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Fig. 1-9 in Ichneumonidae from the Suez Canal region Egypt (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea)
Fig. 1-9: (1) Enicospilus tournieri, first metasomal segment; (2) Netelia thoracica, first metasomal segment; (3) Enicospilus sp., part of fore wing; (4) Anomalon cruentatum, fore wing; (5) Ophion obscuratus, fore wing; (6) A. cruentatum, propodeum; (7) Cryptus armator, propodeum; (8) A. cruentatum, middle tibia; (9) C. armator, sternaulus on mesopleuron.
FIG. 39 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 39. Sipalocyon gracilis AMNH VP-9254 (Hathliacynidae, Sparassodonta), adult caudal cranium, selected coronal segments in rostrocaudal order (data source, table 2). As in extant marsupials, large carotid canals probably carried internal carotid vein as well as artery. However, channels for transverse canal veins resembling those of most marsupials or Prothylacynus (fig. 40A) are not in evidence. Small channels on lip of extracranial carotid foramen, thought by Archer (1976) to be possible transverse foramina, are for components of nerve of pterygoid canal and another structure that cannot be securely identified (features 1, 2; cf. fig. 38). Right and left internal carotid veins could have interacted with each other and with caudal portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus via features 3 and 4 (cf. fig. 38D). Key: AS, alisphenoid; BS, basisphenoid; cc, carotid canal; ctbs, caudal portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus; encf, endocranial carotid foramen; encg, endocranial carotid groove; excf, exocranial carotid foramen; fo, foramen ovale; hpf, hypophyseal fossa; mdnc, canal for mandibular nerve (to foramen ovale); mxns, sulcus for maxillary nerve; onvs, sulcus for ophthalmic neurovascular bundle; rtbs, rostral portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus; SQ, squamosal; 1, pterygoid canal; 2, sulcus of unknown function; 3, small canaliculus joining right and left carotid canals (presumably venous, for anastomosis between internal carotid veins); 4, small connector between 3 and rest of caudal transverse basisphenoid sinus; possibly retained portion of notochord canal.
FIG. 32. A and B, Perameles nasuta AMNH M-160199 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 32. A and B, Perameles nasuta AMNH M-160199 (Peramelidae, Peramelemorphia), adult caudal cranium in (respectively) ventral and right oblique lateral views. C and D, Perameles nasuta AMNH M-154403, damaged adult caudal cranium, showing (respectively) endocranial floor and closeup of left carotid groove. In A
FIG. 36. A and B, Dipodomys deserti AMNH M-182081 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 36. A and B, Dipodomys deserti AMNH M-182081 (Dipodomyinae, Heteromyidae, Rodentia), adult caudal cranium in ventral and endocranial aspects; C, Galago demidovii AMNH M-89605 (Galagidae, Primates), adult caudal cranium in ventral aspect. Despite highly derived aspect of kangaroo rat skull, mesocranial position of foramina for sphenopterygoid veins suggests that latter may arise from emissaria comparable to those giving rise to transverse canal veins in marsupials. In Galago and other lorisiforms, in addition to ascending pharyngeal artery, rostral carotid foramen transmits large vein with same relations as internal carotid vein. Key: bcf, basicapsular fenestra (includes piriform fenestra and carotid foramen; see Brylski, 1990); BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; ccf, caudal carotid foramen; eam, external acoustic meatus; EC, ectotympanic; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale; hf, hypoglossal foramen; hpf, hypophyseal fossa; jf, jugular foramen; pglf, postglenoid foramen; pgli, postglenoid incisure; PS, presphenoid; PT, pterygoid; rcf, rostral carotid foramen; spf, sphenopterygoid foramen (=?transverse canal foramen); stf, stapedial foramen (according to Howell, 1932; Brylski, 1990); tgf, fossa for trigeminal ganglion.
FIG. 28. Sarcophilus laniarius AMNH M-65673 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 28. Sarcophilus laniarius AMNH M-65673 (Dasyuridae, Dasyuromorphia), adult caudal cranium in A, ventral, B, oblique lateral, and C, oblique endocranial aspects; and D, S. harrisii, venogram (after Shah and Nicol, 1989: fig. 2). (Although catalogued as S. laniarius, usually regarded as an extinct taxon, AMNH M-65673 came to the AMNH in 1913 from New York Zoological Society, and is therefore more likely S. harrisii.) Note asymmetry within endocranial carotid grooves—caudal branch present on left side only. Plexiform nature of vessels identified in original venogram as internal jugular veins, as well as their apparent medial convergence, suggest that they may instead represent ventral petrosal sinus and its extracranial continuation, seen in anastomotic union with internal vertebral venous plexus. True internal jugular veins are probably situated more laterally (asterisk). Key: A–C: AS, alisphenoid; astp, tympanic process of alisphenoid; ats, sulcus for auditory tube; bjs, basijugular sulcus; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cbf, caudal branch foramen; cchf, caudal condylohypoglossal foramen; eam, external acoustic meatus; EC, ectotympanic; ET, ethmoid; encf, endocranial carotid foramen; encg, endocranial carotid groove; etbs, eminence of transverse basicranial sinus; evpf, foramen for extracranial continuation of ventral petrosal sinus; excf, exocranial carotid foramen; fo, foramen ovale; fr, foramen rotundum; FR, frontal; jf, jugular foramen; onvs, sulcus for ophthalmic neurovascular array; mxns, sulcus for maxillary nerve; pbs, presphenoid-basisphenoid synchondrosis; PE, petrosal;
FIG. 37. A–C, Galago demidovii MPIH 120 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 37. A–C, Galago demidovii MPIH 120 (Galagidae, Primates), near-term fetus; D, Microcebus murinus MPIH 1962/57 (Cheirogaleidae, Primates), fetus; and E, Elephantulus fuscipes MPIH 311/E1 (Macroscelididae, Macroscelidea), fetus. Coronal sections, all to same scale. In A and B (ss. 961, 979, sides rev.), rete mirabile with ascending pharyngeal artery, internal carotid vein, and basicranial venous plexus. In C and D (ss. 1285; 91/2/3), relatively large internal jugular vein, typical of strepsirhines, receives multiply branching basicranial venous plexus. In E (s. 1558), mesocranial vascular arrangements in sengis are quite different from those seen in strepsirhines: vein (asterisk) running across tympanic roof to accompany internal carotid artery into endocranium originates from prootic sinus, therefore not homologous with internal carotid vein. Key: AC, auditory capsule; acc, alicochlear commissure; apa, ascending pharyngeal artery; AS, alisphenoid; BS, basisphenoid; bvp, basicranial venous plexus; C1, atlas vertebra; cat, cartilage of auditory tube; cbca, cerebral carotid artery; cca, common carotid artery; CEN, caudal entotympanic; cptp, caudal tympanic process of petrosal; cs, cavernous sinus; EC, ectotympanic; ecvr, extracranial arterial rete; ejv, external jugular vein; EO, exoccipital; GO, gonial; gpn, greater petrosal nerve; hp, hypophysis; ica (pra), internal carotid artery (promontorial artery); icn, internal carotid nerve; icv, internal carotid vein (= internal carotid venous plexus); ijv, internal jugular vein; MC, meckelian cartilage; mdn, mandibular nerve; PE, petrosal; pglv, postglenoid vein; pr, promontorium; REN, rostral entotympanic; rssa, ramus superior of stapedial artery; STH, stylohyal; stm, stapedius muscle; tg, trigeminal ganglion; tmc, tympanic cavity; tt, tegmen tympani; ttm, tensor tympani muscle; vg, vagus ganglion; vps, ventral petrosal sinus.
FIG. 27. Dasyurus hallucatus TMM M-6921 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 27. Dasyurus hallucatus TMM M-6921 (Dasyuridae, Dasyuromorphia), adult caudal cranium, selected coronal segments in rostrocaudal order (data source, table 2). In A–C, rostral transverse basisphenoid sinus inflates endocranial surface of basisphenoid, forms compound junction with rostral branches of transverse canals. In D, caudal branch foramina open into endocranium on rostral margin of carotid grooves (arrows). However, as no definite trackway for this vein can be detected, actual course not certain. Key: AS, alisphenoid; astp, tympanic process of alisphenoid; bcf, basicapsular fenestra; BS, basisphenoid;?cbs, assumed track of caudal branch of transverse canal; cc, carotid canal; ctbs, caudal portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus; encf, endocranial carotid foramen; encg, endocranial carotid groove; etbs, eminence of transverse basisphenoid sinus; hpf, hypophyseal fossa; junc, junction of transverse canals; le, lateral extension of transverse basisphenoid sinus; mxns, sulcus for maxillary nerve; onvs, sulcus for ophthalmic neurovascular array; rbtc, rostral branches of transverse canal; rtbs, rostral portion of trans-
FIG 40. Prothylacynus patagonicus YPM VPPU-15700 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG 40. Prothylacynus patagonicus YPM VPPU-15700 (Borhyaenoidea, Sparassodonta), adult specimen, endocast reconstruction showing osteological features associated with pericarotid venous network and related vasculature (data source, table 2; color key, fig. 4). Views: A, ventral; B, same, with transverse basisphenoid sinus superimposed; C, oblique right lateral; D, closeup of transverse canals, ventral aspect; E, closeup of transverse canals, rostral aspect; F, horizontal section through transverse canals and mesocranium; G, ventral and H, left ventrolateral surfaces of intact caudal cranium. In A–F, features 1–4
FIG. 41. Prothylacynus patagonicus YPM VPPU-15700 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 41. Prothylacynus patagonicus YPM VPPU-15700 (Borhyaenoidea, Sparassodonta), adult caudal cranium, selected coronal segments in rostrocaudal order (data source, table 2). Rostral branches of transverse canals (features 1–4, cf. fig. 40A, D) are situated relatively more rostrally than in extant marsupials. However, they connect with transverse basisphenoid sinus and carotid canals via caudal branches as well as interstitial canaliculi, similar to conditions in certain marsupials. In B, asterisk indicates dorsally directed interstitial canaliculus originating from transverse canal. Key: AS, alisphenoid; br, breakage; BS, basisphenoid; cbtc, caudal branch of transverse canal; cc, carotid canal; ctbs, caudal portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus; encf, endocranial carotid foramen;?hpf, hypophyseal fossa; junc1, junc2, junctions of rostral branches of transverse canals; mxnc, canal for maxillary nerve; mxns, sulcus for maxillary nerve; obf, fossa for olfactory lobes; onvs, sulcus for ophthalmic neurovascular array; PT, pterygoid; ptc, pterygoid canal; rtbs, rostral portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus; SQ, squamosal.
FIG. 24. Vombatus ursinus AMNH M-176103 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 24. Vombatus ursinus AMNH M-176103 (Vombatidae, Diprotodontia), adult caudal cranium in A, ventral; B, oblique caudolateral, and C, endocranial aspects. In C, RBTC canals are notably large (fig. 25B) and sharply define rostral border of deep hypophyseal fossa. Key: astp, tympanic process of alisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cbf, foramen for caudal branch of transverse canal vein; cc, carotid canal; ccs, exocranial sulcus leading to carotid canal; cchf, caudal condylohypoglossal foramen; cpf, craniopharyngeal foramen; cspf, craniospinal foramen; encg, endocranial carotid groove; etcl, eminence formed by junction of rostral branches of transverse canals; evpf, foramen for extracranial continuation of
FIG. 20. Osphranter robustus AMNH M-80171 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 20. Osphranter robustus AMNH M-80171 (Macropodidae, Diprotodontia), juvenile caudal cranium, selected coronal segments in rostrocaudal order (data source, table 2). A–F, Conjectured arrangement of mesocranial blood vessels (red, arterial only; blue, venous only), sizes exaggerated for clarity. Macropodids often have multiple transverse canal foramina (e.g., Notamacropus, fig. 18B). In this specimen, accessory foramina (arrow in A) are tiny and open into cancellous tissue, but do not form recognizable junction or communicate directly with endocranium or much larger main foramen (cf. Trichosurus, fig. 22A, B). Nevertheless, they may qualify as RBTCs. In C–F, external apertures for main transverse canal and carotid canal can be seen passing through floor of endocranial carotid groove, where their pathways merge. As a result there is no separate caudal branch foramen because entire trunk consists of caudal branch vein. Whether it retains its separate identify or anastomoses with internal carotid vein in carotid groove as suggested in C (?icv + cbv) is unknown. In any case, in this reconstruction internal carotid vein is shown as departing as a separate vessel through main transverse canal foramen, as in other taxa. Key: AS, alisphenoid; bbs, basisphenoid-basioccipital synchondrosis; BS, basisphenoid; cbf, caudal branch foramen; cbv, caudal branch vein; cc, carotid canal; cs/ov, opthalmic vein entering cavernous sinus; cs/vps, cavernous sinus releasing ventral petrosal sinus; ctbs, caudal portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus; encf, endocranial carotid foramen; encg, endocranial carotid groove; fo, foramen ovale; hpf, hypophyseal fossa; ica, internal carotid artery; icv, internal carotid vein;?icv + cbv, possible anastomosis of caudal branch vein of transverse canal and internal carotid vein; le, lateral extension of transverse basisphenoid sinus; mca, middle cerebral artery; mxns, suclus for maxillary nerve; oa, ophthalmic artery; ov, ophthalmic vein; PT, pterygoid; ptc, pterygoid canal; rtbs, rostral portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus; SQ, squamosal; tcf, transverse canal foramen; tgf, trigeminal ganglion fossa; ttcv, trunk transverse canal vein; vps, ventral petrosal sinus.
FIG. 35. Notoryctes typhlops AMNH M–202103 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 35. Notoryctes typhlops AMNH M–202103 (Notoryctidae, Notoryctemorphia), adult caudal cranium, selected coronal segments in rostrocaudal order (data source, table 2). In A and B, rostral portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus and transverse canal are fully integrated. In C and D, roof of transverse basisphenoid sinus bears a large opening (double asterisks), presumably for a venous connection, although given its rostral location it is probably not related to hypophyseal fossa. In E and F, transverse basicranial sinus continues caudally as a pair of semidistinct large pneumatic chambers. On right side a small tube for caudal branch, originating from carotid canal, opens into ipsilateral chamber, but ends quickly. In G, partition (single asterisk) within carotid canal defines two channels; lateral one leads into small tube in F, medial one into endocranial carotid foramen. Key: astp, tympanic process of alisphenoid; BS, basisphenoid; cbf, caudal branch foramen; cbtc, possible conduit for caudal branch of transverse canal; cc, carotid canal; ccs, sulcus leading into carotid canal; ctbs, caudal portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus; encf, endocranial carotid foramen; hpf, hypophyseal
FIG. 31. Thylacinus cynocephalus NMB c.2526 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 31. Thylacinus cynocephalus NMB c.2526 (Thylacinidae, Dasyuromorphia), adult caudal cranium, selected coronal segments in rostrocaudal order (data source, table 2). In A and B, apart from endocranial apertures of carotid canals, there are no additional openings in endocranial floor and no evidence of transverse canal junction rostral to hypophyseal fossa. These facts are consistent with rostral branch of transverse canal vein being absent, and caudal branch sharing foramen with internal carotid neurovascular bundle. In C–F, two carotid and two transverse canals briefly coalesce to form composite space (asterisk). Whether this coalescence occurs in other thylacine skulls is likely but poorly documented. Key: AS, alisphenoid; astp, tympanic process of alisphenoid; bcf, basicapsular fenestra; BS, basisphenoid; cc, carotid canal; co, cochlea; cspf, craniospinal foramen; ctbs, caudal portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus; encf, endocranial carotid foramen; EO, exoccipital; evpf, foramen for extra-
FIG. 19 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 19. Notamacropus eugenii ZIUT HL 29 mm (Macropodidae, Diprotodontia), perinatal specimen, stained coronal sections in rostrocaudal order. A, Carotid canal, showing internal carotid artery enveloped by cavernous sinus/internal carotid vein (s. 182.02.02); B, Pharyngeal and pterygoid venous plexuses, internal carotid vein (s. 184.04.03) C, Midcochlear region, showing plexiform basicranial venous plexus (s. 196.03.03). In A, inside basisphenoid note anastomosis of internal carotid vein with a vein possibly representing caudal branch of transverse canal vein (red pointer). Key: AC, auditory capsule; AS, alisphenoid; at, auditory tube; BO, basisphenoid; BS, basisphenoid; bvp, basicranial venous plexus; cca, common carotid artery; cs, cavernous sinus; dcg, dorsal cervical ganglion; EC, ectotympanic; GO, gonial; ica, internal carotid artery; icn, internal carotid nerve; icv, internal carotid vein; lcm, longus capitis muscle; lpm, levator veli palatini muscle; lpn, lesser petrosal nerve; lptm, lateral pterygoid muscle; MC, meckelian cartilage; MD, mandible; mdn, mandibular nerve; mptm, medial pterygoid muscle; mxv, maxillary vein; og, otic ganglion; pal, processus alaris; pvp, pterygoid venous plexus; SH, stylohyal; tg, trigeminal ganglion; tmc, tympanic cavity; tpm, tensor veli palatini muscle; vav, ventral alveolar vein; vps, ventral petrosal sinus.
FIG. 16 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 16. Dromiciops gliroides ZIUT HL 19 mm (Microbiotheriidae, Microbiotheria), juvenile specimen, stained coronal sections in rostrocaudal order. Effects of shrinkage during histological processing obvious (e.g., size of maxillary nerve relative to its sulcus) A, Presphenoid-basisphenoid synchondrosis, large pterygopalatine fissure provides passage for nerve of pterygoid canal (asterisk) (s. 25.02.02). B, Veins of rostral branches of transverse canals form confluent, with canals largely incorporated into rostral portion of transverse basicranial sinus. Cells within sinus nondiagnosable but probably erythroid (s. 28.03.01; cf. fig. 33A). C, Rostral branches of transverse canals present and large (s. 29.01.03). D, Entrance to carotid canal (double-headed arrow) (s. 30.04.01). E, Anastomosis of internal carotid vein with basicranial venous plexus (s. 31.01.01). F, Same anastomosis in closeup, typical plexiform arrangement (s. 31.03.02). Key: AS, alisphenoid; astp, tympanic process of alisphenoid; at, auditory tube; BS, basisphenoid; bvp, basicranial venous plexus; cc, carotid canal; cs, cavernous sinus; EC, ectotympanic; ejv, external jugular vein; encg, endocranial carotid groove; hp, hypophysis; ica, internal carotid artery; icv, internal carotid vein; junc + con, junction containing confluence; lpn, lesser petrosal nerve; mxn, maxillary nerve; nph, nasopharynx; oa, ophthalmic artery; on, ophthalmic nerve;
FIG. 14 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 14. Caenolestes sp. IANIGLA uncatalogued (Caenolestidae, Paucituberculata), adult caudal cranium, selected coronal segments in rostrocaudal order (data source, table 2). In A and B, rostral branches of transverse canals and rostral portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus raise separate eminences on dorsal surface of bony endocranial floor. Large aperture (single asterisk), possibly related to a vessel communicating with ophthalmic veins, opens into rostral portion of sinus. In C and D, hypophyseal canaliculi (feature 1) communicate with cavernous sinus (hypophyseal fossa). In F and G, double asterisks identify trackways for vessels apparently associated with ventral petrosal sinus. Key: AS, alisphenoid; astp, tympanic process of alisphenoid; bcf, basicapsular fenestra; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cbf, foramen of caudal branch of transverse canal; cbtc, caudal branch of transverse canal; cc, carotid canal; chf, condylohypoglossal foramen (nonspecific); co, cochlea; ctbs, caudal portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus; EC, ectotympanic; encf, endocranial
FIG. 26. Dasyurus hallucatus AMNH M-16033 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 26. Dasyurus hallucatus AMNH M-16033 (Dasyuridae, Dasyuromorphia), adult caudal cranium in ventral view. Note large size of piriform fenestra, acting as exit aperture for mandibular nerve in absence of separate foramen ovale. Exocranial aperture of carotid canal cannot be seen adequately in this perspective. Key: astp, tympanic process of alisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; BO, basioccipital bone; BS, basisphenoid; cchf, caudal condylohypoglossal foramen; eam, external acoustic meatus; evpf, foramen for extracranial continuation of ventral petrosal sinus; excf, exocranial carotid foramen; io + pf, incisura ovalis and piriform fenestra (undivided); jf, jugular foramen; pglf, postglenoid foramen; pr, promontorium of petrosal; ptpf, pterygopalatine fissure; rchf, rostral condylohypoglossal foramen; stmf, stylomastoid foramen; tcf, transverse canal foramen.
FIG. 13 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 13. Caenolestes sp. IANIGLA uncatalogued (Caenolestidae, Paucituberculata), adult specimen, endocast reconstruction showing osteological features associated with pericarotid venous network and related vasculature (data source, table 2; color key, fig. 4). Views: A, ventral; B, same, with transverse basisphenoid sinus superimposed; C, oblique left lateral (rev.); D, endocranial floor, based on A (rev.); E, intact caudal cranium, reconstructed trackways of transverse canal branches superimposed on ventral surface. In D, note small apertures (hypophyseal canaliculi) on periphery of hypophyseal fossa in addition to caudal branch foramen. Inferred streamlines (small black arrows) suggest communication between caudal branch vein, internal carotid veins, and cavernous sinus. Large apertures opening into rostral portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus (asterisks) are of unknown function but may relate to track of nearby ophthalmic veins rather than craniopharyngeal canal (cf. Perameles, fig. 32C). Key: bcf, basicapsular fenestra; cbf, caudal branch foramen; cbtc/ le, caudal branch of transverse canal inside lateral extension of transverse basisphenoid sinus; cbv, caudal
FIG. 12. Monodelphis domestica NMB c. III.777 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 12. Monodelphis domestica NMB c. III.777 (Didelphidae, Didelphimorphia), adult caudal cranium, selected coronal segments in rostrocaudal order (data source, table 2). In A–E, note general resemblance to Caenolestes in mesocranial organization (figs. 13A; 14A, B), with prominent transverse canals and basisphenoid sinus, multiple openings in endocranial floor. Asterisk identifies either an internal compartment within transverse basisphenoid sinus, or an improbably large craniopharyngeal canal. In D–G, note partial tubes or grooves for caudal branches of transverse canal, absent in Didelphis (fig. 5), leading to caudal branch foramen (arrow). Key: AS, alisphenoid; astp, alisphenoid tympanic process; cbtc, caudal branch of transverse canal; cc, carotid canal; ctbs, caudal portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus; encf, endocranial carotid foramen; encg, endocranial carorid groove; excf, exocranial carotid foramen; hpf, hypophyseal fossa; junc, junction of transverse canals; le, lateral extension of transverse basisphenoid sinus; mxns, sulcus for maxillary nerve; onvs, sulcus for ophthalmic neurovascular array; pf, piriform fenestra; ptc, pterygoid canal; rbtc, rostral branch of transverse canal; rtbs, rostral portion of transverse basisphenoid sinus; SQ, squamosal; tcf, transverse canal foramen; tmc, tympanic cavity.
FIG. 6 in Transverse Canal Foramen And Pericarotid Venous Network In Metatheria And Other Mammals
FIG. 6. In A, Philander opossum AMNH M-28329 (Didelphidae, Didelphimorphia), adult specimen, ventral view. In B, P. opossum AMNH M-266385, juvenile specimen, caudal cranium in oblique caudolateral view. Note relatively small size of transverse canal foramina in both specimens compared with exocranial carotid foramen (double foramina on right side in A, asterisk). Note also joint foramen for external continuation of ventral petrosal sinus and internal jugular vein. Key: astp, tympanic process of alisphenoid; bjs, basijugular sulcus; BO, basioccipital; BS, basisphenoid; cchf, caudal condylohypoglossal foramen; cspf, craniospinal
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