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33 results for “asexual reproduction”
Data from: Evolution of complex asexual reproductive strategies in jellyfish
Many living organisms in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems rely on multiple reproductive strategies to reduce the risks of extinction in variable environments. Examples are provided by the polyp stage of several bloom-forming jellyfish species, which can reproduce asexually using different "budding" strategies. These strategies broadly fall into three categories: 1) fast localized reproduction, 2) dormant cysts, or 3) motile and dispersing buds. Similar functional strategies are also present in other groups of species. However, mechanisms leading to the evolution of this rich reproductive diversity are yet to be clarified. Here we propose an evolutionary model for jellyfish polyps and determine how local population extinction and unequal fitness of the three modes can drive the evolution of multiple reproductive strategies. Depending on environmental parameters, we find that evolution leads to a unique evolutionary stable strategy, where in general multiple reproductive modes coexist. As the extinction risk increases, this strategy shifts from a pure budding mode to a dual strategy, and finally to one characterized by allocation into all three modes. We determine the existence of relative fitness-dependent thresholds in extinction risk where these transitions can occur and discuss our predictions in light of observations on polyp reproduction in laboratory and natural systems.
Data from: "Meiotic genes" are constitutively expressed in an asexual amoeba and are not necessarily involved in sexual reproduction
The amoebae (and many other protists) have traditionally been considered as asexual organisms but suspicion has been growing that these organisms are cryptically sexual or are at least related to sexual lineages. This contention is mainly based on genome studies in which the presence of "meiotic genes" has been discovered. Using RNA-seq (next generation shotgun sequencing, identifying and quantifying the RNA species in a sample), we have found that the entire repertoire of meiotic genes is expressed in exponentially growing Acanthamoeba and we argue that these so called meiotic genes are involved in the related process of homologous recombination in this amoeba. We contend that they are only involved in meiosis in other organisms that indulge in sexual reproduction and that homologous recombination is important in asexual protists as a guard against the accumulation of mutations. We also suggest that asexual reproduction is the ancestral state.
Data from: How clonal are clones? A quest for loss of heterozygosity during asexual reproduction in Daphnia magna
Due to the lack of recombination, asexual organisms are predicted to accumulate mutations and show high levels of within-individual allelic divergence (heterozygosity) however, empirical evidence for this prediction is largely missing. Instead, evidence of genome homogenization during asexual reproduction is accumulating. Ameiotic crossover recombination is a mechanism that could lead to long genomic stretches of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and unmasking of mutations that have little or no effect in heterozygous state. Therefore, LOH might be an important force for inducing variation among asexual offspring and may contribute to the limited longevity of asexual lineages. To investigate the genetic consequences of asexuality, here we used high-throughput sequencing of Daphnia magna for assessing the rate of LOH over a single generation of asexual reproduction. Comparing parthenogenetic daughters with their mothers at several thousand genetic markers generated by Restriction site Associated DNA (RAD) sequencing resulted in high LOH rate estimation that largely overlapped with our estimates for the error rate. To distinguish these two, we Sanger re-sequenced the top 18 candidate RAD-loci for LOH, and all of them proved to be false positives. Hence, even though we cannot exclude the possibility that short stretches of LOH occur in genomic regions not covered by our markers, we conclude that LOH does not occur frequently during asexual reproduction in D. magna and ameiotic crossovers are very rare or absent. This finding suggests that clonal lineages of D. magna will remain genetically homogeneous at least over time periods typically relevant for experimental work.
Contrasting evolutionary patterns between sexual and asexual lineages in a genomic region linked to reproductive mode variation in the pea aphid
<p>SNP dataset and outputs from BayPass, Popoolation and npstat, together with the script used to plot these data in a submited article entitled "Contrasting evolutionary patterns between sexual and asexual lineages in a genomic region linked to reproductive mode variation in the pea aphid" by M. Rimbault, F. Legeai<sup>,</sup>J. Peccoud, L. Mieuzet, E. Call, P. Nouhaud, H. Defendini, F. Mahéo, W. Marande, N. Théron, D. Tagu, G. Le Trionnaire, J.-C. Simon, J. Jaquiéry<sup>.</sup></p>
Data from: Evolution of complex asexual reproductive strategies in jellyfish
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Data from: Asexual reproduction in introduced and native populations of the ant Cerapachys biroi
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Data from: “Meiotic genes” are constitutively expressed in an asexual amoeba and are not necessarily involved in sexual reproduction
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Data from: The first multi-gene phylogeny of the Macrostomorpha sheds light on the evolution of sexual and asexual reproduction in basal Platyhelminthes
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Data from: How clonal are clones? A quest for loss of heterozygosity during asexual reproduction in Daphnia magna
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Environmental and molecular regulation of asexual reproduction in the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis
GEO Series GSE223794. Nematostella vectensis. 6 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Data from: Is asexual reproduction an evolutionary dead-end in lichens?
Classical hypotheses in lichenology predict pairs of species in which sexual lineages are ancestral and long-lived evolutionarily and that these give rise to derived, evolutionarily transient asexual lineages. Extensive phylogenetic information generated over the last 20 years regarding relationships within and among various groups of lichens makes possible an investigation of polarity and lability in reproductive mode across diverse clades. To test the long-held hypothesis of asexual reproduction as an evolutionary dead end in lichens, existing phylogenetic data from 23 studies were utilized to reconstruct gains and losses of sexual and asexual reproduction in a model-based statistical framework. Summed across all studies, between 26–44 origins of asexual reproduction from sexual ancestors (forward transitions) and 14–25 origins of sexual reproduction from asexual ancestors (reverse transitions) were identified. However, the higher number of gains of asexual reproduction was concentrated in a relatively low number of clades (e.g. Dirina). The greater number of forward compared to reverse transitions is consistent with dogma in both lichenology and evolutionary biology, but nonetheless this study documents numerous reverse transitions, suggesting that asexual lineages represent a source for evolutionary innovation.
Data from: Is asexual reproduction an evolutionary dead-end in lichens?
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Reproduction-associated pathways in females of gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) shed light on the molecular mechanisms of the coexistence of asexual and sexual reproduction
GEO Series GSE254010. Carassius auratus; Carassius gibelio; Cyprinus carpio. 38 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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