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FIG. 4 in Dryopithecins, Darwin, de Bonis, and the European origin of the African apes and human clade
FIG. 4. — Views of the Çorakyerler hominine: A, palatal; B, lateral; C, medial; D, frontal. Scale bar: 1cm.
FIG. 1 in Dryopithecins, Darwin, de Bonis, and the European origin of the African apes and human clade
FIG. 1. — Comparisons between Pierolapithecus Moyà-Solà, KÖhler, Alba, Casanovas-Villar & Galindo, 2004 and D. fontani Lartet, 1856: A, Pierolapithecus I1; B, La Grive I1, NMB g. a. 9; C, Pierolapithecus M3, NMB; D, la Grive M3; E, left M from Can Vila; F, left M 3 3 from D. fontani. Images of the Pierolapithecus specimens are modified from Moyà-Solà et al. (2004). Scale bars: 1 cm.
FIG. 3 in Dryopithecins, Darwin, de Bonis, and the European origin of the African apes and human clade
FIG. 3. — Views of IPS 18000 from Can Llobateres: A, frontal view of the periorbital region with the right side reconstructed based on a mirror image of the better preserved left side; B, view from below of the interorbital space of IPS 18000 showing the extensive frontal sinus, outlined on the right side; C, lateral view of the frontal fragment showing the frontal's joint surface of the frontozygomatic suture; D, view from superiorly and medially showing the zygomatic's joint surface of the frontozygomatic suture. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 2 in Dryopithecins, Darwin, de Bonis, and the European origin of the African apes and human clade
FIG. 2. — Cladograms depicting alternative hypotheses discussed in the text. Modified from Begun et al. (1997) and Begun (2001, 2002, 2007). Griphopithecus alpani Tekkaya, 1974 and Kenyapithecus kizili Kelley, Andrews & Alpagut, 2008 are thickly enameled middle Miocene hominoids from Paşalar (Turkey). Griphopithecus darwini Abel, 1902 is the type species, from Dĕvínská Nová Ves (Slovakia). Neopithecus brancoi Schlosser, 1901 is an isolated M3 that is most similar to Rudapithecus Kretzoi, 1969 but with insufficient anatomy preserved to justify synonomy. Other taxa are discussed in the text. In A, Ouranopithecus is a hominin; in B, it is a dryopithecin.
Fig. 1 in An unexpected diversity of trypanosomatids in fecal samples of great apes
Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationships of the detected trypanosomatids. An SSU rRNA-based Bayesian phylogenetic tree of trypanosomatid sequences (∼2 kb) obtained from gorilla and chimpanzee fecal samples collected in the Dja Faunal Reserve in Cameroon representing the most likely two new Herpetomonas species, one unknown Phytomonas species and two most likely new monoxenous trypanosomatid species of unnamed genera. These possible new species are assigned as new Typing Units (TUs) with numbers TU229–233. Bootstrap values from Bayesian posterior probabilities (MrBayes; 5 million generations) and bootstrap percentages for maximum-likelihood analysis (PhyML; 1000 replicates) are shown at the nodes; dashes indicate <50% bootstrap support or different topology; asterisks mark branches with maximal statistical support. The tree was rooted with Paratrypanosoma; the closest relative of the family Trypanosomatidae. Parasite names or names of strains supplemented with their GenBank accession numbers are given; the branch lengths are drawn proportionally to the amount of changes (scale bar).
Fig. 4 in A new ape from Türkiye and the radiation of late Miocene hominines
Fig. 4 Strict consensus cladograms. The four taxon sets each produced cladograms with the same topology whether character states were left unordered or a subset were ordered (see Methods and Supplementary Note 5 for details). a 18 OTUs. The four taxa with the fewest codable character states (Graecopithecus, 10%, Chororapithecus,13%, Samburupithecus, 18%, and Orrorin, 29%) were excluded, as was Sahelanthropus. Both Orrorin and Sahelanthropus were coded from published descriptions, which introduces uncertainty (DRB, who coded all characters in this analysis, was unable to code characters from these taxa through direct observation). b 19 OTUs, with Sahelanthropus added. c 20 OTUs with Orrorin. There is a decrease in resolution with the inclusion of Sahelanthropus and Orrorin but the tree topologies are otherwise consistent. Sahelantthropus is always recovered as a stem hominid and Orrorin as a hominin. The first three cladograms all recover a hominine clade that includes the thickly enameled Balkan taxa and the dryopithecins. d 23 OTUs, including all taxa. Little resolution remains among hominids, with recognized clades (pongines) unresolved. This cladogram also fails to recover Ouranopithecus as a hominine, which is otherwise a common result in previous analyses. Bremer support values, character states, character definitions and the character matrix (nexus) are all included in Supplementary Note 5 and Supplementary Data 3.
Fig. 3 3-D in A new ape from Türkiye and the radiation of late Miocene hominines
Fig. 3 3-D reconstruction of the left P3 to M1 of CO 300, showing the root, root canal and pulp chamber configurations. Supplementary Table 5 for a comparison of root formulae. Scale =10 mm.
Fig. 5 A in A new ape from Türkiye and the radiation of late Miocene hominines
Fig. 5 A phylogeny of the taxa included in this analysis consistent with most of the cladograms presented here. Taxa are positioned in chronological order without regard to geography, with most taxa only known from a limited time span. Exceptions are Ekembo and Sivapithecus, with longer time ranges, which are positioned roughly when they are most abundant, in both cases about mid-way in their known time ranges. The different colored "puddles" represent hominid clades and/or stages of evolution. These can also be imagined as pools of related species in somewhat delimited space and time with broad ancestordescendant relationships. The lines are disconnected to reflect the difficulty in identifying actual ancestor-descendant relationships, but that these relations can be estimated between "puddles". Blue puddle taxa are stem hominids and are all confined to Africa. Among these taxa the relations of Samburupithecus and Chororapithecus are unresolved in the cladograms except in so far as they are excluded from the clade that includes all Eurasian taxa and crown hominins. Other lines of evidence suggest that these taxa are members of the early or middle Miocene radiation of early apes (see text). The orange puddles are the pongines, which probably have their origin within the middle Miocene puddle, although not necessarily any of the taxa included here (another taxon, Griphopithecus, known from Europe and Türkiye, would be a member of the blue puddle but was not included in the cladistic analyses). While both are pongines, Ankarapithecus lacks derived features shared by Sivapithecus and Pongo, so the line representing the relationship between the latter two bi-passes Ankarapithecus. The three green-shade puddles represent the hominine clades as defined here. Bright green are the dryopithecins, with the younger taxa Rudapithecus and Hispanopithecus depicted as closely related and descendant from any of the older taxa or an unknown taxon sharing attributes with these three. The light green puddle includes the Balkan and Anatolian taxa, likely to have descended from somewhere in the dryopithecin puddle. Possible ancestor-descendant relationships are depicted in this puddle. The darker green puddle represents the crown hominines. The various lineages diverge from unknown ancestors, but probably a member of either of the older green shade puddles. Gorillas diverge first, followed by chimpanzees and humans. Orrorin and Ardipithecus are depicted in a manner consistent with their sister clade status, without implying a direct ancestor-descendant relationship.
Fig. 2 in A new ape from Türkiye and the radiation of late Miocene hominines
Fig. 2 Cross sectional anatomy of the palate in Anadoluvius and other hominids (not to scale). Ekembo and extant hominids redrawn from31 Rudapithecus modified from40. Ouranopithecus redrawn from41 based on a ct scan. The Ardipithecus specimen, modified from42, is a surface rendering derived from ct scans and does not show the cross section but the lateral aspect. The Ekembo specimen is based on BMNH 16664, the holotype of Ekembo nyanzae. The Rudapithecus specimens are RUD 12, a female, and RUD 44, a male. The photographs to the right of the line drawings of Rudapithecus are the original specimens. The Anadoluvius specimens are CO-2100/2800 (female, left) and CO-205 (male, right), with photographs of casts of the reconstructed specimens (see SI for details of the reconstruction.) Line drawings of Anadoluvius are original to this work.
Fig. 8 in The Os Navicular of Humans, Great Apes, OH 8, Hadar, and Oreopithecus: Function, Phylogeny, and Multivariate Analyses
Fig. 8. Total cuneiform facet crosssectional area (mm2) vs. total navicular facet crosssectional
Non-invasive genomics of respiratory pathogens infecting wild great apes using hybridization capture
<p>This dataset complements a manuscript reporting genomic analyses of respiratory pathogens cuasing lethal outbreaks in the wild chimpanzee community living in Tai National Park, Ivory Coast.</p>
Data from: Protecting great apes from disease: compliance with measures to reduce anthroponotic disease transmission
<p><span>Based on an international sample of past (N=420) and potential future visitors (N=569) to wild great ape tourism sites in Africa, we used an online questionnaire to characterise visitors' practices, assess expectations (e.g., about proximity to great apes) and identify key factors related to potential compliance with disease mitigation measures. This was implemented adapting a framework from health literature (the Health Belief Model; HBM), particularly focused on reducing COVID-19 transmission at an early stage of the pandemic.</span></p>
'Ape & Child' Gargoyle. Lynch's Castle Galway.
15thC panel coat of arms King Henry VII (1457–1509) & 'Ape rescuing child' gargoyle. 3D modeled for building restoration project. Generated using high resolution DSLR photography, Structure from Motion (SfM) software & 3D laser scanning survey cFMMLTD2014 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Plume detection and estimate emissions for biomass burning plumes from TROPOMI Carbon monoxide observations using APE v1.1
<p>This data is based on the paper: Plume detection and estimate emissions for biomass burning plumes from TROPOMI Carbon monoxide observations using APE 1.1 (unpublished).</p>
Supplementary data to translate ages across humans and great apes
<p>We have generated a large dataset consisting of 573 time points from various behavioral, anatomical, and transcriptional changes across human and eight non-human primate species. This dataset includes diverse human populations to capture within-species variations. We aligned ages across humans and great apes across their lifespan. Our findings indicate that human lifespan is unusually extended lifespan compared to other primates, suggesting a unique phase of life without a clear counterpart in great apes.</p>
Data from: Downclimbing and the evolution of ape forelimb morphologies
<p><span>Hominoids (non-human apes and hominins) are distinct from cercopithecoid monkeys in possessing more flexible forelimb joints, including high excursion angles at the shoulder and elbow. Both vertical climbing and forelimb suspension have been hypothesized to explain these skeletal differences, but field kinematic studies have found few differences in forelimb excursion during vertical climbs between chimpanzees and monkeys. Previous studies have focused largely on ascent (upclimbing) mechanics, while kinematic strategies employed during descents (downclimbs) are usually ignored. Here, we test the role that vertical climbing directionality plays in patterns of forelimb joint kinematics in wild populations of chimpanzees (<em>Pan troglodytes</em>) and sooty mangabeys (<em>Cercocebus atys</em>). We found that vertical descent produces greater degrees of elbow extension and shoulder flexion in chimpanzees compared to their vertical ascents, a pattern not shared with mangabeys. Chimpanzees used their forelimbs in kinematically similar ways to mangabeys during ascents; however, descent involved greater elbow extension and greater shoulder flexion in chimpanzees. Our results support functional hypotheses emphasizing the role vertical climbing–and specifically descent– plays in the evolution of increased forelimb mobility in apes. </span></p>
Data for: Multiple mechanisms for inbreeding avoidance used simultaneously in a wild ape
<p class="MsoNormal">Mating with close kin can have considerable negative fitness consequences, which are expected to result in selective pressure for inbreeding avoidance mechanisms, such as dispersal, mate choice and postcopulatory biases. Captive studies have suggested that inbreeding avoidance through mate choice is far less widespread than expected and may be absent where other mechanisms already limit inbreeding. However, few studies have examined multiple mechanisms of inbreeding avoidance simultaneously, particularly in the wild. We use 13 years of detailed dispersal, copulation, and paternity data from mountain gorillas to examine inbreeding avoidance. We find that partial dispersal of both sexes results in high kinship in multimale groups, but that copulations between close kin occur 40% less than expected. We find strong kin discrimination in mate choice, with significant avoidance of maternal kin but more limited avoidance of paternal kin. We find no evidence for post-copulatory inbreeding avoidance. Our analyses support familiarity-based mechanisms of kin identification and age-based avoidance that limits mating between fathers and daughters in their natal group. Our findings demonstrate that multiple complementary mechanisms for inbreeding avoidance can evolve in a single species and suggest that inbreeding avoidance through mate choice may enable more flexible dispersal systems to evolve.</p>
Supplementary data to translate ages across humans and great apes
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Data from: Protecting great apes from disease: compliance with measures to reduce anthroponotic disease transmission
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Data from: Evidence of demographic buffering in an endangered great ape: Social buffering on immature survival and the role of refined sex-age-classes on population growth rate
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.