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Freshwater floodplain habitats buffer native food webs from negative effects of non-native centrarchids and bullfrogs
<p>Species introductions are common in freshwater environments, with the potential to transform community and ecosystem structure. Predatory fishes and American bullfrogs (<em>Rana catesbeiana</em> = <em>Lithobates catesbeianus</em>) are both widespread aquatic invaders implicated in native amphibian declines. In lowland ecosystems, co-occurrence between native and non-native fishes and larval amphibians appears more common than in high-elevation ecosystems, though community interactions there are poorly studied. In this study, we used stable isotope analysis of carbon (δ<sup>13</sup>C) and nitrogen (δ<sup>15</sup>N) to examine native fish and amphibian trophic structure in lowland, floodplain waterbodies with and without non-native centrarchid fishes and bullfrogs. In the presence of non-native taxa, three-spine stickleback (<em><span>Gasterosteus aculeatus</span></em>), two native salamander larvae, and one of two native frog species shifted their food resources and/or fed lower on the food web, with only one species exhibiting a decline in niche size. The observed trophic shifts reflect changes in habitat and/or food resources, which may reduce competition or predation, and promote co-occurrence. Collectively, our study suggests that the co-occurrence of native and non-native amphibians and fishes in lowland, floodplain habitats may be facilitated by broad food resource availability and complex habitat structure.</p>
Effects of acute and chronic corticosterone treatments in the American Bullfrog wound healing
<p>Glucocorticoid (GC) release is triggered by adverse stimuli that activate hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal (HPA/I) axis. Glucocorticoids may enhance or suppress immune functions depending on the level of elevation. In this study, we investigated the effects of transient and chronic increases of CORT on the wound healing of the American bullfrog. Frogs were submitted to a daily transdermal hormonal application that acutely elevated CORT plasma levels, or vehicle as a control. Other frogs were surgically implanted with a silastic tube filled with CORT that resulted in chronic elevation of CORT plasma levels or received empty implants as a control. A dermal biopsy was performed to create a wound and was photographed every 3 days. Individuals treated with transdermal CORT started healing faster than their control 32 days after the biopsy. Frogs that received CORT implants tended to heal slower than control subjects. Plasma bacterial killing ability (BKA) was not affected by treatment, which reinforces the constitutive nature of this innate immune trait. By the end of the experiment, frogs from the acute CORT treatment had smaller wounds compared to those receiving the CORT-filled implants, highlighting the differential effects of acute (immunoenhancing) and chronic (immunosuppressive) elevation of CORT plasma levels.</p>
Effects of acute and chronic corticosterone treatments in the American Bullfrog wound healing
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Freshwater floodplain habitats buffer native food webs from negative effects of non-native centrarchids and bullfrogs
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eDNA quantification to evaluate bullfrog management
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FIGURE 13 in Revalidation of Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 (Anura: Natatanura: Pyxicephalidae), a bullfrog endemic to the lowlands of eastern Africa
FIGURE 13. Spectrograms of Pyxicephalus Tschudi, 1838 produced via a DFT filter of 256 points. 13A. Pyxicephalus adspersus Tschudi, 1838 from Bloemfontein, South Africa (recorded by Louis du Preez). 13B. Pyxicephalus adspersus Tschudi, 1838 from Naboomspruit, South Africa (from collection of Alan Channing), with numerous calls of Kassina senegalensis Duméril & Bibron, 1841 visible above [published in Channing et al. 1994]. 13C. Pyxicephalus edulis Peters, 1854 from 'Transvaal' (from collection of Alan Channing). 13D. Pyxicephalus edulis Peters, 1854 from Tschaneni, Swaziland (recorded by Vincent Carruthers). 13E. Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 New Status from Beira, Mozambique (recorded by Alan Channing) [published in Channing et al. 1994].
FIGURE 12 in Revalidation of Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 (Anura: Natatanura: Pyxicephalidae), a bullfrog endemic to the lowlands of eastern Africa
FIGURE 12. Odontoids of Pyxicephalus Tschudi, 1838. 12A. Unvouchered live adult 3 specimen of P. adspersus Tschudi, 1838. 12B. Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 New Status: CAS 164711, adult 3, Malindi-Mombassa road, Kenya. 12C. Pyxicephalus edulis Peters, 1854: CAS-SUA 18321, adult 3, Livalr District, Tanzania. 12D. Paratype of P. edulis Peters, 1854: ZMB 3349, adult 3, from Mozambique.
FIGURE 10 in Revalidation of Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 (Anura: Natatanura: Pyxicephalidae), a bullfrog endemic to the lowlands of eastern Africa
FIGURE 10. Comparison of adult males of Pyxicephalus Tschudi, 1838. 10A, 10B. Pyxicephalus adspersus Tschudi, 1838: CAS 160245, Katima Mulilo, Namibia. 10C, 10D. Pyxicephalus obbianus Calabrezi, 1927: MZUF 10337, Òbbia, ca. 100 km NW of, along track Òbbia to Galcàio, Somalia. 10E, 10F. Pyxicephalus edulis Peters, 1854: MNHNP 2010.0153, Nhica do Rovuma, Mozambique. 10G, 10H. Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 New Status: CAS 164712, Malindi-Mombasa road, Kenya. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Revalidation of Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 (Anura: Natatanura: Pyxicephalidae), a bullfrog endemic to the lowlands of eastern Africa
FIGURE 2. Holotype of Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 New Status: NMSA 1992, adult 3 from Beira, Mozambique. 2A. Dorsal view. 2B. Ventral view. 2C. Lateral view, left. 2D. Frontal view. 2E. Hand. 2F. Foot. Scale bar = 1 cm.
FIGURE 11 in Revalidation of Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 (Anura: Natatanura: Pyxicephalidae), a bullfrog endemic to the lowlands of eastern Africa
FIGURE 11. Subadult and metamorphs of Pyxicephalus Tschudi, 1838. 11 A, 11 B, 11C. Paratype of Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 New Status: NMZB-UM 19774A, subadult, dorsal, lateral and ventral views. 11 D, 11 E, 11F. Pyxicephalus obbianus Calabrezi, 1927: MZUF 10446, metamorph, dorsal, lateral and ventral views. 11G, 11H, 11 I. Pyxicephalus adspersus Tschudi, 1838: MP 4600, metamorph, dorsal view. Scale bar = 1 cm.
FIGURE 6 in Revalidation of Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 (Anura: Natatanura: Pyxicephalidae), a bullfrog endemic to the lowlands of eastern Africa
FIGURE 6. Paralectotype of Pyxicephalus edulis Peters, 1854: ZMB 10056, determined here to be P. angusticeps Parry, 1982 New Status, adult 3 from Tete, Mozambique. 6A. Dorsal view. 6B. Ven tr al vi ew. 6C. Lateral view, right. 6D. Lateral view, left. 6E. Frontal view. 6F. Hand. 6G. Foot. Scale bar = 1 cm.
FIGURE 9. Pyxicephalus adspersus Tschudi, 1838 in Revalidation of Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 (Anura: Natatanura: Pyxicephalidae), a bullfrog endemic to the lowlands of eastern Africa
FIGURE 9. Pyxicephalus adspersus Tschudi, 1838: CAS 160245, adult 3 from Katima Mulilo, Namibia. 9A. Dorsal view. 9B. Ventral view. 9C. Lateral view, left. 9D. Frontal view. 9E. Hand. 9F. Foot. Scale bar = 1 cm.
FIGURE 8. Pyxicephalus obbianus Calabrezi, 1927 in Revalidation of Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 (Anura: Natatanura: Pyxicephalidae), a bullfrog endemic to the lowlands of eastern Africa
FIGURE 8. Pyxicephalus obbianus Calabrezi, 1927: MZUF 10337, adult 3 from Òbbia, ca. 100 km NW of, along track Òbbia to Galcàio, Somalia. 8A. Dorsal view. 8B. Ventral view. 8C. Lateral view, left. 8D. Frontal view. 8E. Hand. 8F. Foot. Scale bar = 1 cm.
FIGURE 7. Pyxicephalus edulis Peters, 1854 in Revalidation of Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 (Anura: Natatanura: Pyxicephalidae), a bullfrog endemic to the lowlands of eastern Africa
FIGURE 7. Pyxicephalus edulis Peters, 1854: MNHNP 2010.0153, adult 3 from Nhica do Rovuma, Mozambique. 7A. Dorsal view. 7B. Ventral view. 7C. Lateral view, left. 7D. Frontal view. 7E. Hand. 7F. Foot. Scale bar = 1 cm.
FIGURE 4. Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 New Status. 3A, 3B in Revalidation of Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 (Anura: Natatanura: Pyxicephalidae), a bullfrog endemic to the lowlands of eastern Africa
FIGURE 4. Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 New Status. 3A, 3B: CAS 164712, adult 3 from Malindi-Mombasa road, Kenya, dorsal and ventral views. 3C, 3D: CAS 164708, adult 3 from Malindi-Mombasa road, Kenya, dorsal and ventral views. 3E, 3F: CAS 202691, adult Ƥ from Zaraninge [Kiono] Forest Reserve, Tanzania, dorsal and ventral views. Scale bar = 1 cm.
FIGURE 3. Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 New Status. 3A, 3B in Revalidation of Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 (Anura: Natatanura: Pyxicephalidae), a bullfrog endemic to the lowlands of eastern Africa
FIGURE 3. Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 New Status. 3A, 3B: AC 1104, adult 3 from Beira, Mozambique, dorsal and ventral views. 3C, 3D: AC 1112, adult 3 from Beira, Mozambique, dorsal and ventral views. 3E, 3F: MP 3143, adult ♀ from Dondo, Mozambique, dorsal and ventral views. Scale bar = 1 cm.
FIGURE 5 in Revalidation of Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 (Anura: Natatanura: Pyxicephalidae), a bullfrog endemic to the lowlands of eastern Africa
FIGURE 5. Lectotype of Pyxicephalus edulis Peters, 1854: ZMB 50301 (formerly one of two specimens accessioned under ZMB 10056), adult 3 from Tete, Mozambique. 5A. Dorsal view. 5B. Ven t ral vi ew. 5C. Lateral view, right. 5D. Lateral view, left. 5E. Frontal view. 5F. Hand. 5G. Foot. Scale bar = 1 cm.
FIGURE 1 in Revalidation of Pyxicephalus angusticeps Parry, 1982 (Anura: Natatanura: Pyxicephalidae), a bullfrog endemic to the lowlands of eastern Africa
FIGURE 1. Distribution of P. angusticeps Parry, 1982 New Status (black triangles) and P. edulis Peters, 1854 (grey squares) in east Africa. Localities of juvenile specimens are not included.
FIGURE 5 in Three interesting fungi from American bullfrog larvae (Rana catesbeiana) in Yunnan, China
FIGURE 5 Sordaria macrospora (HKAS 125766). a–c Colony on PDA for one month. d Mature ascomata. e Undeveloped ascomata. f, g Close-up of ascomata. h Peridium. i Paraphyses. j "J-" apical ring. k Ascus. l–p Ascospores. Scale bars: d = 200 μm, e, h, i, k = 50 μm, l–q = 20 μm, j = 10 μm.
FIGURE 6 in Three interesting fungi from American bullfrog larvae (Rana catesbeiana) in Yunnan, China
FIGURE 6 Trichoderma virens (HKAS 125765). a Colony on PDA for one month. b–d Close-up of colonies. e, f Undeveloped conidia and conidiogenous cells. g, h Mature conidia with conidiogenous cells. i Chlamydospores stained by congo red agents. j Conidia. Scale bars: g, h = μm; i = 20 μm; e, f = 15 μm; j = 10 μm.
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