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opencc-by-4.0Jun 2017View details →

Fig. 5. The 3 in Morphology of the female reproductive system and physiological age-grading of Megamelus scutellaris (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a biological control agent of water hyacinth

Fig. 5. The 3 nulliparous stages of Megamelus scutellaris. a) N1—Note the lack of differentiation in the vitellarium (v) and large size of the germarium (g) in comparison to the vitellarium. b) N2—In this stage the ovarioles are fully differentiated, no fully mature follicles, and no follicular relics. c and d) N3—In this stage the ovarioles are fully differentiated, no follicular relics are present, and at least 2 follicles are mature and ready to be ovulated as indicated by darkening of the interior of the oocyte by yolk deposition.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

Figure 2 in Indigenous entomopathogenic fungi as potential biological control agents of rose sawfly Arge rosae L. (Hymenoptera: Argidae)

Figure 2. Maximum likelihood tree based on ITS region sequence, showing the phylogenetic relationship between the indigenous isolates of EPF species (B. bassiana, C. rosea and I. farinosa) and other isolates of the respective or related species in the GenBank.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

Figure 1 in Indigenous entomopathogenic fungi as potential biological control agents of rose sawfly Arge rosae L. (Hymenoptera: Argidae)

Figure 1. First instar larvae of A. rosae, head capsules of which were black, and their legs were blackish, collected from the infested greenhouse-grown roses in Antalya province.

Fig. 3 in Release and persistence of the Brazilian peppertree biological control agent Pseudophilothrips ichini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) in Florida

Fig. 3. Number of Pseudophilothrips ichini released per site per mo (solid circles), total monthly releases (solid triangles), and number of release sites from May 2019 to Dec 2021. Mean (± SE).

Fig. 1. Pseudophilothrips ichini, a in Release and persistence of the Brazilian peppertree biological control agent Pseudophilothrips ichini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) in Florida

Fig. 1. Pseudophilothrips ichini, a biological control agent of Brazilian peppertree released during May 2019 to Dec 2021. Thrips orange larvae (A) and black adults (B) aggregated on Brazilian peppertree leaves at a release site.

Fig. 2 in Release and persistence of the Brazilian peppertree biological control agent Pseudophilothrips ichini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) in Florida

Fig. 2. Release sites of Pseudophilothrips ichini during May 2019 to Dec 2021. A total of 2,136,583 thrips were released at 567 sites. Blue points represent thrips release sites, pink dots represent the distribution of Brazilian peppertree (EDDMapS 2021).

Fig. 1. Neighbor-joining tree generated under the Kimura 2 in Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a biological control agent of sugarcane stem borers in Colombia's Cauca River Valley

Fig. 1. Neighbor-joining tree generated under the Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) nucleotide substitution model. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1,000 replicates) is shown next to the branches. Abbreviations for sugarcane mills in Colombia's Cauca River Valley are as follows: Manuelita (MN), Mayagüez (MY), Pichichí (PC), Providencia (PV), Riopaila (RP), Risaralda (RS), Sancarlos (SC). GeneBank C. flavipes accessions:Uganda - JQ396735.1, Brazil - DQ232320.1, India - DQ232336.1, Kenya - DQ232317, Thailand - DQ232340.1, USA - DQ232330.1, South Pakistan - JQ396714.1, Jamaica - DQ232321.1, Pakistan - DQ232335.1, Sri Lanka - DQ232327.1, Indonesia - DQ232337.1, Mauritius - DQ232319.1, Reunion - DQ232329.1, Papua New Guinea - DQ232316.1.

Fig. 2 in Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a biological control agent of sugarcane stem borers in Colombia's Cauca River Valley

Fig. 2. Distribution of Cotesia flavipes in different sugarcane mills of Colombia's Cauca River Valley.

Fig. 4. Monthly Pseudophilothrips ichini released from May 2019 in Release and persistence of the Brazilian peppertree biological control agent Pseudophilothrips ichini (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) in Florida

Fig. 4. Monthly Pseudophilothrips ichini released from May 2019 to Dec 2021. The number of thrips released increased significantly during this period (Y = −16073.4 + 4846.3 * X, where X = numeric mo in sequence afer initial release and Y = predicted number of thrips released. r2 = 0.64; P <0.0001).

Fig. 5 in Host associations of gall-inducing Prodiplosis longifila (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Bolivia: implications for its use as a biological control agent for Jatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)

Fig. 5. Susceptibility of Jatropha gossypiifolia to Prodiplosis longifila. Morphologically similar galls induced on control Jatropha clavuligera (A) and Jatropha gossypiifolia (B) plants under no-choice conditions in quarantine in Pretoria, South Africa. Galling on a transplanted Jatropha gossypiifolia plant under the natural field conditions in Bolivia (C).

Fig. 4 in Host associations of gall-inducing Prodiplosis longifila (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Bolivia: implications for its use as a biological control agent for Jatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)

Fig. 4. Relationship between the number of branches per plant and number of shoot tips with Prodiplosis longifila galls (A) and percentage of shoots (± SE) with Prodiplosis longifila galls (B) across 3 sites in Bolivia in Feb 2016. Different letters above SE bars indicate significant differences (Tukey's test, P <0.001).

Fig. 3 in Host associations of gall-inducing Prodiplosis longifila (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Bolivia: implications for its use as a biological control agent for Jatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)

Fig. 3. Incidence of Prodiplosis longifila galls on Jatropha clavuligera (percentage of plants with galls) in relation to (A) sites and (B) sampling yr and season (± SE). Different letters above SE bars indicate significant differences (Tukey's test, P <0.001).

Fig. 1 in Host associations of gall-inducing Prodiplosis longifila (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Bolivia: implications for its use as a biological control agent for Jatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)

Fig. 1. Rosette galls induced by Prodiplosis longifila in the growing shoot tip of Jatropha clavuligera. (A) Rosette gall in the terminal and axillary buds of Jatropha clavuligera with swollen petiole and rachis and malformed leaves. (B) Young gall in Jatropha clavuligera showing early stage larvae feeding on the nutritive tissue of the gall with no evidence of cell necrosis and fungal growth.

Fig. 2 in Host associations of gall-inducing Prodiplosis longifila (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Bolivia: implications for its use as a biological control agent for Jatropha gossypiifolia (Euphorbiaceae)

Fig. 2. Morphological and histological changes in the rosette galls induced by Prodiplosis longifila on Jatropha clavuligera. (A) Vertical sectional view of a portion of the galled shoot showing the inflamed axillary position (*) (bar = 1 mm). (B) Cross sectional view of a portion of the galled shoot showing the hyperplasied stems and leaves (bar = 0.33 mm); * indicates the location where the larvae congregate; le = leaf. (C) Cross sectional view of a galled leaf showing the intense hyperplasied upper mesophyll (bar = 0.18 mm); arrows point to the hypertrophied epidermis. (D) Cross sectional view of a leaf axil (bar = 0.33 mm); * indicates the location where the larvae congregate; note the vertically dividing epidermal cells towards the bottom, whereas the laterally occurring epidermal cells are hypertrophied. (E) Cross sectional view of the stem showing variously dividing cortical cells (bar = 30 μm); the arrow indicates cell proliferation. (F) Compactly arranged parenchymatous nutritive cells, each with a prominent nucleus (n) and dense cytoplasm (cyt) (bar = 10 μm). (G) Low magnification image of galled stem showing layers of nutritive cells (nc), where the larvae feed (lfs) (bar = 30 μm). In fact, the cells lying opposite, which appear to be empty, show signs of regeneration (rc). In the far interior of the stem cortex, numerous phenol-included cells (pic) occur. Far interior into the stem cortex numerous phenol including cells (pic) occur. (H) An enlarged view of a phenol-including cell (bar = 18 μm).

Fig. 3 in Effect of forest microhabitat and larval stage on overwintering survival, development, and phenology of Spathius galinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), biological control agent of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

Fig. 3. Proportion of dead (A) and diapaused (B) Spathius galinae by stage at time of deployment, and overwintering microhabitat. Fate was determined by dis- secting all logs once emergence was complete. Letters of the same type and case within the same subfigure indicate significance when data are considered by stage alone (P <0.05).

Fig. 2 in Effect of forest microhabitat and larval stage on overwintering survival, development, and phenology of Spathius galinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), biological control agent of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

Fig. 2. Deployment jar for logs containing emerald ash borer larvae parasitized by Spathius galinae. Logs were inserted in floral foam in 3.8 L polyethylene terephthalate jar with 2 mesh cutouts for ventilation and excess water drain- age. The jar was attached to the tree by resting the bottom of the jar on 2 nails hammered into the tree while a length of wire wrapped around the 2 nails on either side of the jar. Another wire looped around the neck of the jar and was fastened to the nail at the top. Water was added to the jars as needed to ensure adequate hydration of the logs and larvae.

Fig. 1. Experimental microhabitats near the USDA-ARS Louis A in Effect of forest microhabitat and larval stage on overwintering survival, development, and phenology of Spathius galinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), biological control agent of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

Fig. 1. Experimental microhabitats near the USDA-ARS Louis A. Stearns Laboratory in Newark, Delaware, USA. Letters indicate habitat type and approximate experiment locations: (A) mature forest, a larger, more mature wooded area; (B) urban forest, small, highly disturbed woodlot.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Fig. 1 in Does Megaselia scalaris (Diptera: Phoridae) have potential as a biological control agent of fall armyworm?

Fig. 1. Megaselia scalaris (Diptera: Phoridae): adult female (A); eggs (B); larvae dorsal view (C); larvae ventral view (D); and pupae (E).

Fig. 4 in Effect of forest microhabitat and larval stage on overwintering survival, development, and phenology of Spathius galinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), biological control agent of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

Fig. 4. Survival analysis of Spathius galinae emergence from urban (A) and mature forest (B) sites over time by stage at time of deployment.