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82 results for “aquatic diversity”
Fig 2 in Diversity and taxonomic structure of aquatic macroinvertebrates in a fluvio-lacustrine system in south-west Côte d'Ivoire: The case of the Soubré hydroelectric dam lake
Fig 2: Proportions of taxa collected at the Soubré dam lake
Data from: Aquatic adaptation and depleted diversity: a deep dive into the genomes of the sea otter and giant otter
Despite its recent invasion into the marine realm, the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) has evolved a suite of adaptations for life in cold coastal waters, including limb modifications and dense insulating fur. This uniquely dense coat led to the near-extinction of sea otters during the 18th-20th century fur trade and an extreme population bottleneck. We used the de novo genome of the southern sea otter (E. l. nereis) to reconstruct its evolutionary history, identify genes influencing aquatic adaptation, and detect signals of population bottlenecks. We compared the genome of the southern sea otter to the tropical freshwater-living giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) to assess common and divergent genomic trends between otter species, and to the closely related northern sea otter (E. l. kenyoni) to uncover population-level trends. We found signals of positive selection in genes related to aquatic adaptations, particularly limb development and polygenic selection on genes related to hair follicle development. We found extensive pseudogenization of olfactory receptor genes in both the sea otter and giant otter lineages, consistent with patterns of sensory gene loss in other aquatic mammals. At the population level, the southern sea otter and the northern sea otter showed extremely low genomic diversity, signals of recent inbreeding, and demographic histories marked by population declines. These declines pre-date the fur trade and appear to have resulted in an increase in putatively deleterious variants that could impact the future recovery of the sea otter.
Experimental disturbance and productivity gradients drive community diversity in aquatic mesocosms
<p>Combined effects of disturbance and productivity on ecological diversity have been considered for decades as the dynamic equilibrium model (DEM) but are rarely tested together. Instead, most studies focus on either the intermediate disturbance hypothesis or sometimes the intermediate productivity hypothesis. In addition, most analyses of disturbance and productivity effects have relied on nonexperimental patterns, limited sample sizes, inaccurate proxies for productivity, and/or simple measures of diversity. The DEM operates at regional and local scales; here, we conducted a year‐long experiment at local scales using submersed aquatic vegetation in outdoor mesocosms with a factorial combination of physical disturbance and productivity treatments. We evaluated diversity in several ways, directly measured productivity, and compared alternative hypotheses using model selection. The DEM was supported for effective diversity; both productivity and disturbance effects were clear, though productivity effects were stronger. Other diversity measures for the simple communities in the mesocosms did not clearly reflect treatments. The DEM is a valuable general framework for understanding disturbance and productivity effects on ecological systems and is made more general by minor conceptual adjustments here.</p>
supplementary atherial of article Pleistocene aquatic refuges support the east-west breakage of the Neotropical catfish Trichomycterinae (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) and high diversity in the Magdalena, Guiana, and Paraná-Paraguay basins
<p>Figure S1. Phylogenetic tree original of Trichomycterinae based on 566 cytochrome b sequences (405 haplotypes) with 999bp. Bayesian Inference with values above each branch correspond to the branch consistency index (BPP); Figure S2. Phylogenetic tree original of Trichomycterinae based on 566 cytochrome b sequences (405 haplotypes) with 999bp. Bayesian Inference with values above each branch correspond to age for clades, as well as the margin of error demonstrated in node bars; Figure S3. Phylogenetic tree original of Trichomycterinae based on 566 cytochrome b sequences (405 haplotypes) with 999bp. Maximum Likelihood with values above each branch correspond to the branch consistency index (ML bootstrap); Table S1: Sequences used in the present study with their respective locations, references, haplotypes, and clades according to the phylogenetic tree in figure 2; Table S2: Type locality of the species nominally allocated to Trichomycterus and of the type species of the nine genera of Trichomycterinae. Type species in asterisk.; Table S3A: Table with percentages of K2P pairwise genetic distances between the subclades of Trichomycterus sensu stricto. Values in diagonal (below, dark grey) correspond to the genetic distance between clades by category. Values above (above, blue) refer to the respective standard errors. Bold values on the diagonal refer to the intraclade distance (1 to 31, as referenced in Table S1 and S3C); Table S3B: Genetic divergence range, by category, and occurrence within subclades. genera and subfamily; Table S3C: List of Alphabetical clade code and respective genus/species and numerical subclade code with respective species.</p>
Effects of disturbance on genetic diversity in the submersed aquatic plant Vallisneria americana
<p>In summer 2011, Tropical storms Lee and Irene caused an estimated 90% decline of the submersed aquatic plant <em>Vallisneria americana</em> Michx. (Hydrocharitaceae) in the Hudson River, of New York (USA). To understand the genetic impact of such large-scale demographic losses, we compared diversity at 10 microsatellite loci in 135 samples collected from 5 sites just before the storms with 239 shoots collected from 9 sites four years after. Although 80% of beds sampled in 2011 lacked <em>V. americana</em> in 2015, we found similar genotypic and genetic diversity and effective population sizes in pre-storm versus post-storm sites. These similarities suggest that despite local extirpations concentrated at the upstream end of the sampling area, <em>V. americana</em> was regionally resistant to genetic losses. Similar geographically based structure among sites in both sampling periods suggested that cryptic local refugia at previously occupied sites facilitated re-expansion after the storms. However, this apparent resistance to disturbance may lead to a false sense of security. Low effective population sizes and high clonality in both time periods suggest that <em>V. americana</em> beds were already small and had high frequency of asexual reproduction before the storms. Dispersal was not sufficient to recolonize more isolated sites that had been extirpated. Chronic low diversity and reliance on asexual reproduction for persistence can be risky when more frequent and intense storms are paired with ongoing anthropogenic stressors. Monitoring genetic diversity along with extent and abundance of <em>V. americana</em> will give a more complete picture of long-term potential for resilience.</p>
Data from: Aquatic adaptation and depleted diversity: a deep dive into the genomes of the sea otter and giant otter
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Effects of disturbance on genetic diversity in the submersed aquatic plant Vallisneria americana
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Experimental disturbance and productivity gradients drive community diversity in aquatic mesocosms
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eDNA metabarcoding in lakes to quantify influences of landscape features and human activity on aquatic invasive species prevalence and fish community diversity
<p>Aim: Our goal was to use eDNA metabarcoding to characterize fish community diversity, detect aquatic invasive species (AIS), and assess how measures of community (or AIS) diversity are influenced by lake physical and environmental covariates, measures of hydrological connectivity, and human accessibility.<br> Location: Michigan, USA.<br> Methods: eDNA samples collected from 22 lakes were sequenced using two mitochondrial gene regions (12S and 16S rRNA). Metabarcoding data were compared to traditional fisheries survey data for a subset of lakes, and data from all 22 lakes were combined with environmental information to identify significant associations with community diversity and AIS relative abundance.<br> Results: Occupancy modeling indicated that detection probabilities were generally higher with eDNA than traditional fisheries gear. Measures of connectivity with upstream aquatic habitats were positively associated with both AIS relative abundance and fish species diversity. We also demonstrate the use of spatial interpolation methods to map distributions of species diversity and AIS relative abundance within lakes.<br> Conclusions: eDNA metabarcoding methods provided information on the composition and diversity of fish assemblages and the presence of AIS in freshwater lakes that varied greatly in drainage connectivity and anthropogenic development. Our case study identified associations between environmental covariates and fish diversity or AIS relative abundance across lakes. This information is of particular importance given increasing anthropogenic disturbance, invasive species spread, and associated declines in aquatic biodiversity. Incorporating eDNA metabarcoding as a supplement to traditional fisheries surveys will permit managers to identify greater numbers of taxa, including early detection of AIS, with less field effort and fish mortality. Further, eDNA methods may more accurately identify physical and biological features that correlate with diversity and abundance, and allow agencies to more effectively direct AIS management activities. </p>
Data from: Leaf litter diversity and structure of microbial decomposer communities modulate litter decomposition in aquatic systems
1. Leaf litter decomposition is a major ecosystem process that can link aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems by flows of nutrients. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research hypothesizes that the global loss of species leads to impaired decomposition rates and thus to slower recycling of nutrients. Especially in aquatic systems an understanding of diversity effects on litter decomposition is still incomplete. 2. Here we conducted an experiment to test two main factors associated with global species loss that might influence leaf litter decomposition. Firstly, we tested whether mixing different leaf species alters litter decomposition rates compared to decomposition of these species in monoculture. Secondly, we tested the effect of the size structure of a lotic decomposer community on decomposition rates. 3. Overall, leaf litter identity strongly affected decomposition rates, and the observed decomposition rates matched measures of metabolic activity and microbial abundances. While we found some evidence of a positive leaf litter diversity effect on decomposition, this effect was not coherent across all litter combinations and the effect was generally additive and not synergistic. 4. Microbial communities, with a reduced functional and trophic complexity, showed a small but significant overall reduction in decomposition rates compared to communities with the naturally complete functional and trophic complexity, highlighting the importance of a complete microbial community on ecosystem functioning. 5. Our results suggest that top-down diversity effects of the decomposer community on litter decomposition in aquatic systems are of comparable importance as bottom-up diversity effects of primary producers.
Data from: From success to persistence: Identifying an evolutionary regime shift in the diverse Paleozoic aquatic arthropod group Eurypterida, driven by the Devonian biotic crisis
Mass extinctions have altered the trajectory of evolution a number of times over the Phanerozoic. During these periods of biotic upheaval a different selective regime appears to operate, although it is still unclear whether consistent survivorship rules apply across different extinction events. We compare variations in diversity and disparity across the evolutionary history of a major Paleozoic arthropod group, the Eurypterida. Using these data, we explore the group's transition from a successful, dynamic clade to a stagnant persistent lineage, pinpointing the Devonian as the period during which this evolutionary regime shift occurred. The late Devonian biotic crisis is potentially unique among the 'Big Five' mass extinctions in exhibiting a drop in speciation rates rather than an increase in extinction. Our study reveals eurypterids show depressed speciation rates throughout the Devonian but no abnormal peaks in extinction. Loss of morphospace occupation is random across all Paleozoic extinction events; however, differential origination during the Devonian results in a migration and subsequent stagnation of occupied morphospace. This shift appears linked to an ecological transition from euryhaline taxa to freshwater species with low morphological diversity alongside a decrease in endemism. These results demonstrate the importance of the Devonian biotic crisis in reshaping Paleozoic ecosystems.
Data from: Patterns and drivers of aquatic invertebrate diversity across an arid biome
Managing and restoring faunal diversity across large areas requires an understanding of the roles of connectivity and dispersal in driving community patterns. We sought to determine the influence of connectivity, water regime, water source, geographical location, and dispersal traits on patterns of aquatic invertebrate diversity across a continent-wide arid biome. We compiled data on freshwater invertebrate assemblages from sites spanning the breadth of arid Australia. Univariate analyses (analysis of variance and rarefaction) revealed that alpha and gamma diversity across sites decreased as latitude increased. Multivariate analyses (ordination and analysis of similarity) revealed that community composition had considerable fidelity to geographic regions. Hydrological connectivity was strongly associated with riverine community composition although water rarely flowed (often less than annually). Hydrologically isolated sites (springs and rockholes) supported communities that were markedly dissimilar to hydrologically connected sites, and to each other. We investigated the influence of dispersal on diversity patterns by examining Distance Decay Relationships for each of four dispersal trait groups (obligate aquatic and passive, weak, and strong aerial dispersers) on the basis of geodesic (shortest path) distances between pairs of sites and Mantel tests. We did not detect clear differences between dispersal traits and distance decay relationships at the continental scale, even for the two groups with the lowest dispersal ability (obligate aquatics and passive dispersers.) Our results suggest that the loss of hydrological connectivity from water developments in arid lands (for example, the impoundment of intermittent rivers) is likely to affect macroinvertebrates. However, the exact flow mechanisms underlying such changes remain to be determined.
FIGURE 3 in Croatian aquatic dance flies (Diptera: Empididae: Clinocerinae and Hemerodromiinae): species diversity, distribution and relationship to surrounding countries
FIGURE 3. Cluster analysis for community composition data of aquatic Empididae, based on Bray-Curtis Similarity.
Beta diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages associated with leaf patches in neotropical montane streams
Over 70% of the total channel length in all river basins is formed by low order streams, many of which originate on mountaintops. Headwater streams play fundamental roles in processing and transporting terrestrial and aquatic organic matter, often harboring high biodiversity in bottom leaf patches deposited from riparian vegetation. The objective of this study was to assess the variation in taxonomic composition (measured by beta diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates) among stream sites located in the Espinhaço Meridional Mountain Range, part of a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in eastern Brazil. We tested two hypotheses. i) Taxa turnover is the main reason for differences in aquatic insect assemblages within stream sites; we predicted that turnover would be higher than nestedness in all stream sites. ii) Stream site altitude and catchment elevation range are the main explanatory variables for the differences in beta diversity; we predicted that local stream site variables would account for only minor amounts of variation. In both dry and wet seasons, we sampled twice in 2 habitat types (5 leaf patches in pools and 5 in riffles) in each of 9 stream sites distributed in 3 different river basins. We computed average pairwise beta diversity among sampling stations and seasons in each stream site by using Jaccard and Bray-Curtis indices, and calculated the percentages of diversity resulting from turnover and nestedness. Finally, we tested the degree that local- or catchment-level predictor variables explained beta diversity. We found that turnover was the main component of beta diversity and that both dissolved oxygen and elevation range best explained Bray-Curtis beta diversity. These results reinforce the importance of leaf patches in montane (sky islands) neotropical savanna streams as biodiversity hotbeds for macroinvertebrates, and that both local and landscape variables explained beta diversity.
Figure 3 in Diversity of aquatic bird species in a wetland complex in southern Chile
Figure 3. Similarity tree-diagram of the Lanalhue Lake wetland complex in southern Chile. Lanalhue lake is an independent habitat category (lacustrine wetland) within the whole study area.
Figure 2 in Diversity of aquatic bird species in a wetland complex in southern Chile
Figure 2. Variation in the abundance of aquatic bird specimens in Lanalhue Lake wetland, Chile between winter 2005 and summer 2008.
Beta diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages associated with leaf patches in neotropical montane streams
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eDNA metabarcoding in lakes to quantify influences of landscape features and human activity on aquatic invasive species prevalence and fish community diversity
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Data from: From success to persistence: Identifying an evolutionary regime shift in the diverse Paleozoic aquatic arthropod group Eurypterida, driven by the Devonian biotic crisis
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Data from: Beta diversity of aquatic invertebrates increases along an altitudinal gradient in a Neotropical mountain
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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