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76 results for “animal diversity”
The ability to disperse large seeds, rather than body mass alone, defines the importance of animals in a hyper-diverse seed dispersal network
<p>1. Large-bodied animals play irreplaceable roles in seed dispersal, partly due to their capacity to disperse large seeds. Understanding this role at a community level has been limited by the paucity of network studies that include large vertebrates, and the almost complete absence of studies including synzoochoric dispersers. Synzoochoric dispersers can disperse seeds disproportionately large for their body size, potentially overlapping the roles of large-bodied animals. A comprehensive network, inclusive of large vertebrates and synzoochorous dispersers, is imperative to understand seed dispersal at a community level.</p> <p>2. Here, we analysed the seed dispersal network of a hyper-diverse Sundaic forest in Malaysia using local ecological knowledge and including multiple forms of endozoochorous and synzoochorous dispersal. We evaluated the extent to which three disperser traits: body mass, seed-handling ability (size of the largest seed dispersed), and diet explained the importance of animals in the network. We evaluated dispersers' relative importance using four network metrics — degree of specialisation (nested rank), species strength, within-module connectivity (z-value), and between-modules connectivity (c-value).</p> <p>3. We found that seed-handling ability had the biggest effect on a disperser's importance, with strong effects on three network metrics (species strength, ecological specialization, z-value) and moderate effects on connectivity between modules. Body mass was important in defining interactions within modules, and dietary differences defined the ecological specialisation of species in seed dispersal.</p> <p>4. Important dispersers in our network were large-seed dispersers (e.g., rats, gibbons), large-bodied animals, in particular the Asian elephant, and animals with frugivorous diets such as hornbills.</p> <p>5. Synthesis. Our work uncovers the significance of seed-handling ability in identifying pivotal seed dispersal roles in tropical rainforests. Key dispersers include large-bodied herbivores and medium-sized frugivores that could disperse large seeds by endozoochory, and smaller rodents that dispersed similar-sized seeds by synzoochory. Many of the species that emerged as particularly important for the seed dispersal network are currently threatened (e.g., the Asian elephant, gibbons, and hornbills). Their protection or reintroduction should be a top conservation priority. </p>
A field test of mechanisms underpinning animal diversity in recently burned landscapes
<p>1. Planned burning generates different types of pyrodiversity, however, experimental tests of how alternative spatial patterns of burning influence animal communities remain rare. Field tests are needed to understand the mechanisms through which spatial variation in planned fire affects fauna, and how fire can be applied to benefit biodiversity.</p> <p>2. We tested five hypotheses of how fire-driven variation in habitat composition and configuration affects fauna at fine scales. Small mammal, reptile and invasive predator activity was monitored at 12 burnt and eight unburnt sites through the year following a large, planned burn in semi-arid 'mallee' woodlands of southern Australia. We explored measures of burnt or unburnt habitat ("habitat status"); amount of unburnt vegetation ("habitat amount"); interspersion of burnt and unburnt patches ("habitat complementation"); distance to external or internal unburnt vegetation ("habitat connectivity"); and unburnt patch size and local vegetation cover ("habitat refuge"). Generalized linear models were used to test the influence of each variable on capture rate of three small mammal and 11 reptile species; activity of the introduced red fox (Vulpes vulpes); and species richness of native animals.</p> <p>3. We found strong support for the habitat status hypothesis and moderate support for four hypotheses relating to spatial patterns of fire. Reptile assemblages varied between burnt and unburnt sites, and relationships were identified between abundance of one or more reptile species and each measure of spatial variation. Reptile species richness was higher at unburnt sites and at sites with more unburnt vegetation in the surrounding area. Sites that were less connected to unburnt vegetation had fewer reptile species. Mammals did not have clear relationships with fine-scale fire patterns.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications: Application of planned fire to promote biodiversity is globally important. We show that retaining unburnt areas and well-connected habitat refuges is important for reptile diversity. We also found that several species of small mammals and reptiles appear resilient to the fine-scale patterns of planned fire experienced in this study, despite activity of introduced predators. The diversity of animals can remain relatively high in areas subject to planned fire, provided that internal and external habitat refuges are retained.</p>
Data and code for: Diversity-dependent diversification in the history of marine animals
<p>By comparing detrended estimates of diversity (taxonomic richness) and rates of origination, extinction, and net diversification, I show that, at the global scale over the course of the Phanerozoic Eon, rates of diversification and origination are negatively correlated with diversity. By contrast, extinction rates are only weakly correlated with diversity for the most part. These results hold for both genus- and species-level data and for many alternative analytical protocols. The asymmetry between extinction on the one hand and origination and net diversification, on the other hand, supports a model whereby extinction is largely driven by abiotic perturbations, with subsequent origination filling the void left by depleted diversity. Diversity-dependence is somewhat weaker, but still evident, if the initial Ordovician radiation or rebounds from major mass extinctions are omitted from analysis; thus, diversity-dependence is influenced, but not dominated, by these special intervals of Earth history. In the transition from Paleozoic to post-Paleozoic time, diversity-dependence of origination weakens while that of extinction strengthens; however, diversity-dependence of net diversification barely changes in strength. Despite nuances, individual clades largely yield results consistent with those for the aggregate data on all animals. On the whole, diversity-dependent diversification appears to be a pervasive factor in the macroevolution of marine animal life.</p>
Figure 3 in Animal diversity in the mangrove forest at Bichitrapur of Balasore district, Odisha, India- A case study
Figure 3. Sea anemone Diadumene lineata on the mangrove trunk.
Figure 8 in Animal diversity in the mangrove forest at Bichitrapur of Balasore district, Odisha, India- A case study
Figure 8. Sphaeroma terebrans and its juveniles colonize in wooden holes.
Comparative whole genome phylogeny of animal, environmental and human strains confirms the genogroups organization and the diversity of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
<p>Reannotation of Smc genomes from Refseq (Prokka v1.13) and gene presence and absence spreadsheet from Roary.</p>
Animal Diversity Web: Birds Animal Diversity Web Trait Data (707) DwCA
This morphometry and life history dataset for size characteristics of birds is from undergraduate students who contributed to the Animal Diversity Web. Traits and images are harvested using ADW__s Quaardvark data download tool.<p></p>This morphometry and life history dataset for size characteristics of birds is from undergraduate students who contributed to the Animal Diversity Web. Cyndy Parr used ADW__s Quaardvark data download tool to generate it on 24 January 2014.
Animal Diversity Web: Animal Diversity Web Descriptions in DwCA
This morphometry and life history dataset for size characteristics of birds is from undergraduate students who contributed to the Animal Diversity Web. Traits and images are harvested using ADW__s Quaardvark data download tool.<p></p>Animal Diversity Web (ADW) is an online database of animal natural history, distribution, classification, and conservation biology at the University of Michigan
Impressive pan-genomic diversity of E. coli from a wild animal community near urban development reflects human impacts
<p>Data provided here support the findings of this study and code will allow the replication of analyses therein. To do so, first download and unzip the associated data files.</p> <p>For each analysis, the following files are required:</p> <p>PCAs: PCA.R, prokka_annotations.zip (and VirulenceFinder_results.csv for virulence factor PCA)</p> <p>Sankey diagram: Plasmid_AMR_Sankey.R, mlplasmids_results.zip, MOBsuite_results.zip, ResFinder_results.csv</p> <p>Pathotype assignment: VF_data_analysis.R, VirulenceFinder_results.csv</p> <p>TableS1_Ecoli_metadata.csv contains the isolate metadata (n=143) for all above analyses.</p>
Data and code for: Diversity-dependent diversification in the history of marine animals
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Data from: No consistent effects of humans on animal genetic diversity worldwide
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The ability to disperse large seeds, rather than body mass alone, defines the importance of animals in a hyper-diverse seed dispersal network
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Widespread resilience of animal species, functional diversity, and predator-prey networks to an unprecedented gigafire
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Recent tree diversity increase in NE Iberian forests following intense management release: A task for animal-dispersed and drought tolerant species
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Data from: Exceptional but vulnerable microbial diversity in coral reef animal surface microbiomes
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A field test of mechanisms underpinning animal diversity in recently burned landscapes
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The diversity of maternal-age effects upon pre-adult survival across animal species
Maternal senescence is the detrimental effect of increased maternal age on offspring performance. Despite much recent interest given to describing this phenomenon, its distribution across animal species is poorly understood. A review of the published literature finds that maternal age affects pre-adult survival in 252 of 272 populations (93%) representing 97 animal species. Age effects tended to be deleterious in invertebrates and mammals, including humans, confirming the presence of senescence. However, bird species were a conspicuous exception, as pre-adult survival tended to increase with maternal age in surveyed populations. In all groups, maternal-age effects became more negative in older mothers. Invertebrates senesced faster than vertebrates, and humans aged faster than non-human mammals. Within invertebrates, lepidopterans demonstrated the most extreme rates of maternal-effect senescence. Among the surveyed studies, phylogeny, life history and environment (e.g. laboratory versus wild populations) were tightly associated; this made it difficult to make confident inferences regarding the causes of diversity for the phenomenon. However, we provide some testable suggestions, and we observe that some differences appear to be consistent with predictions from evolutionary theory. We discuss how future work may help clarify ultimate and proximate causes for this diversity.
Species-specific effects of thermal stress on the expression of genetic variation across a diverse group of plant and animal taxa under experimental conditions
<p>Assessing the genetic adaptive potential of populations and species is essential for better understanding evolutionary processes. However, the expression of genetic variation may depend on environmental conditions, which may speed up or slow down evolutionary responses. Thus, the same selection pressure may lead to different responses. Against this background, we here investigate the effects of thermal stress on genetic variation, mainly under controlled laboratory conditions. We estimated additive genetic variance (<i>V<sub>A</sub></i>), narrow-sense heritability (<i>h</i><sup>2</sup>), and the coefficient of genetic variation (<i>CV<sub>A</sub></i>) under both benign control and stressful thermal conditions. We included six species spanning a diverse range of plant and animal taxa and a total of 25 morphological and life-history traits. Our results show that (1) thermal stress reduced fitness components, (2) the majority of traits showed significant genetic variation, and that (3) thermal stress affected the expression of genetic variation (<i>V<sub>A</sub></i>, <i>h</i><sup>2</sup> or <i>CV<sub>A</sub></i>) in only one third of the cases (25 of 75 analyses, mostly in one clonal species). Moreover, effects were highly species-specific, with genetic variation increasing in 11 and decreasing in 14 cases under stress. Our results hence indicate that thermal stress does not generally affect the expression of genetic variation under laboratory conditions but, nevertheless, increases or decreases genetic variation in specific cases. Consequently, predicting the rate of genetic adaptation might not be generally complicated by environmental variation, but requires a careful case-by-case consideration.</p>
Data from: Do secondary forests act as refuges for old growth forest animals? Recovery of ant diversity in the Atlantic forest of Brazil
The extent to which secondary forests occupying degraded and abandoned lands provide suitable habitat for forest-adapted species is an important conservation issue in times of vanishing old growth forests. We used ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a functionally important and diverse group of invertebrates, to investigate the recovery of soil taxa during secondary forest succession in the Atlantic Forest of Southern Brazil. We compared the resilience of epigeic vs. hypogeic ant assemblages. For this purpose we established 27 sites that encompassed a chronosequence from pastures to old growth forests on two contrasting soil types. Our results are based on a collection of 35 508 individuals in 40 genera. Richness and composition of ant assemblages in secondary forests have recovered slowly and have not approached conditions typical of old growth forests. The distribution of genera along the successional stages was arranged in a nested pattern where ant genera of younger successional stages were a subset of genera present in older stages. Edaphic conditions had no influence on the recovery process. Overall, richness of ants was lower at study sites with water-logged soils than at sites where soils did not exhibit hydromorphic properties. The hypogeic ant assemblage recovered more slowly than the epigeic assemblage. Our results show that secondary forests do not act as refuges for many forest-adapted animals which are currently restricted to discontinuous patches of old growth forest in the highly endangered Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Moreover, estimated recovery times of 50 to several hundred years suggest it would take much longer than previously presumed for complete recolonization.
Data from: Direct evidence that density-dependent regulation underpins the temporal stability of abundant species in a diverse animal community
To understand how ecosystems are structured and stabilized, and to identify when communities are at risk of damage or collapse, we need to know how the abundances of the taxa in the entire assemblage vary over ecologically meaningful timescales. Here, we present an analysis of species temporal variability within a single large vertebrate community. Using an exceptionally complete 33-year monthly time series following the dynamics of 81 species of fishes, we show that the most abundant species are least variable in terms of temporal biomass, because they are under density-dependent (negative feedback) regulation. At the other extreme, a relatively large number of low abundance transient species exhibit the greatest population variability. The high stability of the consistently common high abundance species—a result of density-dependence—is reflected in the observation that they consistently represent over 98% of total fish biomass. This leads to steady ecosystem nutrient and energy flux irrespective of the changes in species number and abundance among the large number of low abundance transient species. While the density-dependence of the core species ensures stability under the existing environmental regime, the pool of transient species may support long-term stability by replacing core species should environmental conditions change.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.