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180 results for “beech”
Reproductive data Fagus sylvatica: Widespread masting breakdown in beech
<p>Climate change effects on tree reproduction are poorly understood even though the resilience of populations relies on sufficient regeneration to balance increasing rates of mortality. Forest-forming tree species often mast, i.e. reproduce through synchronised year-to-year variation in seed production, which improves pollination and reduces seed predation. Recent observations in European beech show, however, that current climate change can dampen interannual variation and synchrony of seed production, and that this masting breakdown drastically reduces the viability of seed crops. Importantly, it is unclear under which conditions masting breakdown occurs, and how widespread breakdown is in this pan-European species. Here, we analysed 50 long-term datasets of population-level seed production, sampled across the distribution of European beech, and identified increasing summer temperatures as the general driver of masting breakdown. Specifically, increases in site-specific mean maximum temperatures during June and July were observed across most of the species range, while the interannual variability of population-level seed production (CVp) decreased. The declines in CVp were greatest where temperatures increased most rapidly. Additionally, the occurrence of crop failures and low-seed years has decreased during the last four decades, signalling altered starvation effects of masting on seed predators. Notably, CVp did not vary among sites according to site mean summer temperature. Instead, masting breakdown occurs in response to warming local temperatures (i.e. increasing relative temperatures), such that the risk is not restricted to populations growing in warm average conditions. As lowered CVp can reduce viable seed production despite the overall increase in seed count, our results warn that a covert mechanism is underway that may hinder the regeneration potential of European beech under climate change, with great potential to alter forest functioning and community dynamics.</p>
Fig. 2 in Does the Mean Individual Biomass (MIB) of carabids as a bioindicator of forest succession follow a logistic function? - Examples from Western German beech and Polish Scots pine forests
Fig. 2. Logistic regression curve – Relationship between age of the Polish Scots pine stands (years) and mean individual biomass of carabids (mg)
Fig. 1 in Does the Mean Individual Biomass (MIB) of carabids as a bioindicator of forest succession follow a logistic function? - Examples from Western German beech and Polish Scots pine forests
Fig. 1. Logistic regression curve – Relationship between age of the Western German beech stands (years) and mean individual biomass of carabids (mg)
Fig. 2 in Comparative phenology and cohort survival of beech scale (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) in part of its native range (Caucasus Mountains, Georgia) and in an invaded area (Massachusetts, USA)
Fig. 2. Cloth wrapping used to cage beech trunk section in 2012 at Gulelebi Forest in Georgia where one part of the scale cohort survival study was conducted.
Fig. 6 in Comparative phenology and cohort survival of beech scale (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) in part of its native range (Caucasus Mountains, Georgia) and in an invaded area (Massachusetts, USA)
Fig. 6. Comparative cumulative day-degrees for Tianeti in the country of Georgia (cum DD GEO) and Windsor, Massachusetts, USA (cum DD MA), each in the years in which phenological observations on beech scale were made at the 2 locations.
Fig. 5 in Comparative phenology and cohort survival of beech scale (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) in part of its native range (Caucasus Mountains, Georgia) and in an invaded area (Massachusetts, USA)
Fig. 5. Phenology of life stages of beech scale in Massachusetts (USA) (Notchview Reservation, property of Trustees of Reservations, Windsor, 2013), showing univoltine cycle, with settled crawlers being the overwintering stage.
Fig. 4 in Comparative phenology and cohort survival of beech scale (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) in part of its native range (Caucasus Mountains, Georgia) and in an invaded area (Massachusetts, USA)
Fig. 4. Phenology of life stages of beech scale in Georgia (Gulelebi Forest, Tianeti District, 2011), showing bivoltine cycle, with adult females being the overwintering stage.
Fig. 3 in Comparative phenology and cohort survival of beech scale (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) in part of its native range (Caucasus Mountains, Georgia) and in an invaded area (Massachusetts, USA)
Fig. 3. (a) Example of trunk cages made from small Petri dishes (with an open bottom) that were used to isolate scale patches in Massachusetts. (b) Patches of beech scale initiated by delimiting groups (<50) of newly settled crawlers with top patch (defined by black circle marked on bark) lef uncaged, whereas lower patch was caged (caged removed here) from Oct 2011 to Oct 2012 (1 scale generation) at which time scales were a mixture of adults and crawlers of the next generation; done on American beech at Notchview Reservation (property of Trustees of Reservations), Windsor, Massachusetts, USA. Note the greater number of large white woolly dots (adults of the test generation) in the bottom circle, suggesting significant mortality due to factors, like generalist predators, that were excluded by the cages.
Fig. 1 in Comparative phenology and cohort survival of beech scale (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) in part of its native range (Caucasus Mountains, Georgia) and in an invaded area (Massachusetts, USA)
Fig. 1. Sites in Georgia where studies were conducted. Site 1 (Gulelebi Forest) was used in 2011 for the phenology observations, and sites 2 (Gombori) and 3 (Lagodekhi) were used for the cohort survival experiment in 2012.
Figure 1 in Microhabitats and fragmentation effects on a ground beetle community (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in a mountainous beech forest landscape
Figure 1. Jamiško Osoe study area with 3 localities (A, B, and C) and transects T1–T7 (gray color represents beech forests, black – potato fields, and white – mountain pastures and forest clearings).
Figure 2 in Microhabitats and fragmentation effects on a ground beetle community (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in a mountainous beech forest landscape
Figure 2. Variation of the average beetle abundance (ind. trap–1) between a) microhabitats, b) months, and c) fragments.
Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic relationships and time-calibration of the South American fossil and extant species of southern beeches (Nothofagus)
Fig. 1. Strict consensus tree from Implied Weight Analysis (IWA) (k = 8). Dashed cladogram branches indicate fossil taxa. Consistency Index (CI): 0.51; Retention Index (RI): 0.78. Shaded circles (a–c) indicate the three possible placements of the two taxa Nothofagus alpina and Nothofagus elongata before pruning as indicated by IterPCR. Green/brown and black leaves are representatives of living and fossil species, respectively. Abbreviations: NCA, New Caledonia; NGU, New Guinea; NZE, New Zealand; SAU, Southern Australia; SSA, Southern South America; TAS, Tasmania.
Figure 1 in Basilaphelenchus hyrcanus n. sp. (Rhabditida: Tylaphelenchinae) associated with bark of a beech tree (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) from northern Iran
Figure 1: Line drawing of BaSilaphelenChUS hyrCanUS n. sp. (A) Female entire body – (B) Male entire body – (C) Female head – (D) Vulval region – (E) Anterior body – (F) Male posterior region in lateral view showing genital papillae (P2-P4) − (G) Female posterior region (Scale bars: A-C and E, F = 10 μm; D, G = 20 μm.)
Figure 4 in Basilaphelenchus hyrcanus n. sp. (Rhabditida: Tylaphelenchinae) associated with bark of a beech tree (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) from northern Iran
Figure 4: Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree inferred from the D2-D3 large subunit (LSU) rDNA gene sequences of BaSilaphelenChUS hyrCanUS n. sp. under the GTR + G + I model. Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) and maximum likelihood bootstrap (ML BS) values greater than 0.50 and 50, respectively, are given for appropriate clades in the pattern of BPP/ML BS. The new species taxon is represented in bold.
Figure 2 in Basilaphelenchus hyrcanus n. sp. (Rhabditida: Tylaphelenchinae) associated with bark of a beech tree (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) from northern Iran
Figure 2: Photomicrographs of BaSilaphelenChUS hyrCanUS n. sp. (A-C) Female anterior body – (D) Part of pharynx– (E-G) Metacorpus region showing excretory pore (arrowhead) – (H) Lateral field – (I) Male posterior body showing spicules and papillae arrangement (P2 + P4 arrowheads) – (J, K) Vulval region showing post-vulval uterine sac (arrowhead) – (L, M) Female tail (Scale bars = 10 μm.)
Figure 3 in Basilaphelenchus hyrcanus n. sp. (Rhabditida: Tylaphelenchinae) associated with bark of a beech tree (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) from northern Iran
Figure 3: Bayesian 50% majority rule consensus tree inferred from the small subunit (SSU) rDNA gene sequences of BaSilaphelenChUS hyrCanUS n. sp. under the GTR + G + I model. Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) and maximum likelihood bootstrap (ML BS) values greater than 0.50 and 50, respectively, are given for appropriate clades in the pattern of BPP/ML BS. The new species taxon is represented in bold.
Linked collectors and determiners for: First records of Tall Beech Fern, Phegopteris excelsior N. Patel & A.V. Gilman (Thelypteridaceae), for Ontario and Prince Edward Island.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "First records of Tall Beech Fern, Phegopteris excelsior N. Patel & A.V. Gilman (Thelypteridaceae), for Ontario and Prince Edward Island". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/105e9f58-39b9-46e9-9ae0-fec6d3455111">https://bionomia.net/dataset/105e9f58-39b9-46e9-9ae0-fec6d3455111</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/105e9f58-39b9-46e9-9ae0-fec6d3455111">https://gbif.org/dataset/105e9f58-39b9-46e9-9ae0-fec6d3455111</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Phegopteris excelsior (Thelypteridaceae): A New Species of North American Tetraploid Beech Fern.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Phegopteris excelsior (Thelypteridaceae): A New Species of North American Tetraploid Beech Fern". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/3ec27add-200f-4d9f-9fd3-a46ed282720a">https://bionomia.net/dataset/3ec27add-200f-4d9f-9fd3-a46ed282720a</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/3ec27add-200f-4d9f-9fd3-a46ed282720a">https://gbif.org/dataset/3ec27add-200f-4d9f-9fd3-a46ed282720a</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Influence of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) rot hole habitat characteristics on invertebrate community structure and diversity - Dataset
<p>The data and R scripts pertinent to the Journal of Insect Science manuscript titled "Influence of European beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica</em>) rot hole habitat characteristics on invertebrate community structure and diversity". Environmental variables are given in "Rot Hole and Site Data", whilst community data are given as counts in "Rot Hole Community Data - counts" and as relative abundance in "Rot Hole Community Data - relative abundances".</p>
Leaf gene expression trajectories during the growing season are consistent between sites and years in American beech
<p>Transcriptomics, the quantification of gene expression, provides a versatile tool for ecological monitoring. Here, we show that through genome-guided profiling of transcripts mapping to 33,042 loci, gene expression differences can be discerned among multi-year and seasonal leaf samples collected from American beech trees at two latitudinally separated sites. Despite a bottleneck imposed due to large-scale post-Columbian deforestation, the SNP-based population genetic background analysis has yielded sufficient variation to account for differences between populations and among individuals. Our time series of expression analyses during spring-summer and summer-fall transitions for two consecutive years involved 4197 differentially expressed protein coding genes. A global comparison of 12 seasons has revealed that spring gene expression sets the pace for the rest of the growing season. Using \textit{Populus} orthologs of the differentially expressed genes, we reconstructed a protein-protein interactome as a representation of the leaf physiological states of trees during the seasonal transitions. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed GO terms that highlight molecular functions and biological processes possibly influenced by abiotic forcings such as recovery from drought and response to excess precipitation. Further, based on 324 co-regulated transcripts, we focused on a subset of terms that could be putatively attributed to phenological shifts due to late spring. Our conservative results indicate that extended transcriptome-based monitoring of forests can capture ranges of responses arising from other factors including air quality, chronic disease as well as herbivore outbreaks that require activation and/or downregulation of genes collectively tuning reaction norms needed for the survival of long living trees such as the American beech.</p>
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