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45 results for “abiotic effects”
Data for Kinetic isotope effects during reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II): Large normal and inverse isotope effects for abiotic reduction and smaller fractionations by phytoplankton in culture
<p>Supplemental data for the manuscript "Kinetic isotope effects during reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II): Large normal and inverse isotope effects for abiotic reduction and smaller fractionations by phytoplankton in culture."</p>
Global quantitative synthesis of effects of biotic and abiotic factors on stemflow production in woody ecosystems
<p><span><b>Aim: </b>Stemflow has been increasingly recognized as an indispensable component in water and nutrient budgets within vegetated ecosystems. Here we aim to quantify the stemflow percentage (St, %) of incident precipitation (i.e., stemflow production) at a global scale, and to provide a systematic evaluation on how biotic and abiotic factors affect St.</span></p> <p><span><b>Location: </b>Global</span></p> <p><span><b>Time period: </b>1970 – 2019</span></p> <p><span><b>Major taxa studied: </b>Woody plants (trees and shrubs)</span></p> <p><span><b>Methods: </b>We compiled a global stemflow dataset from 234 peer-reviewed papers, which included 488 observations of St and the related biotic (stand characteristics) and abiotic factors (climate variables) at 283 sites within terrestrial woody plant ecosystems. We explored the global pattern of St and performed a machine learning method (boosted regression trees) to model the effects of biotic and abiotic variables on St.</span></p> <p><span><b>Results: </b>Globally, the median (interquartile range, IQR) St was 2.7 % (1.0 – 6.3 %). We found that St in arid zones (type B in Köppen-Geiger climate classification) was significant higher (<i>P</i> < 0.01) than in other climate types, and we also detected a significant difference (<i>P</i> < 0.01) in St between trees (median: 2.4 %; IQR: 1.0 – 5.3 %) and shrubs (median: 7.2 %; IQR: 5.2 – 11.9 %). Predictor variables that substantially accounted for the explained deviance of the final model included vegetation height (27.0 %), mean annual precipitation (16.1 %), mean annual temperature (14.4 %), stand density (10.8 %), stand age (8.9 %), and bark type (5.5 %). In contrast, leaf area index, diameter at breast height, basal area, phenology type, life form, and leaf type were classified as low importance.</span></p> <p><span><b>Main conclusions: </b>Our synthesis provides a cross-site comparison of St, and gives a holistic view on how climate variables and stand characteristics contribute to and affect global stemflow production.</span></p>
Data from: A modelling framework to assess the effect of pressures on river abiotic habitat conditions and biota
River biota are affected by global reach-scale pressures, but most approaches for predicting biota of rivers focus on river reach or segment scale processes and habitats. Moreover, these approaches do not consider long-term morphological changes that affect habitat conditions. In this study, a modelling framework was further developed and tested to assess the effect of pressures at different spatial scales on reach-scale habitat conditions and biota. Ecohydrological and 1D hydrodynamic models were used to predict discharge and water quality at the catchment scale and the resulting water level at the downstream end of a study reach. Long-term reach morphology was modelled using empirical regime equations, meander migration and 2D morphodynamic models. The respective flow and substrate conditions in the study reach were predicted using a 2D hydrodynamic model, and the suitability of these habitats was assessed with novel habitat models. In addition, dispersal models for fish and macroinvertebrates were developed to assess the re-colonization potential and to finally compare habitat suitability and the availability / ability of species to colonize these habitats. Applicability was tested and model performance was assessed by comparing observed and predicted conditions in the lowland Treene River in northern Germany. Technically, it was possible to link the different models, but future applications would benefit from the development of open source software for all modelling steps to enable fully automated model runs. Future research needs concern the physical modelling of long-term morphodynamics, feedback of biota (e.g., macrophytes) on abiotic habitat conditions, species interactions, and empirical data on the hydraulic habitat suitability and dispersal abilities of macroinvertebrates. The modelling framework is flexible and allows for including additional models and investigating different research and management questions, e.g., in climate impact research as well as river restoration and management.
Figure 1 in The effects of abiotic and biotic factors on web-decorating behaviour of an orb-weaving spider, Cyclosa octotuberculata Karsch (Araneae: Araneidae)
Figure 1. Cyclosa octotuberculata and its web decorations. (A) Close-up of female sitting at hub and facing down. (B) Spider on a web without decorations. (C) Spider at hub with a linear plant-detritus (arrows) decoration. (D) Spider at hub with a linear prey-remain (arrow) decoration. (E) Spider with a linear silk decoration. (F) Spider with a linear decoration consisting of moult (arrow), plant detritus and prey remains. (G) Spider at hub with a linear egg-sac (arrow) decoration. (H) Spider on its prey-remain-decorated web without spirals. The scale bars are 10 mm.
Data from: Maternal, social and abiotic environment effects on growth vary across life stages in a cooperative mammal
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Data from: A modelling framework to assess the effect of pressures on river abiotic habitat conditions and biota
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Global quantitative synthesis of effects of biotic and abiotic factors on stemflow production in woody ecosystems
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Effects of biotic and abiotic stressors on asymmetries and head size in two sympatric lizard species
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Data from: Abiotic stress does not magnify the deleterious effects of spontaneous mutations
Although the effects of deleterious alleles often are predicted to be greater in stressful environments, there is no theoretical basis for this prediction and the empirical evidence is mixed. Here we characterized the effects of three types of abiotic stress (thermal, oxidative and hyperosmotic) on two sets of nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) mutation accumulation (MA) lines that differ by threefold in fitness. We compared the survival and egg-to-adult viability between environments (benign and stressful) and between fitness categories (high-fitness MA, low-fitness MA). If the environment and mutation load have synergistic effects on trait means, then the difference between the high and low-fitness MA lines should be larger in stressful environments. Although the stress treatments consistently decreased survival and/or viability, we did not detect significant interactions between fitness categories and environment types. In contrast, we did find consistent evidence for synergistic effects on (micro)environmental variation. The lack of signal in trait means likely reflects the very low starting fitness of some low-fitness MA lines, the potential for cross-stress responses and the context dependence of mutational effects. In addition, the large increases in the environmental variance in the stressful environments may have masked small changes in trait means. These results do not provide evidence for synergism between mutation and stress.
Data from: The effects of different cold-temperature regimes on development, growth, and susceptibility to an abiotic and biotic stressor
1. Global climate change is expected to both increase average temperatures as well as temperature variability. 2. Increased average temperatures has led to earlier breeding in many spring-breeding organisms. However, individuals breeding earlier will also face increased temperature fluctuations, including exposure to potentially harmful cold temperature regimes during early developmental stages. 3. Using a model spring-breeding amphibian, we investigated how embryonic exposure to different cold-temperature regimes (control, cold-pulse, and cold-press) affected (1) compensatory larval development and growth, (2) larval susceptibility to a common contaminant, and (3) larval susceptibility to parasites. 4. We found: (1) no evidence of compensatory development or growth, (2) larvae exposed to the cold-press treatment were more susceptible to NaCl at 4-d post-hatching but recovered by 17-d post-hatching, and (3) larvae exposed to both cold treatments were less susceptible to parasites. 5. These results demonstrate that variation in cold-temperature regimes can lead to unique direct and indirect effects on larval growth, development, and response to stressors. This underscores the importance of considering cold temperature variability and not just increased average temperatures when examining the impacts of climate disruption.
Fig. 1 in Effect of abiotic variables on fish eggs and larvae distribution in headwaters of Cuiabá River, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Fig. 1. Location of the sampling sites. 1= Cuiabazinho River (CBZ I, 14º20'13.8"S 55º29'42.5"W); 2= Cuiabazinho River (CBZ II, 14º25'39.1"S 55º34'28.8"W); 3= Água Fina Stream (AFS, 14º25'50.7"S 55º34'14.5"W); 4= Cuiabazinho Stream (CBS, 14º26'13.8"S 55º36'03.2"W); 5= Cuiabazinho River (CBZ III, 14º37'10.1"S 55º49'50.8"W), 6= Triste Stream (TRS, 14º37'18.2"S 55º49'52.2"W); 7= Cuiabazinho River (CBZ IV, 14º39'15.8"S 56º07'52.2"W); 8= Quebó Stream (QBS, 14º39'14.9"S 56º07'49.3"W).
Fig. 5 in Effect of abiotic variables on fish eggs and larvae distribution in headwaters of Cuiabá River, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Fig. 5. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of the matrix of environmental variables recorded in the headwaters of the Cuiabá River in November (N), December 2007 (D), January (J), February (F), and March 2008 (M). Numbers following months represent sites: 1=CBZ I, 2=CBZ II, 3=AFS, 4=CBS, 5=CBZ III, 6=TRS, 7=CBZ IV, 8=QBS. Dark symbols represent collections with highest density of ichthyoplankton.
Fig. 3 in Effect of abiotic variables on fish eggs and larvae distribution in headwaters of Cuiabá River, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Fig. 3. Values of the regional variables of river level (a), outflow (b), and rainfall (c), obtained in the region of Rosario Oeste between November 2007 and March 2008.
Fig. 4 in Effect of abiotic variables on fish eggs and larvae distribution in headwaters of Cuiabá River, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Fig. 4. Values of the local variables of temperature and dissolved oxygen (a), pH and electrical conductivity (b), transparency and flow velocity (c), and width and depth (d), obtained in the headwaters of the Cuiabá River between November 2007 and March 2008.
Tipping the balance: the role of seed density, abiotic filters, and priority effects in seed-based wetland restoration
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk98319335"></a>Sowing native seeds is a common approach to reintroduce native plants to degraded systems. However, this method is often overlooked in wetland restoration despite the immense global loss of diverse native wetland vegetation. Developing guiding principles for seed-based wetland restoration is critical to maximize native plant recovery, particularly in previously invaded wetlands. Doing so requires a comprehensive understanding of how restoration manipulations, and their interactions, influence wetland plant community assembly. With a focus on the invader <em>Phragmites australis, </em>we established a series of mesocosm experiments to assess how native sowing density, invader propagule pressure, abiotic filters (water and nutrients), and native sowing timing (i.e., priority effects) interact to influence plant community cover and biomass in wetland habitats. Increasing the density of native seeds yielded higher native cover and biomass, but <em>P. australis</em> suppression with increasing sowing densities was minimal. Rather, community outcomes were largely driven by invader propagule pressure—<em>Phragmites australis</em> densities of <span><span>≤ 500 seeds/m<sup>2</sup> maintained high native cover and biomass. Low-water conditions increased the susceptibility of <em>P. australis</em> to native competition. </span>Early sowing of native seeds showed a large and significant benefit to native cover and biomass, regardless of native sowing density, suggesting that priority effects can be an effective restoration manipulation to enhance native plant establishment.<em> </em></span><span><span>Given the urgent wetland restoration need combined with the limited studies on seed-based wetland restoration, these findings provide guidance on restoration manipulations that are grounded in ecological theory to improve seed-based wetland restoration outcomes.</span></span></p>
Data from: Effects of abiotic environmental factors and land use on the diversity of carrion-visiting silphid beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae): a large scale carrion study
[No abstract entered]
Figure 2 in The effect of some abiotic factors on morphometrical parameters of the female stage of the Rhizoglyphus robini (Astigmata: Acaridae) in the saffron field
Figure 2. Female body length, width and legs length diagram of R. robini based on Fan and Zhang (2004) (Original image: scale bar: 150 µm).
Figure 1 in The effect of some abiotic factors on morphometrical parameters of the female stage of the Rhizoglyphus robini (Astigmata: Acaridae) in the saffron field
Figure 1. Rhizoglyphus robini damage on saffron corms (Original image: scale bar: 10 mm). The arrows show mites in white.
Data from: The effects of different cold-temperature regimes on development, growth, and susceptibility to an abiotic and biotic stressor
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Tipping the balance: the role of seed density, abiotic filters, and priority effects in seed-based wetland restoration
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