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Fig. 9 in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 9. Adeonella lichenoides (Lamarck, 1816). A. Field photograph of colony found among fishing debris at Kampung Kuala Temoyong, Langkawi. B–G. MSL BRY016, fragment of colony shown in A. B. Bifurcating branch. C. Group of zooids. D. Vicarious avicularium. E. Young zooids near growing edge before development of the spiramen. F. Zooids with adventitious avicularia and variably developed calcified bridges isolating the spiramen. G. Older zooids with fully developed spiramens and variously orientated adventitious avicularia. Scale bars: B = 1 mm; C = 500 μm; D–G = 100 μm.

Fig. 6 in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 6. Cranosina coronata (Hincks, 1881). Pantai Pasir Hitam, Langkawi, MSL BRY011. A. Part of a colony encrusting a cobble. B. Group of zooids. C. Autozooid with distal avicularium. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 500 μm; C = 200 μm.

Fig. 5. — A–C in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 5. — A–C. Arbopercula sp. Pulau Betong, Penang, MSL BRY009. A. Group of zooids. B. Zooids showing spines. C. Distal end of a zooid with a pair of oral spines and the proximal circumopesial spine of the next distal zooid. — D–F. Sinoflustra amoyensis (Robertson, 1921). Batu Muang, Penang, MSL BRY010. D. Part of a colony. E. Detail of a group of zooids at the broken edge. F. Opesia and cryptocystal spinules. Scale bars: A, D = 500 μm; B, E = 200 μm; C, F = 100 μm.

Fig. 4 in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 4. Jellyella eburnea (Hincks, 1891). Pantai Chenang, Langkawi. A–C. Scanning electron micrographs showing variable development of the gymnocyst; MSL BRY008. A. Group of zooids. B. Slightly oblique view of zooids with poorly developed gymnocysts. C. Zooids with well developed gymnocysts. D–E. Colonies encrusting a small bottle photographed in the field. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B–C = 500 μm.

Fig. 3 in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 3. Species of Acanthodesia. — A–C. A. cf. falsitenuis (Liu, 1992). Kampung Kuala Temoyong, Langkawi, MSL BRY003. A. Zooids. B. Detail. C. Cryptocystal process. — D–F. A. peramabulata (Louis & Menon, 2009). Pantai Pasir Hitam, Langkawi, MSL BRY004. D. Part of colony with overgrowth. E. Group of zooids. F. Wide zooid immediately before a row bifurcation. — G–L. A. cf. irregulata (Liu, 1992). Note variation between specimens in the width of the lateral mural rim, which is particularly broad in I, and the development of tubercles, present only in the colony shown in K and L. G. Pulau Betong, Penang, MSL BRY005. H–I. Batu Muang, Penang, MSL BRY026. J. Balik Pulau, Penang, MSL BRY006. K–L. Batu Maung, Penang, MSL BRY007. Scale bars: A, D = 1 mm; B, I, L = 200 μm; C = 50 μm; E–H, J–K = 500 μm.

Fig. 2. Aetea ligulata Busk, 1852. A in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 2. Aetea ligulata Busk, 1852. A. Colony fouling Hippopodinella feegeensis; Pantai Pasir Hitam, Langkawi, MSL BRY001a. B–F. Kampung Kuala Temoyong, Langkawi, MSL BRY002. B. Zooids growing aroung clionid-bored shell. C. Zooid with repaired skeleton. D. Erect part of zooid collapsed against substrate to reveal annulations on distal side. E. Erect part of zooid collapsed to show opesia on proximally facing side. F. Broken zooid showing intramural 'stolon'. Scale bars: A–B = 1 mm; C–E = 200 μm; F = 100 μm.

Fig. 1 in Cheilostome Bryozoa from Penang and Langkawi, Malaysia

Fig. 1. Map showing sampling localities in Langkawi (top left) and Penang (bottom left), and the locations of these islands in Malaysia (right).

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Fig. 1 in New and little-known Cheilostomata (Bryozoa, Gymnolaemata) from the NE Atlantic

Fig. 1. Notoplites saojorgensis sp. nov. (MNHN 4163, holotype). A. Optical image of colony showing the porcelain white zooecia. B. Overview of colony showing several internodes and branch bifurcations. C. Proximal part of the colony with numerous, closely joined rhizoids emanating from proximal and abfrontal zooids, forming supporting stalks. D. Abfrontal side of internode with two rhizoids. E. Autozooids at branch bifurcation; note the basal part of the greatly enlarged spine at the base of the scutum (lower arrow) and the single spine of normal size in the median zooid at the bifurcation point (upper arrow). F. Close-up of autozooid with distolateral and proximal avicularium. G. Ovicellate zooids; note the proximomedian, acutely triangular window in the ooecium. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C, D = 200 µm; E, G = 100 µm; F = 50 µm.

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Fig. 4. Myriapora bugei d in New and little-known Cheilostomata (Bryozoa, Gymnolaemata) from the NE Atlantic

Fig. 4. Myriapora bugei d'Hondt, 1975. A. Colony fragment with closely spaced branches bifurcating at a 90° angle from the main branch (MNHN IB-2013-3, lectotype). B. Branch segment with one whorl of fertile zooecia at top, identified by the larger dimorphic orifice and the radial arrangement of pseudopores (MNHN IB-2013-2, paralectotype). C. Distal branch with early ontogenetic autozooecia (MNHN 7481, paralectotype). D. Close-up of an autozooecial orifice (MNHN IB-2013-2, paralectotype). E. The dimorphic orifice of a maternal zooecium (MNHN IB-2013-2, paralectotype). Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B = 200 µm; C = 300 µm; D = 50 µm; E = 100 µm.

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Fig. 3 in New and little-known Cheilostomata (Bryozoa, Gymnolaemata) from the NE Atlantic

Fig. 3. Hippomenella mucronelliformis (Waters, 1899). A. Overview of autozooids in the lectotype (MM 3780); note the extremely long and slender mandibles of the small avicularia. B. Early astogenetic part of the paralectotype (MMF 42297), including the zooid interpreted by Brown (1949) to be the ancestrula (at lower left) but which is here considered as the first autozooid; note that the avicularia in early astogenetic zooids are proximally positioned and directed. C. Autozooids and an ovicellate zooid at the colony margin; note that the forming endooecium is not perforated by pseudopores and that the suboral mucro is absent in early ontogenetic zooids, forming only during later ontogeny (NHMUK 1947.8.12.1; photo: M.E. Spencer Jones). D. Close up of orifice (lectotype, MM 3780). E. Interior frontal shield with the umbonuloid ring-scar framed by areolar pores (NHMUK 1947.8.12.1; photo: M.E. Spencer Jones). F. Ovicellate zooid; note the superficial pits on the distolateral endooecium (NHMUK 1947.8.12.1; photo: M.E. Spencer Jones). G. Lateral view of a zooid (distal is to the right), showing five multiporous pore plates in the vertical wall (NHMUK 1947.8.12.1; photo: K.J. Tilbrook). Scale bars: A = 400 µm; B, C = 200 µm; D = 50 µm; E, F, G = 100 µm.

Fig. 20 in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 20. Distribution of the studied species of the genus Rhagasostoma Koschinsky, 1885 in the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia.

Fig. 19 in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 19. Rhagasostoma mimosa (Brydone, 1930). A–B. Lectotype, SM B36696, early Maastrichtian (Ostrea lunata Zone), Porosphaera Beds of Trimingham, Norfolk, England, UK. A. Part of erect bifoliate colony showing ovicellate (some ooecia arrowed) and non-ovicellate autozooids and aviacularia. B. Detail of autozooids with opesiules and some with vestigial ooecia (arrowed), and avicularia. C. SMF 29923, early Maastrichtian, Island of Møn, Denmark, bifurcating colony showing autozooids some opesiules and avicularia. D–F. Early Maastrichtian of an unknown locality on the Mangyshlak Peninsula, Mangystau Region, Kazakhstan. D–E. PIN 5502/3057. D. Part of erect bifoliate colony showing autozooids and aviacularia. E. Detail of autozooids with opesiules and avicularia. F. PIN 5502/3056, autozooids with opesiules and avicularia. Scale bars: A = 200 µm; B = 100 µm; C = 1 mm; D = 2 mm; E–F = 500 µm.

Fig. 18 in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 18. Rhagasostoma rowei (Brydone, 1906). A. SMF 29932, early Maastrichtian, Rügen, Germany, overview of erect bifoliate stem-like then dichotomously branching colony. B–C. SMF 29925, early Maastrichtian, Island of Møn, Denmark. B. Overview of erect bifoliate stem-like then dichotomously branching colony. C. Opesia and opesiules of avicularium. D. SMF 29933, late Maastrichtian, former brick factory, Hamburg-Hummelsbüttel, Germany, showing the parallel-sided base of erect bifoliate colony with rare avicularia. E. TsNIGR Museum 36/9757, late Maastrichtian, Turkmenistan, Tuarkyr, showing the parallel-sided base of erect bifoliate colony with rare avicularia. F–H. Maastrichtian, Kazakhstan, Mangyshlak Peninsula. F–G. PIN 3421/1009. F. Erect bifoliate colony, almost parallelsided but widening distally. G. The widest part of the colony showing autozooids and numerous avicularia. H. PIN 3421/1008, showing autozooids with long cryptocystal tongues, and avicularia. I. TsNIGR Museum 32/9757, late Maastrichtian, Turkmenistan, western Kopetdag, showing ovicellate (arrows) and non-ovicellate autozooids with long cryptocystal tongues, and avicularia. J. PIN 5502/3050, Maastrichtian, Kazakhstan, northern Aral Sea Region, showing autozooids and avicularia. Scale bars: A–B, D, H, J = 1 mm; C = 100 µm; E–G = 2 mm; I = 500 µm.

Fig. 13 in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 13. Rhagasostoma gibbosum (Marsson, 1887). A–C. Erratic block of?late Campanian age, quarry near Hrodna/Grodno (Гродна/Гродно), Grodno Region, Belarus. A. PIN 2922/218, overview of erect bifoliate colony showing autozooids, avicularia and kenozooids. B. PIN 2922/216, autozooids with proximal peripheral caverns (Cv) and broken ooecium (arrowed), avicularia. C. PIN 2922/275, nonovicellate autozooids with proximal caverns and avicularia. D–E. Late Campanian (Belemnitella lanceolata Zone), Emba River, Kazakhstan. D. PIN 5502/3058, overview of erect bifoliate colony showing autozooids (some ovicellate), avicularia and kenozooids. E. PIN 5502/3059, non-ovicellate and ovicellate autozooids, some with gymnocyst (arrowed), and avicularia. Scale bars: A, D–E = 1 mm; B–C = 500 µm.

Fig. 11 in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 11. Rhagasostoma operculatum sp. nov. A–C. Holotype, TsNIGR Museum 27/12582, western Kopetdag, Turkmenistan, boundary between the early and late Campanian (Cibicidoides temirensis/ Bolivinoides decoratus decoratus Zone, LS13). A. Overview of erect bifoliate colony. B. Autozooids with putative opercula and avicularia. C. Autozooids with putative opercula and avicularium. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 500 µm; C = 200 µm.

Fig. 9. Rhagasostoma angliae Brydone, 1936. A–C in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 9. Rhagasostoma angliae Brydone, 1936. A–C. SM B36671, Middle Campanian (Belemnitella mucronata Zone), Weybourne, Norfolk, England, UK. A. Overview of erect bifoliate colony. B. Nonovicellate autozooids and avicularia. C. Opesiae of non-ovicellate autozooids with distal shelf and avicularium. D–E. SMF 29914, Late Campanian of Vigny, Île-de-France, France. D. Overview of erect bifoliate colony. E. Non-ovicellate and one ovicellate (with partially broken ooecium, arrowed) autozooids and avicularia. F–G. SMF 26288, early Maastrichtian of Hemmor, Germany. F. Overview of erect bifoliate colony. G. Non-ovicellate autozooids and avicularia. Scale bars: A, D = 1 mm; B, G = 200 µm; C = 100 µm; E = 300 µm; F = 2 mm.

Fig. 10 in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 10. Rhagasostoma aralense sp. nov., southern Aral Sea Region, Uzbekistan. A–F. Holotype, TsNIGR Museum 26/12582, early Campanian, Cibicidoides temirensis/Bolivinoides decoratus decoratus Zone. A. Overview of erect bifoliate colony. B. Autozooids with proximolateral peripheral caverns and avicularia. C. Opesia of non-ovicellate autozooid with crenulated proximal edge. D. Edge of the colony with autozooids, avicularia, and kenozooids. E. Non-ovicellate autozooids with proximal peripheral caverns and avicularium. F. Non-ovicellate autozooids and avicularia. G. Paratype, TsNIGR Museum 28/12582, middle Campanian, Brotzenella monterelensis Zone, ovicellate autozooid and avicularium. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 500 µm; C = 100 µm; D–G = 200 µm.

Fig. 7. Rhagasostoma minuens Brydone, 1936. A–C in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 7. Rhagasostoma minuens Brydone, 1936. A–C. Coniacian, Chatham, Kent, England, UK. A–B. SMF 29921. A. Overview of erect bifoliate colony. B. Autozooids with proximolateral peripheral caverns (Cv) and broken ooecia, avicularia, and intramural avicularia within host avicularia (arrowed). C. SMF 29922, autozooids with proximolateral peripheral caverns (arrowed) and broken ooecia (some with reparative sutures). D. SMF 29920, early Campanian, Harnham, SW of Salisbury, Wiltshire, England, UK; non-ovicellate autozooids, some with proximal peripheral caverns, and avicularia; intramural kenozooids observed within host autozooid and avicularia (arrowed). E–F. Early Campanian, Meeching Quarry, Newhaven, East Sussex, England, UK. E. SMF 29943, ovicellate (with broken ooecia) and non-ovicellate autozooids, some with proximal peripheral caverns, avicularia, and intramural kenozooid within a host avicularium (arrowed). F. SMF 29944, ovicellate (with broken ooecia) and non-ovicellate autozooids with proximal peripheral caverns and avicularia. G. SMF 29918, Campanian, Hanches, France, overview of bifoliate colony showing autozooids and avicularia. H. SM B36678, specimen (a), late Campanian to early Maastrichtian (Ostrea lunata Zone) [middle Campanian (Belemnitella mucronata Zone), Weybourne, Norfolk, in SM database], Trimingham, Norfolk, England, UK; autozooids with peripheral caverns surrounding the cryptocyst and avicularia. Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B, E–G = 1 mm; C = 500 µm; D = 300 µm; H = 200 µm.

Fig. 4 in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 4. Rhagasostoma inelegans (Lonsdale, 1850). A–C. Early Campanian, Alemannia quarry, Sehnde-Höver, Lower Saxony, Germany. A–B. SMF 24564. A. Distal part of erect bifoliate colony. B. Autozooids and avicularia (ooecia of endozooidal ovicells are clearly visible). C. SMF 29915, fragment of erect bifoliate colony with rare ovicellate autozooids, intramural non-ovicellate autozooid within autozooid and intramural avicularia within avicularia (arrowed). D–F. Erratic block of Campanian age, quarry near Hrodna/Grodno (Гродна/Гродно), Grodno Region, Belarus. D. PIN 2922/219, overview of erect bifoliate colony with row of three ovicellate autozooids, one with a broken ooecium, and avicularia. E–F. PIN 2922/273. E. Autozooid with broken ooecium, avicularia and non-ovicellate autozooids. F. Intramural non-ovicellate autozooid within autozooid and intramural avicularium within avicularium, and normal avicularium. Scale bars: A, C–D = 1 mm; B = 300 µm; E = 500 µm; F = 200 µm.

Fig. 5 in Rhagasostoma (Bryozoa) from the Late Cretaceous of Eurasia: taxonomic revision, stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography

Fig. 5. Rhagasostoma brydonei sp. nov. A–D. Latest Turonian (Sternotaxis plana Zone), Kings Lane, Froxfield, south of Alton, Hampshire, England, UK. A–B. Holotype, SM B36666. A. Overview of erect bifoliate colony. B. Autozooids (Az) and kenozooids (Kz) with peripheral caverns (arrowed) and avicularia. C–D. Paratype SM B36667. C. Overview of erect bifoliate colony. D. Autozooids with peripheral cavern surrounding the cryptocyst (arrowed) and avicularia. E–H. Coniacian, Chatham, Kent, England, UK. E. Paratype, SMF 29940, autozooids with proximal peripheral caverns (arrowed) and avicularia. F. Paratype, SMF 29939, autozooids with peripheral cavern surrounding the cryptocyst and avicularia. G–H. Paratype, SMF 29941. G. Autozooids with peripheral cavern surrounding the cryptocyst and avicularia. H. Autozooids with peripheral cavern surrounding the cryptocyst and ooecia of immersed ovicells (arrowed) and avicularia. Scale bars: A, D, H = 200 µm; B = 100 µm; C, F = 1 mm; E, G = 500 µm.