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Fig. 5 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 5. Endopodites of the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. A. Part of YPM 226573, general view (A1), close-up of the endopodites (A2) and explanatory drawing (A4), close-up of the distal claw (A3) and explanatory drawing (A5). B. Counterpart of YPM 226573, general view (B1), close up of the endopodites (B2) and explanatory drawing (B3), close up of the endopodites (B4) and explanatory drawing (B5), close up of the area pointed out in B4 (B6), arrows showing long endites on podomere 2 and 3. Numbers represent podomere number. Abbreviations: ar, axial ring.

Fig. 7 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 7. Exopodities of the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) (YPM 517074) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. Photographs: general view (A1), close-up of the exopodites (A2) and explanatory drawing (A3), close up to the ninth exopodite (A4) and explanatory drawing (A5). Scale bars 1 mm. Abbreviations: ar, axial ring; ex, exopodite.

Fig. 1 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 1. Cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. A. MGL 102179, complete specimen (A1) and anterior region of the counterpart (A2); arrow pointing the antennae. B. MGL 102170, close-up of the posterior region of the trunk; arrow pointing the disarticulated pygidium. C. ML20-269198, latex cast of the counterpart. D. YPM 525125, close up of the posterior region of the trunk; arrow pointing the articulation between the thorax and the pygidium. Specimens in A1 and C coated with ammonium chloride. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 6. Cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) (MGL 102172) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. Photographs under alcohol: general view (A1), close-up of the exopodites A2) and explanatory drawing (A3). Scale bars 1 mm. Abbreviations: ar, axial ring.

Fig. 11 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 11. Ordovician diversity of Cheiruridae species across individual time slices, as defined in Adrain (2013). The dashed line represents the boundary between Tremadocian and Floian; blue, members of the subfamily Pilekiinae; red, members of the rest of Cheiruridae subfamilies excluding pilekiids. Data based on Adrain (2013, personal communication 2020).

Fig. 10 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 10. Trilobite exopodite reconstructions grouped by geological age. A. Eoredlichia intermediata (Lu, 1940), based on Ramsköld and Edgecombe 1996). B. Hongshiyanaspis yiliangensis Zhang and Lin in Zhang et al., 1980, based on Zeng et al. (2017). C. Redlichia rex Holmes, 2019, based on Holmes et al. (2019). D. Olenoides serratus (Rominger, 1887), based on Whittington 1980). E. Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007). F. Ceraurus pleurexanthemus Green, 1832, based on Størmer (1951). G. Triarthrus eatoni (Hall, 1838), based on Whittington and Almond (1987). H. Cryptolithus bellulus (Ulrich, 1879), based on Campbell (1975). I. Chotecops ferdinandi Kayser, 1880), based on Bruton and Haas (1999).

Fig. 3 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 3. Juveniles of the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. A. MGL 104146, late meraspid stage. B. MGL 102153, early holaspid stage. C. MGL 104533, early holaspid stage. Specimens in B, C covered by ammonium chloride. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 4 in Systematics, morphology, and appendages of an Early Ordovician pilekiine trilobite Anacheirurus from Fezouata Shale and the early diversification of Cheiruridae

Fig. 4. Endopodites of the cheirurid trilobite Anacheirurus adserai (Vela and Corbacho, 2007) from the Fezouata Shale, Araneograptus murrayi Zone, Tremadocian, Lower Ordovician, near Beni Zouli, Zagora Province, Morocco. A. MGL 103863, photograph under alcohol with polarized light (A1), explanatory drawing with podomere numbers (A2). B. MGL 102225, photograph under alcohol with polarized light (B1), explanatory drawing with endopodite numbers (B2). Scale bars 1 mm. Abbreviations: ar, axial ring.

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Figure 6. Head appendages and innervation. A in Systematics, evolution and phylogeny of Annelida - a morphological perspective

Figure 6. Head appendages and innervation. A. Syllis sp. (Syllidae). Anterior end with palps (pa), median (ma) and lateral antennae (la), nuchal organs (no), tentacular cirri on the right broken off. B. Parapionosyllis labronica (Syllidae). Dorsal view, nervous system labelled with antibody against acetylated α-tubulin, appendages supplied with prominent nerves, depth coding. C. Saccocirrus sp. (Saccocirridae). Ventral view, note ventral ciliated band (arrowheads), palps (pa) supplied with numerous ciliated sensory cells. D, E. Nereis sp. (Nereididae). Palp. D. Palp composed of palpophore (pph) and palpostyle (ps) the latter with numerous sensory cilia. E. Longitudinal section showing musculature and coelomic cavity inside palpophore (pph) and connection of palp nerve (pn) with the brain (b). - b = brain, dc = dorsal cirrus, dln = dorsolateral nerve, dn = dorsal nerve, ey = eye, la = lateral antenna, ma = median antenna, no = nuchal organ, pa = palp, pn = palp nerve, pph = palpophore, pr = prostomium, ps = palpostyle, rm = retractor muscle, vc = ventral cirrus. A, C, D: SEM micrographs, Originals S. Raabe & W. Mangerich, Osnabrück; B: cLSM micrograph, original M. Kuper, Osnabrück; E: Azan staining.

FIGURE 5 in Chuandianella ovata: An early Cambrian stem euarthropod with feather-like appendages

FIGURE 5. Reconstruction of Chuandianella ovata. Upper: dorsal view. Lower: ventral view. Right middle: isolated appendages a1-a3. Not to scale. Abbreviations as in Figures 1-3.

FIGURE 4 in Chuandianella ovata: An early Cambrian stem euarthropod with feather-like appendages

FIGURE 4. Photographs of Chuandianella ovata, showing morphological details. (A-E) YKLP 16217a (cf. Appendix 9). (A) Dorsal view. Scale bar equals 8.3 mm. (B) Setae on inner surface of 7th podomere of left a1. Scale bar equals 0.1 mm. (C) Setae on inner surface of 5th podomere of right antenniform first appendage. Scale bar equals 1.6 mm. (D) Setae on inner surface of 5th podomere of left antenniform first appendage. Scale bar equals 1.3 mm. (E) Pits on carapace surface. Scale bar equals 1.0 mm. (F-G) YKLP 16238a, specimen depicted in Figure 1F. (F) dorsal view. Scale bar equals 8.4 mm. (G) Visual surface of the left eye. Scale bar equals 1.6 mm. (H,K) YKLP 16259, a laterally compressed specimen with anterior part of right valve missing, exposing the anterior appendages. Posterior part of trunk is also missing. (H) Overview. Scale bar equals 6.0 mm. (K) Detailed view of anterior part, showing position and morphology of a2. Scale bar equals 2.4 mm. (I-J) YKLP 16239, specimen depicted in Figure 1G-H. (I) Dorsal view with trunk reflexed so that it appears to emerge from anterior end of carapace. Scale bar equals 8.8 mm. (J) Pits on carapace surface. Scale bar equals 0.9 mm. Abbreviations additional to Figures 1, 2: app, appendage; vs, visual surface. Italics indicate a right-side appendage. Scale bar in (I) applies to all panels.

FIGURE 2 in Chuandianella ovata: An early Cambrian stem euarthropod with feather-like appendages

FIGURE 2. Micro-CT images of Chuandianella ovata. (A) YKLP 16238, left lateral view, showing endopods and exopods of trunk appendages. Scale bar equals 4.9 mm. (B,C) YKLP 16239. (B) Ventral view, showing circa 20 eggs within the left valve. Scale bar equals 4.3 mm. (C) Endopods of 3rd and 5th (?) appendages showing long blade-like endites each with a terminal seta. Proximally in this image two endopods overlap, giving the false impression of setae along the lateral margins of the endites. Scale bar equals 3.4 mm. All panels are stereo-pairs. Abbreviations additional to Figure 1: eg, egg; se, seta; tr, trunk. Italics indicate a right-side appendage.

FIGURE 8 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 8. Diagrammatic reconstructions of Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. A, dorsal view; B, lateral view. The scale bar is 5 mm. Abbreviations: as, medial axial spines; en, endopod; ex, exopod; hl, frontal head limb; hs, head shield; lae, left eye; pyg?, putative pygidium; rae, right eye; tf, tail fan; t1, tergite 1; t9, tergite 9; t15, tergite 15. Morphological details of the tail fan were partially inferred from Kylinxia zhangi Zeng, Zhao, and Huang in Zeng et al., 2020.

FIGURE 1 in Chuandianella ovata: An early Cambrian stem euarthropod with feather-like appendages

FIGURE 1. Micro-CT images of Chuandianella ovata. (A,C-E,G) YKLP 16218. (A) Ventral view. Scale bar equals 5.0 mm. (C) Ventral view (white rectangle in A), showing details of second appendage (a2, green). Scale bar equals 2.0 mm. (D) Endopod of 6th appendage showing endites. Scale bar equals 1.6 mm. (E) Close-up view of 2nd appendages, with podomeres numbered. Scale bar equals 1.4 mm. (G) Ventral view of the anterior part of A, showing the arrangements of the anterior appendages. Scale bar equals 1.3 mm. (B,F) YKLP 16216. (B) Taphonomically deformed specimen, showing ventral view of the carapace and dorsal view of the soft parts (cf. Appendix 7). Scale bar equals 3.8 mm. (F) Dorsal view of part of right side of the body, showing exopods (blue) and endopods (green). Scale bar equals 1.4 mm. All panels except for E are stereo-pairs. Abbreviations: a1, antenniform first appendage; a2, second appendage; a3-a12, biramous appendages; ab1-4, abdominal segments 1 to 4; an, anus; asc, anterior sclerite; cs, caudal structure; en, endopod; es, eye stalk; et, endite; ex, exopod; ey, stalked eyes; lv, left valve; rv, right valve; tp, tailpiece. Italics indicate a right-side appendage.

FIGURE 7 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 7. Consensus trees from Bayesian (left) and parsimony (right) analyses of panarthropod relationships based on a matrix of 283 characters and 84 taxa with deutocerebral frontal-most appendages inferred. A, 50% majority-rule consensus tree from a Bayesian analysis; B, strict consensus of a single most parsimonious tree of 54.38597 steps (consistency index = 0.48; retention index = 0.86) from a parsimony analysis using implied character weighting (concavity constant k = 3). In the parsimony analysis Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. is retrieved as the sister taxon to the early branching deuteropod Kylinxia zhangi Zeng, Zhao, and Huang in Zeng et al., 2020. In the Bayesian analysis F. mamingae is resolved as a deuteropod that bridges between K. zhangi and all other deuteropods. Abbreviations: D, Deuteropoda; P, Panarthropoda; T, total-group Euarthropoda.

FIGURE 6 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 6. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431). A-B, tungsten photography and fluorescent photography lighting of putative pygidium and tail fan, respectively; C, interpretive line drawing of the same. All scale bars are 1 mm. Abbreviations: cw, compression wrinkles; en?, putative endopod podomeres; ex?, putative exopod(s); ps?, putative pygidial segment(s); pyg?, putative pygidium; tf, tail fan; tfm?, perceived margin of tail fan; t15, tergite 15.

FIGURE 5 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 5. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431). A, part (boxed regions are shown in E-J); B, counterpart (boxed regions are shown in C-D); C, tungsten photography lighting of head region in B; E, posterior body region from A; G, trunk tergites from A; I, head region from A; D, F, H, J, fluorescent photography lighting of the same. Arrowheads indicate medial axial spines. Scale bars are 5 mm (A-B, I-J); 2 mm (C-H). Abbreviations: asc?, putative anterior sclerite; cw, compression wrinkle(s); ed, endite(s); en?, putative endopod; es, eye stalk(s); hs, head shield; lae, left eye; p1-p6, podomeres 1 through 6; ps?, putative pygidial segment(s); pyg?, putative pygidium; rae, right eye; rm, rim of eye; sh, shaft of frontal head limb; tf, tail fan; t1, tergite 1; t7, tergite 7; t15, tergite 15.

FIGURE 4 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 4. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431b). A-B, lateral view (stereo pair) of the counterpart (stereo images have a tilt of 20˚ to emphasise topographic differences); C, composite line drawing of the same. All scale bars are 5 mm. Abbreviations: es, eye stalk(s); ex?, putative exopod(s); hl, frontal head limb; hs, head shield; lae, left eye; t8, tergite 8.

FIGURE 3 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 3. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431a). A-C, tomographic models of the part. The specimen is orientated with the anterior facing left. All scale bars are 5 mm. The blue arrowheads point to the tergopleural terminus of the third trunk segment and, the red arrowheads indicate the paddle-shaped exopods of trunk limbs 1-3 — transverse sections through flattened lobate exopods that clearly extend beyond the tergopleural termini, and white arrowheads indicate exopod setae. Abbreviations: 1, trunk exopod 1; 2, trunk exopod 2; 3, trunk exopod 3.

FIGURE 1 in A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota

FIGURE 1. Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11431a). A-B, lateral view (stereo pair) of the part (stereo images have a tilt of 20˚ to emphasise topographic differences); C, composite line drawing of the same. All scale bars are 5 mm. Abbreviations: ist, indeterminate soft tissue; cw, compression wrinkle(s); en?, putative endopod podomere(s); es, eye stalk(s); ex?, putative exopod(s); gr, groove; hs, head shield; lae, left eye; ps?, putative pygidial segment; pyg?, putative pygidium; rae, right eye; tf, tail fan; tfm?, perceived margin of tail fan; t1-15, tergites 1 through 15.