), Cueva a Sul, long and broad, ibid; (h) Iberozospeum sp., (RMNH.MOL. 234,108), Cueva de Torcona, very long and broad, ibid. — Magnification varies for each perspective, see scale bars; all Figs imaged by M. Ruppel, (ret.) Goethe University Frankfurt am Main
Supplementary material 1 from: Jochum A, Slapnik R, Klussmann-Kolb A, Páll-Gergely B, Kampschulte M, Martels G, Vrabec M, Nesselhauf C, Weigand AM (2015) Groping through the black box of variability: An integrative taxonomic and nomenclatural re-evaluation of Zospeum isselianum Pollonera, 1887 and allied species using new imaging technology (Nano-CT, SEM), conchological, histological and molecular data (Ellobioidea, Carychiidae). Subterranean Biology 16: 123-165. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.16.5758
List of localities of Zospeum isselianum: Explanation note: List of localities of Zospeum isselianum. A − Austria, BiH − Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cro − Croatia, Slo − Slovenia, Ita − Italy, CBSS − Collection of Croatian Biospeleological Society, CSR SASA – Malacological collection of the Biological Institute of the Centre for Scientific Research of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Ljubljana, SMNH – Malacological collection of the Slovenian Museum of Natural History, LIT – data from literature.
Fig. 3 in An integrative taxonomic study reveals carychiid microsnails of the troglobitic genus Zospeum in the Eastern and Dinaric Alps (Gastropoda, Ellobioidea, Carychiinae)
Fig. 3 The major clades recovered within the Dinaride and Alpine Zospeum radiation. Top: Bayesian inference tree; bottom: maximum likelihood consensus tree. * refers to individuals sequenced in this study
Fig. 8 in An integrative taxonomic study reveals carychiid microsnails of the troglobitic genus Zospeum in the Eastern and Dinaric Alps (Gastropoda, Ellobioidea, Carychiinae)
Fig. 8 (a–e) Zospeum frauenfeldii, (a1–2) NMBE 553388, Podpeška Jama, sh: 1.982 mm. — (b1–2) NHMW 71882, Podpeška Jama, sh: 1.986 mm. — (c1–2) Paratype of Z. frauenfeldii osolei, MCSMNH 6835, Osoletova jama, sh: 2.01 mm; (d1–2) Paratype of Z. frauenfeldii osolei, ditto, sh: 1.805 mm. — (e1–2) NMBE 548795, Hrustovača špilja, sh: 1.494 mm. —(f–j) Zospeum subobesum, (f1–2) Syntype, MCSMNH 2083, Tounjčica, sh: 1.718 mm. — (g1–2) NMBE 553326, Tounjčica, sh: 1.655 mm. — (h) NMBE 553323, Sustav Đula Medvedica, sh: 1.637 mm. — (i) NMBE 553322, Jama ispod heliodroma, sh: 1.35 mm.
Fig. 9 in An integrative taxonomic study reveals carychiid microsnails of the troglobitic genus Zospeum in the Eastern and Dinaric Alps (Gastropoda, Ellobioidea, Carychiinae)
Fig. 9 (a–e) Z. pagodulum, (a1–2) Holotype, NMBE 548815, Kučka jama, sh: 1.982 mm. — (b) NMBE 553363, Jama ispod Tominićevog brega, sh: 1.759 mm. — (c) NMBE 553361, Pećina kod sela Puhari, sh: 1.781 mm. — (d) NMBE 553360, Lučićka špilja, sh: 1.613 mm. — (e1– 2) NMBE 548789, Grnjača špilja, sh: 1.765 mm. —(f–n) Z. robustum, (f1–2) NMBE 553536, Tonkovića špilja, sh: 1.826 mm. — (g) NMBE 554397, Tonkovića špilja, sh: 1.52 mm. —(h) NMBE 553368, Špilja pod
Fig. 7 in An integrative taxonomic study reveals carychiid microsnails of the troglobitic genus Zospeum in the Eastern and Dinaric Alps (Gastropoda, Ellobioidea, Carychiinae)
Fig. 7 (a–d) Zospeum obesum, (a1–2) NMBE 553409, Krška jama, sh: 1.961 mm; (b) ditto, sh: 1.972 mm; (c) ditto, sh: 2.08 mm; (d) ditto, sh: 1.975 mm. —(e–h) Zospeum exiguum, (e) Paratype (?Holotype), NHMW 32008, Križna jama, sh: 1.74 mm. — (f) NHMW 49752, Veliki iz Krkinc jama, sh: 1.812 mm. — (g1–2) NMBE 553384, Križna jama, sh: 1.569 mm. — (h1– 2) NMBE 548798, Jama Borušnjak 3, sh: 1.688 mm. —(i–q) Zospeum pretneri, (i1–2) NMBE 553290, Gornja Cerovačka pećina, sh: 1.251 mm; (j) ditto, sh: 1.251 mm. — (k) NMBE 553285, Muda labudova, sh: 1.274 mm; (l) ditto, sh: 1.08 mm. — (m) NMBE 553287, Draženova puhaljka, sh: 1.223 mm; (n) ditto, sh: 1.23 mm; (o1–2) ditto, sh: 1.184 mm. — (p1–2) NMBE 553297,
Supplementary material 1 from: Inäbnit T, Jochum A, Slapnik R, Neubert E (2021) New genetic data reveals a new species of Zospeum in Bosnia (Gastropoda, Ellobioidea, Carychiinae). ZooKeys 1071: 175-193. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1071.66417
Figure S1
Figure 3 from: Inäbnit T, Jochum A, Slapnik R, Neubert E (2021) New genetic data reveals a new species of Zospeum in Bosnia (Gastropoda, Ellobioidea, Carychiinae). ZooKeys 1071: 175-193. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1071.66417
Figure 3 Specimens sequenced in this study. Zospeum troglobalcanicum: NMBE 568052 & 568053 (both from Špilja Jezero); Zospeum simplex sp. nov.: NMBE 568054 (Špilja Dahna), NMBE 568055–568057 (Jama u kamenolomu), NMBE 568059 (Vranjača), NMBE 568060 (Holotype, Jama Dobravljevac), NMBE 568061–568063 (Paratypes, Jama Dobravljevac)
Figure 1 from: Inäbnit T, Jochum A, Slapnik R, Neubert E (2021) New genetic data reveals a new species of Zospeum in Bosnia (Gastropoda, Ellobioidea, Carychiinae). ZooKeys 1071: 175-193. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1071.66417
Figure 1 Map showing the distribution of the Zospeum pretneri group and the Zospeum alpestre group (except Z. isselianum). Austrian specimens from Kruckenhauser et al. (2019) are labelled as "Z. cf. amoenum".
Figure 2 from: Inäbnit T, Jochum A, Slapnik R, Neubert E (2021) New genetic data reveals a new species of Zospeum in Bosnia (Gastropoda, Ellobioidea, Carychiinae). ZooKeys 1071: 175-193. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1071.66417
Figure 2 Bayesian tree of the genus Zospeum. Node support values of both the Bayesian Inference (front) and the Maximum Likelihood analysis (back) are given. Branches are coloured to denote the informal species groups within the eastern radiation of Zospeum following Inäbnit et al. (2019). Coloured sample names indicate specimens not included in the tree in Inäbnit et al. (2019): blue: Austrian specimens from Kruckenhauser et al. (2019); dark green: Zospeum troglobalcanicum; light green: Zospeum simplex sp. nov.
Figure 6 from: Alonso A, Prieto CE, Quiñonero-Salgado S, Rolán E (2018) A morphological gap for Iberian Zospeum filled: Zospeum percostulatum sp. n. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Carychiidae) a new species from Asturias (Spain). Subterranean Biology 25: 35-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.25.23364
Figure 6 Map (above) and virtual aerial view (below, from the North) with mentioned caves for Asturian-Cantabrian Zospeum species: Z. percostulatum (♦); Z. schaufussi / suarezi (●). Map made with Dmap; aerial view of Digital Globe (screen shot of Google Earth).
Figure 4 from: Alonso A, Prieto CE, Quiñonero-Salgado S, Rolán E (2018) A morphological gap for Iberian Zospeum filled: Zospeum percostulatum sp. n. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Carychiidae) a new species from Asturias (Spain). Subterranean Biology 25: 35-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.25.23364
Figure 4 Zospeum percostulatum sp. n. Frontal views of three paratype shells (A–C 1.41, 1.80, 1.58 mm) and a shell from Cueva Collubina (D 1.49 mm) [ZUPV]. Note the robust, smooth columella through the window opened in the body whorl (C) and closer, smaller riblets in D.
Figure 5 from: Alonso A, Prieto CE, Quiñonero-Salgado S, Rolán E (2018) A morphological gap for Iberian Zospeum filled: Zospeum percostulatum sp. n. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Carychiidae) a new species from Asturias (Spain). Subterranean Biology 25: 35-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.25.23364
Figure 5 Tridimensional plot of main conchological parameters (SH, SW and BWH) of Zospeum vasconicum, Z. zaldivarae and Z. percostulatum sp. n. (data in Excel files of C. Prieto). Note the holotype (violet dot) and the smaller shells from Cueva Collubina (orange). Note also that a large shell of Z. zaldivarae (described in Prieto and Gómez 1985) and a slender, teratological shell of Z. vasconicum lie outside their circumscribing ellipses.
Figure 3 from: Alonso A, Prieto CE, Quiñonero-Salgado S, Rolán E (2018) A morphological gap for Iberian Zospeum filled: Zospeum percostulatum sp. n. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Carychiidae) a new species from Asturias (Spain). Subterranean Biology 25: 35-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.25.23364
Figure 3 Zospeum percostulatum sp. n. Frontal view of a paratype (A, 1.42 mm height) [MHNS] and some partial views (B–G): B protoconch C microsculpture of the protoconch D detail selected in C E suture and costulae of the last whorl F shape of costulae G microsculpture of the teleoconch.
Figure 2 from: Alonso A, Prieto CE, Quiñonero-Salgado S, Rolán E (2018) A morphological gap for Iberian Zospeum filled: Zospeum percostulatum sp. n. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Carychiidae) a new species from Asturias (Spain). Subterranean Biology 25: 35-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.25.23364
Figure 2 Zospeum percostulatum sp. n. Different views of the holotype (A–C) and a paratype 1.58 mm height (D–G). Note the inner whitish/yellowish mass in the holotype corresponds to their soft parts and the different orientation of the longer aperture axis between A and D.
Figure 1 from: Alonso A, Prieto CE, Quiñonero-Salgado S, Rolán E (2018) A morphological gap for Iberian Zospeum filled: Zospeum percostulatum sp. n. (Gastropoda, Eupulmonata, Carychiidae) a new species from Asturias (Spain). Subterranean Biology 25: 35-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.25.23364
Figure 1 Cueva de La Herrería. Main entrance (1), two views of the Zospeum biotope (2, 3) and cave plan (4) (red dots: Zospeum sites). Photos and plan: S. Quiñonero-Salgado / A. Alonso.
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