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Figs. 13–15 in Atherigona culicivora, new species (Insecta: Diptera: Muscidae), a bamboo shoot-fly feeding on mosquito larvae

Figs. 13–15. Atherigona culicivora, new species. Female: 13, ovipositor, ventral view; 14, tip of ovipositor, dorsal view; 15, sternite 7.

Figs. 28–34 in Atherigona culicivora, new species (Insecta: Diptera: Muscidae), a bamboo shoot-fly feeding on mosquito larvae

Figs. 28–34. Atherigona culicivora, new species. Habitat and life stages: 28, larval habitat: A stump of a young bamboo shoot of Gigantochloa scortechinii in Peninsular Malaysia with A. culicivora females and other flies breeding in the shoots, such as Tipulidae and Drosophilidae; 29, a gravid A. culicivora female, feeding on the wall of a cut bamboo shoot, photographed in the field; 30, two larvae floating in the water, the black posterior spiracles are attached to the water surface, note mosquito larvae of different sizes; 31, larva feeding on a mosquito larva; 32, eggs deposited on the wet bamboo shoot sheath; 33, larva pupariating on the bamboo wall above the water surface, note the foam surrounding the anterior part of the body; 34, three puparia attached to the bamboo wall.

Figs. 24–27 in Atherigona culicivora, new species (Insecta: Diptera: Muscidae), a bamboo shoot-fly feeding on mosquito larvae

Figs. 24–27. Atherigona culicivora, new species. Last instar larva (SEM photographs): 24, head region; 25, maxillary ring; 26, anal division with posterior spiracles; 27, apical surface of the posterior spiracle.

Figs. 4–12 in Atherigona culicivora, new species (Insecta: Diptera: Muscidae), a bamboo shoot-fly feeding on mosquito larvae

Figs. 4–12. Atherigona culicivora, new species. Male: 4, head, lateral view; 5, foreleg, posterior view; 6, tarsomere 5 of foreleg, dorsal view; 7, wing; 8, abdomen, dorsal view; 9, apex of abdomen, lateral view; 10, hypopygium, lateral view; 11, epandrium and cercal plate, dorsal view; 12, tip of cercal plate; cp – cercal plate; ss – surstylus; t – tergite.

Figs. 16–17 in Atherigona culicivora, new species (Insecta: Diptera: Muscidae), a bamboo shoot-fly feeding on mosquito larvae

Figs. 16–17. Atherigona culicivora, new species. Egg and third instar larva: 16, egg, lateral surface of shell; 17, third instar larva, buccal cavity spicules.

Figure 4 in Impact of five different species of bamboo plantations on earthworm communities in West Tripura (India)

Figure 4. Rank abundance curves showing abundance patterns of earthworm species in soils under different species of bamboo plantations.

Figure 3 in Impact of five different species of bamboo plantations on earthworm communities in West Tripura (India)

Figure 3. Bray-Curtis single cluster analysis based on earthworm community composition in the different bamboo plantations.

Figure 1 in Impact of five different species of bamboo plantations on earthworm communities in West Tripura (India)

Figure 1. Photographs of different earthworm species under bamboo plantations of West Tripura- (a) Eutyphoeus comillahnus (b) Amynthus alexandri (c) Metaphire posthuma (d) Eutyphoeus gigas (e) Drawida nepalensis (f) Drawida papillifer papillifer (g) Drawida assamensis (h) Perionyx excavatus (i) Kanchuria sp1 (j) Lampito mauritii (k) Metaphire houlleti (l) Dicogaster bolaui (m) Eutyphoeus gammiei (n) Pontoscolex corethrurus (o) Octochaetona beatrix (p) Lennogaster chittagongensis (q) Eutyphoeus orientalis (r) Lennogaster chittagongensis.

Figure 2 in Impact of five different species of bamboo plantations on earthworm communities in West Tripura (India)

Figure 2. Bar diagram showing earthworm biomasses (g m-2) and densities (No m-2) of anecic and endogeic ecological categories under soils of different bamboo plantations.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2015View details →

Fig. 1. – Bambusa gurgandii K. M. Wong & M. H in Bambusa gurgandii K. M. Wong & M. H. Diep (Poaceae, Bambusoideae), a new species of bamboo from Vietnam

Fig. 1. – Bambusa gurgandii K. M. Wong & M. H. Diep, general vegetative and pseudospikelet characters. A. Culm shoot; B. Culm node, showing a narrow ring of dense appressed pale hairs just above each node; C. Branch leaves with conspicuous laterally spreading, bristly sheath auricles; D. Part of flowering branch, showing pseudospikelets with extruded maroon anthers. [Photos: A: M. H. Diep; B-D: K. M. Wong]

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2015View details →

Fig. 3 in Bambusa gurgandii K. M. Wong & M. H. Diep (Poaceae, Bambusoideae), a new species of bamboo from Vietnam

Fig. 3. – Jacky Gurgand holding dark-haired culm sheaths of the form of Bambusa gurgandii K. M. Wong & M. H. Diep known as "l ô đen". [Photo: K. M. Wong]

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2015View details →

Fig. 2. – Bambusa gurgandii K. M. Wong & M. H in Bambusa gurgandii K. M. Wong & M. H. Diep (Poaceae, Bambusoideae), a new species of bamboo from Vietnam

Fig. 2. – Bambusa gurgandii K. M. Wong & M. H. Diep, pseudospikelet and floral characteristics. A. Pseudospikelet with, from base, two bracts subtending prophyllate buds, a single glume, eight perfect flowers visible, with the 9th perfect flower and 1-2 terminal vestigial flowers hidden by the 8th flower; B. Bract subtending a prophyllate bud; C. Prophyll of bud subtended by basal bract; D. Lowermost perfect flower in lateral view with lemma (l), palea (p) and rachilla segment (r); E. Palea, ventral view; F. Detail of palea apex; G. Lodicule complement; H. One of six anthers; I. Anther apex showing blunt connective and tuft of spines; J. Mature ovary; K. Caryopsis with sulcate dorsal side. [Drawing: K. M. Wong]

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2013View details →

Fig. 2. – Annamocalamus kontumensis H. N. Nguyen, N.-H. Xia & V. T. Tran. A in Annamocalamus H. N. Nguyen, N.-H. Xia & V. T. Tran, a new genus of bamboo (Poaceae) from Vietnam

Fig. 2. – Annamocalamus kontumensis H. N. Nguyen, N.-H. Xia & V. T. Tran. A. Culm sheath; B. Section of culm sheath with auricles; C. Dorsal view of blade; D. Leafy branch; E. Section of leafy branch; F. Section of flowering branch; G. Spikelet; H. Dorsal view of lemma; I. Dorsal view of palea; J. Lodicules; K. Fleshy fruit. [A, F-K: Averyanov & al. VH020, P; B-E: Nguyen & Tran 2820050540, FSIV] [Drawing: Van Tien Tran]

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2013View details →

Fig. 1 in Annamocalamus H. N. Nguyen, N.-H. Xia & V. T. Tran, a new genus of bamboo (Poaceae) from Vietnam

Fig. 1. – Holotype of Annamocalamus kontumensis H. N. Nguyen, N.-H. Xia & V. T. Tran. [Averyanov & al. VH020, P] [© Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Reproduced with permission]

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Functional assembly of tropical montane tree islands in the Atlantic Forest is shaped by stress-tolerance, bamboo-presence and facilitation

Aims: Amidst the Campos de Altitude (Highland Grasslands) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, woody communities grow either clustered in tree islands or interspersed within the herbaceous matrix. The functional ecology, diversity and biotic processes shaping these plant communities are largely unstudied. We characterised the functional assembly and diversity of these tropical montane woody communities and investigated how they fit within Grime's CSR (C – competitor, S – stress-tolerant, R – ruderal) scheme, what functional trade-offs they exhibit and how traits and functional diversity vary in response to bamboo presence/absence. Methods: To characterize the functional composition of the community, we sampled five leaf traits and wood density along transects covering the woody communities both inside tree islands and outside (i.e. isolated woody plants in the grasslands community) . Then, we used Mann Whitney test, t-test and variation partitioning to determine the effects of inside vs outside tree island and bamboo presence on community weighted means, woody species diversity and functional diversity. Results: We found a general SC/S strategy with drought-related functional trade-offs. Woody plants in tree islands had more acquisitive traits than those within the grasslands. Trait variation was mostly taxonomically than spatially driven, and species composition varied between inside and outside tree islands. Leaf thickness, wood density and foliar water uptake were unrelated to CSR-strategies, suggesting independent trait dimensions and multiple drought-coping strategies within the predominant S-strategy. Islands with bamboo presence showed lower Simpson diversity, lower functional dispersion, lower foliar water uptake and greater leaf thickness than in tree islands without bamboo. Conclusions: The observed functional assembly hints towards large-scale environmental abiotic filtering shaping stress-tolerant community strategy, and small-scale biotic interactions driving small-scale trait variation. We recommend experimental studies with fire, facilitation treatments, eco-physiological and recruitment traits to elucidate on tree island expansion and communities response to climate change.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Bamboo biomass

Our study assumed that above-ground bamboo biomass carbon and sequestration rate varies across an elevation gradient, between species and between ecosystem management options. We laid out 60 destructive sampling plots, where one bamboo culm was randomly harvested from each plot.  <ol> <li>The excel file "Rawdata.xlsx" contains the recorded raw data. The columns show data on location, Species, Management option, elevation, Age of bamboo culms, Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) of every culm in the plot, DBH of the harvested culm ( measured before harvesting), Length of harvested culm (measured on the ground), Fresh weight of each culm's component (i.e. stem, branches, foliage), fresh weights of the component's sub-samples of up to 300g taken for oven-dry weight measurements, and the oven-dry weight of the sub-samples. Due to variabilities of carbon content along the stem, we took four sub-samples from each quarter (i.e., at 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 part of the stem).</li> <li>The excel file "analyses.csv" contains data imported to R studio software for analysis.</li> <li>The file "R.script.r" is an r script showing the maths algorithms in an r programming language using  R-Studio, Version 4.0.0.</li> <li>The file "library" contains all the packages used in r script.</li> </ol>

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Data from: A multi-locus plastid phylogeny of the Aulonemia clade (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae: Arthrostylidiinae) reveals three new genera of bamboo

Arthrostylidiinae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a subtribe of Neotropical woody bamboos with diverse morphology, comprises 200 species classified in 16 genera. Previous studies supported monophyly of the subtribe and recovered four major internal clades, however, some genera were found to be polyphyletic while others, like Aulonemia and Colanthelia, were either undersampled or not included. Aulonemia and Colanthelia are complex both in their taxonomy and morphology, and exhibit overlapping morphological characters. Prior morphological and molecular analyses suggested they share a close relationship, with Colanthelia emerging as monophyletic and either nested within Aulonemia or sister to it, but these studies sampled relatively few species of each genus. The aims of this study were to increase taxon sampling to test the monophyly of Aulonemia and Colanthelia, to investigate the relationships within the Aulonemia + Colanthelia clade, and to revise their classification as appropriate towards a natural classification of the Arthrostylidiinae. We present a multi-locus plastid phylogeny of the Arthrostylidiinae with emphasis on Aulonemia and Colanthelia. We used sequences of seven plastid markers (one coding: ndhF; six non-coding: trnC-rpoB, rps16-trnQ, trnT-trnL, rps16, trnD-trnT, and rpl16) from 67 taxa of Bambusoideae including all genera of Arthrostylidiinae. Phylogenetic trees were inferred using both Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods. Aulonemia was confirmed as polyphyletic and Colanthelia was not supported as monophyletic. The phylogenetic position of Myriocladus within Arthrostylidiinae is resolved for the first time. All species of Colanthelia were recovered within the clade containing most species of Aulonemia. Four species of Aulonemia (A. radiata, A. effusa, A. setosa, and A. setigera) grouped in other clades within the subtribe and these placements combined with morphological evidence support the establishment of three new genera: Quixiume, Stelanemia and Vianaea, to accommodate the four remarkable Aulonemia species. An updated key for the genera of the Arthrostylidiinae is provided, as well as taxonomic treatments for the three new genera, including the description of a new species in Stelanemia.

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

TreeGOER 2024 Expansion: Expansion with additional tree and bamboo species identified via the World Checklist of Vascular Plants

The database provides globally observed environmental ranges for an additional list of species not included in the <a href="https://zenodo.org/records/7922927">TreeGOER database</a>. Candidate species were identified via the <a href="https://powo.science.kew.org/about-wcvp">World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP) version 11</a>. Many of the additional species were hybrids or bamboo species that were excluded from GlobalTreeSearch. Taxonomical details given in a separate file correspond to information provided by the WCVP, as well as information on the life form of each species. Field n in the taxonomical data sets shows the number of records used to provide range information for the expansion of TreeGOER. Tree species were filtered from the WCVP by selecting species records with an empty acceptedNameUsageID field (a field that refers to a current name if not empty) and afterwards filtering for records where the lifeform_description field contained one from the categories of tree (3580 candidate species for the TreeGOER 2024 expansion), shrub or tree (3129), scrambling shrub or tree (138), climbing shrub or tree (58), succulent shrub or tree (40), succulent tree (37), scrambling tree (32), liana or tree (6), , tuberous tree (3), tuberous shrub or tree (3), semisucculent tree (2), or semisucculent shrub or tree (3) Species that could not be matched with the <a href="https://tools.bgci.org/global_tree_search.php">GlobalTreeSearch database (version 1.7)</a> were candidates for the expansion of species documented in TreeGOER. Standardization to the WCVP was achieved via the <a href="https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/aps3.11388">WorldFlora R package</a>, using the same scripts available in this Rpub: . <a href="https://rpubs.com/Roeland-KINDT/1134151">https://rpubs.com/Roeland-KINDT/1134151</a>. Occurrence data were obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility via the following downloads. Downloads were facilitated by prior identification of the GBIF usageKey via the <a href="https://docs.ropensci.org/rgbif/reference/name_backbone.html">rgbif::name_backbone</a> function, afterwards filtering records that matched with a current species name in the GBIF backbone taxonomy, using package <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/package=rgbif">rgbif</a> version 3.7-9. <ul> <li>batch 1:  GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.upqqve">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.upqqve</a></li> <li>batch 2:  GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.fhqdpg">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.fhqdpg</a></li> <li>batch 3:  GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.w3k3n7">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.w3k3n7</a></li> <li>batch 4:  GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.xqp7qg">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.xqp7qg</a></li> <li>batch 5:  GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.t92qsg">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.t92qsg</a></li> <li>batch 6:  GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.7ug5z5">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.7ug5z5</a></li> <li>batch 7:  GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.8tp9p8">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.8tp9p8</a></li> <li>batch 8:  GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.ewdj7m">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.ewdj7m</a></li> <li>batch 9:  GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.gccja8">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.gccja8</a></li> <li>batch 10: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.jg7gzs">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.jg7gzs</a></li> <li>batch 11: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.6gww7b">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.6gww7b</a></li> <li>batch 12: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.9h8axh">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.9h8axh</a></li> <li>batch 13: GBIF.org (27 March 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.mswf23">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.mswf23</a></li> </ul>   For bamboo species, identified by a similar process as documented above but now filtering in the WCVP for the lifeform of bamboo, occurrence data were obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility via the following downloads: <ul> <li>batch 1:  GBIF.org (08 April 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.6xt5qu">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.6xt5qu</a></li> <li>batch 2:  GBIF.org (08 April 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.tdmva4">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.tdmva4</a></li> <li>batch 3:  GBIF.org (08 April 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.u2gpxv">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.u2gpxv</a></li> </ul>   After downloading the GBIF occurrence data sets, the same procedures were used to calculate the globally observed environmental ranges as in the TreeGOER database which have been described by Kindt, R. (2023). TreeGOER: A database with globally observed environmental ranges for 48,129 tree species. Global Change Biology, 00, 1–16. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914</a>.    A new check for the availability of species observations was made also for species listed in the <a href="https://worldagroforestry.org/output/globalusefulnativetrees">GlobalUsefulNativeTrees database</a>, but not in TreeGOER. Taxonomical details for these species are given as a 'set 2' in the database. Downloads from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility were: <ul> <li>batch 1: GBIF.org (04 April 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.ajwegx">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.ajwegx</a></li> <li>batch 2: GBIF.org (04 April 2024) GBIF Occurrence Download  <a href="https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hxk5be">https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hxk5be</a></li> </ul>   Version 2024.06 included a new field in the Tmo10 zones files of 'A18' that flags 717 species that occur in zones where all months have a mininum temperature of 18 degrees or above, using similar methods as the 2024.06 version of TreeGOER.   The development of the TreeGOER 2024 Expansion was supported by the Darwin Initiative to project DAREX001 of Developing a Global Biodiversity Standard certification for tree-planting and restoration, by Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative through the Royal Norwegian Embassy in Ethiopia to the Provision of Adequate Tree Seed Portfolio project in Ethiopia, by the Green Climate Fund through the IUCN-led Transforming the Eastern Province of Rwanda through Adaptation project and through the Readiness proposal on Climate Appropriate Portfolios of Tree Diversity for Burkina Faso, by the Bezos Earth Fund to the Bezos Quality Tree Seed for Africa in Kenya and Rwanda project and by the German International Climate Initiative (IKI) to the regional tree seed programme on The Right Tree for the Right Place for the Right Purpose in Africa. When using TreeGOER 2024 Expansion in your work, cite the publication (Kindt <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914">2023</a>) as well as this repository using the DOI (<a href="../doi/10.5281/zenodo.11208040">https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.11208040</a>).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

FIGURE 8 in Description of contents of unopened bamboo corsets and crates from Quarry Ig/WJ of the Tendaguru locality (Late Jurassic, Tanzania, East Africa) as revealed by medical CT data and the potential of this data under paleontological and historical aspects

FIGURE 8. Examples of bone elements from sauropod dinosaurs found in the bamboo corsets, link to corresponding movies. A) "Ig 230", cervical rib of Giraffatitan brancai, and cluster of vertebrae and bone fragments of Dysalotosaurus; B) "Ig 281", presumable dorsal vertebral fragments and pneumatic transverse process of a sauropod (this bamboo corset contains also a dentary remain of Dysalotosaurus); C) "Ig 310, 311, 312, 313, 314", pneumatic transverse process of dorsal vertebra; D) "Ig 498", neural arch with clearly visible hyposphene and broken neural spine of titanosauriform sauropod. Close-up of visualization of isolated MtII of Giraffatitan, E) in dorsal view F) in plantar view. Scale bar in A-D is 100 mm, in E-F it is 50 mm. Abbreviations: bf, bone fragment; ccost, corpus of cervical rib (of Giraffatitan); df, dentary fragment (of Dysalotosaurus); hypo, hyposphene; mt, metatarsal; na, neural arch; nsp, neural spine; prcost, caudal process of cervical rib (of Giraffatitan); postzyg, postzygapophysis; prtrans, transverse process of vertebra; tib,tibia; vc, vertebral centrum; vf, vertebral fragment. Videos of A) to D) available at the PE You Tube channel (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCF6IBDiGbut- DrVada60Izyg)