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FIGURE 1 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURE 1. Road leading from Dos Cabezas, Cochise County, Arizona, where nests of Lithurgopsis apicalis were first discovered in the decapitated stalks of Agave palmeri. FIGURES 2–6. Study area 8 mi north of Portal, Cochise Co., Arizona. 2. Landscape; note presence of Agave palmeri and Opuntia. 3. Female Lithurgopsis apicalis in flower of food plant Opuntia. 4. Base of Agave plant with rosette of basal leaves, which once dry fortifies bee nests from predations by vertebrates. 5. H.G.H. removing leaves from another Agave. 6. Crack (arrow) in Agave stalk that allows females of Lithurgopsis apicalis access for nesting.

FIGURES 39–41 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 39–41. Microphotographs of cocoons of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 39. Sample of cocoons most of which had been opened to remove larvae, showing variation in color, texture, and external shape. 40. Longitudinal section of front of one side of front end of cocoon, showing outer layer of dark silk between which thin line of white fine-grained layer of discharge is sandwiched by inner thick layer of dark silk. 41. Longitudinal section of posterior end of cocoon showing multiple layers of silk fibers.

FIGURES 19–23 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 19–23. Microphotographs of nest components of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 19. Assorted discs showing variation primarily in views of posterior surfaces from numerous cells. 20. Young larva, probably first instar, facing posterior surface of disc, but not yet feeding. 21. Two preserved eggs, side view. 22. Newly emerged fifth instar compared with fully grown fifth instar. 23. Plastic rearing dish containing five live larvae, which permitted us to observe feeding and cocoon-spinning activities throughout the study period.

FIGURES 12–14 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 12–14. Single cell provisions of Lithurgopsis apicalis from various nests. FIGURE 15.Two cells in linear series. FIGURES 16–18. Eggs of Lithurgopsis apicalis attached to disc, and same egg with attachment to disc now broken, and another egg and disc, respectively.

FIGURES 7, 8 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 7, 8. Nests of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 7. Cross section of Agave stalk where multiple nests were first found, showing pollen-filled cells (arrows), open tunnels, and tunnels filled with wood chips (gray). 8. Closeup of burrow wall through fine-grained plant tissue showing characteristic transverse patterning created by the female's mandibles during excavation.

FIGURES 9–11 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 9–11. Diagrams of nest found near Dos Cabezas, Cochise County, Arizona. 9. Entire nest, side view containing two burrows, with close-up of section containing three cells, one of which had not been closed. 10. Single cell containing two eggs, each associated with small open space ("egg chamber") and with disc of firmer provisions. 11. Close-up of disc and egg.

FIGURES 46, 47 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 46, 47. SEM macrographs of thin film of cocoon fabric spun on June 44, 2013, as identified in photomicrograph, figure 36, 46. showing small apertures that presumably would have been closed with more applications of silk, and 47. edge of same, showing texture of silk that is extruded, respectively. These macrographs plus observations made at the time strongly suggest that the inner surface of cocoons is composed solely of silk; see text for further explanation.

FIGURES 27–31 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 27–31. Microphotographs of cleared larvae of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 27. Entire first instar, lateral view, with cast chorion and pollen grains adhering to posterior end. 28. Head of same, frontal view. 29. Head capsule of third/fourth instar, frontal view, showing pollen grain being ingested. 30. Same but more dorsal view showing pollen grains being ingested sequentially into esophagus. 31. Lower part of head of early fifth instar; note pollen grain being ingested behind mandibular apices.

FIGURES 34–39 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 34–39. Diagrams of last larval instar of Melecta duodecimmaculata. 34. Entire larva, lateral view. 35, 36. Head, frontal and lateral view, respectively. ATP = anterior tentorial pit. 37–39. Right mandible, dorsal, inner, and ventral views, respectively.

FIGURES 25, 26 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 25, 26. Microphotographs of spiracles of cleared mature larvae, showing ornamentation of atrial walls and primary tracheal openings. 25. Anthophora melanognatha. 26. Melecta duodecimmaculata.. FIGURE 27. Microphotograph of spiracle of Melecta duodecimmaculata, approximate side view.

FIGURES 11–15 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 11–15. SEM micrographs of first instar of Melecta duodecimmaculata. 11, 12. Head, dorsal and lateral views, respectively. 13. Spiracle with raised rim and well-developed peritreme. 14, 15. Spinulae from head in figure 12 showing diversity of apical structures.

FIGURES 1, 2 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 1, 2. Nesting site of Anthophora melanognatha at Hu Yu, Beijing Province, China. 1. Rock overhang with nesting site in shadow under it to the left of the figures. 2. Close-up of site with J.G.R. and L.D. excavating nests, entrances of which were mostly in the shadow. (Photographs of figs. 1 and 2 by J.S. Ascher.) FIG- URES 3–5. Inner surface of cell closures of Anthophora melanognatha showing egg insertion holes of Melecta duodecimmaculata (arrows). FIGURES 6, 7. Feeding larvae of Melecta duodecimmaculata, 6. Intermediate instar. 7. Last larval instar.

FIGURES 30–33 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 30–33. SEM micrographs of head and antenna of mature larva of Melecta duodecimmaculata, semilateral view. 30. Entire head. 31. Antenna and close-up of apex showing abundant sensillae, respectively. 32. Labiomaxillary apex. 33. Close-up of salivary opening from figure 32, showing apical brushlike filament.

FIGURES 8–10 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 8–10. SEM micrographs of mature oocytes of Melecta duodecimmaculata. 8. Anterior end of oocyte still partly enclosed by follicular tissue, showing micropyle (identified by rectangle). 9. Close-up of micropyle. 10. Anterior end of another oocyte (with micropylar area invaginated, not visible) showing radiating chorionic ornamentation.

FIGURES 43–50 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 43–50. Diagrams of heads, lateral view, and mandibles of mature melectine larvae. 43. Thyreus lieftincki. 44. Thyreus sp. 45–47. Melecta separata callura, and right mandible, inner and ventral views, respectively. 48–50. Zacosmia maculata, head and right mandible, inner and ventral views, respectively.

FIGURES 40–42 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 40–42. Right mandible of Xeromelecta californica, dorsal, inner, and ventral views, respectively.

FIGURES 28, 29 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 28, 29. Microphotographs of cleared mouthparts, right mandible removed, showing left maxilla and labium, approximate frontal view; for explanation of arrows, see text. 28. Anthophora melanognatha. 29. Melecta duodecimmaculata.

FIGURES 19–24 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 19–24. Diagrams of last larval instar of Anthophora melanognatha. 19. Entire larva, lateral view. 20, 21. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. ATP = anterior tentorial pit. 22–24. Right mandible, dorsal, inner, and ventral views, respectively.

FIGURES 16–18 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 16–18. SEM micrographs of larval head of mature larva of Anthophora melanognatha. 16, 17. Entire head and close-up of antenna showing few sensilla, approximate lateral view. 18. Mouthparts of same, frontal view.