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FIG. 18. — A-I, Corbicularia noongdensis n in Brachiopods, crustaceans, vertebrates, and charophytes from the Devonian Ly Hoa, Nam Can and Dong Tho formations of Central Vietnam

FIG. 18. — A-I, Corbicularia noongdensis n. sp., middle part of the Nam Can Formation, Givetian-Frasnian, Noong De (Bactelemi) Pass, Ky Son District, Nghe An Province, Vietnam; A-C, three ventral valve interiors, latex casts (BT 231a, b and c, respectively); D, dorsal side of an articulated shell, latex cast (BT 231d); E-G, three ventral valve internal moulds (BT 231e, f and g, respectively); H, I, two dorsal valve interiors, latex cast and internal mould (BT 231h and i, respectively); J-O, Holynetes caurongensis n. sp., lower part of the Dong Tho Formation, Givetian, Cau Rong, Minh Hoa District, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam; J, ventral valve exterior, latex cast (BT 231j); K, L, dorsal side of two articulated shells, latex casts (BT 231k and l, respectively); M, ventral valve interior (BT 231m); N, O, two incomplete dorsal interiors, latex casts (BT 231n and o, respectively). Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 6 in Brachiopods, crustaceans, vertebrates, and charophytes from the Devonian Ly Hoa, Nam Can and Dong Tho formations of Central Vietnam

FIG. 6. — Vukhuclepis lyhoaensis Janvier, Tong-Dzuy, Ta Hoa & Doan Nhât, 1997, Ly Hoa Formation,?Lower Devonian, Ly Hoa, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam: A, camera lucida drawings of the anterior ventrolateral plate BT 207e (Fig. 5A), completed by information from the counterpart of the specimen and the contralateral AVL plate, in ventral (A1), dorsal (A2) and lateral (A3) views, and brachial recess in posterior view (A4); B, right anterior ventrolateral plate, impression of the lateral lamina of the specimen in Figure 5C (BT 207g); C, left anterior dorsolateral plate in lateral view (BT 207f; ADL, Fig. 5A2). Abbreviations: bra, brachial recess; cbr, possibly endoskeletal crest on the lateral wall of the brachial recess; grc, groove for the "Chang's organ"; itca1, itca2, anterior and posterior branches of the anterior internal transverse crest; oaMV, overlap areal of the median ventral plate; oaPL, overlap area for the posterolateral plate; oaPVL, overlap area for the posterior ventrolateral plate; ppc, prepectoral corner; rid, ridges on the anterior surface of the foremost branch of the anterior internal transverse crest;?sut, possible suture between the spinal and AVL plate, or sensoryline groove. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIG. 17 in Brachiopods, crustaceans, vertebrates, and charophytes from the Devonian Ly Hoa, Nam Can and Dong Tho formations of Central Vietnam

FIG. 17. — Locality map: A, Muong Xen area, Nghe An Province (MX 1, brachiopod locality of Noong De Pass); B, Quy Dat and Cau Rong areas, Quang Binh Province (CR1, antiarch and charophyte-bearing locality of Cau Rong; CR2, brachiopod-bearing locality of Cau Rong; BN1, brachiopod locality of Ba Nuong).

FIG. 20. — Sycidium haikouense Z.Wang, 1976 in Brachiopods, crustaceans, vertebrates, and charophytes from the Devonian Ly Hoa, Nam Can and Dong Tho formations of Central Vietnam

FIG. 20. — Sycidium haikouense Z.Wang, 1976, lower part of the Dong Tho Formation,Givetian,Cau Rong,Minh Hoa District,Quang Binh Province, Vietnam, elastomer cast of an utricle (BT 208c); A, apical view; B, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIG. 13 in Brachiopods, crustaceans, vertebrates, and charophytes from the Devonian Ly Hoa, Nam Can and Dong Tho formations of Central Vietnam

FIG. 13. — Sarcopterygii gen. et sp. indet., Ly Hoa Formation,?Lower Devonian, Ly Hoa, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam, imprint of a cheek plate or an opercular with remnants of cosmine along the margins (BT 207n), photograph in immersion in water (A) and camera lucida drawing (B). Cosmine stippled. Abbreviation: s, small socket in the ventral margin. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 10 in Brachiopods, crustaceans, vertebrates, and charophytes from the Devonian Ly Hoa, Nam Can and Dong Tho formations of Central Vietnam

FIG. 10. —?Holonematidae gen. et sp. indet., Ly Hoa Formation,?Lower Devonian, Ly Hoa, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam, left suborbital plate in external (A) and internal (B) views (BT 207l): A1, B1, photographs in immersion in water; A2, B2, camera lucida drawings. Abbreviations: ar, anterior vertical ridge; cusoa, anterior cutaneous sensory pit; ioc, infraorbital section of the postorbital sensory-line groove; orbn?, presumed orbital notch; sorg, supraoral groove; th, crescentiform dermal bone thickening supporting the palatoquadrate. Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 1 in Brachiopods, crustaceans, vertebrates, and charophytes from the Devonian Ly Hoa, Nam Can and Dong Tho formations of Central Vietnam

FIG. 1. — Locality map of the Ly Hoa area, Central Vietnam: A, location of the Ly Hoa area; B, geological map of the Ly Hoa area (from Janvier et al. 1997, modified); C, detailed map of the outcrops and quarries in the vicinity of the Ly Hoa pass. 1, "locality 1", near the Da Nhay natural monument; 2, "locality 2", bomb impact crater along the Ha Tinh-Quang Binh road; 3, outcrop along the roadcut of the Ly Hoa Pass; 4, active quarries, yielding notably Vukhuclepis? galeaspid, petalichthyid, and phyllocarid remains; 5, abandoned quarries, with ferruginous layers yielding antiarch and youngolepidid remains.

FIG. 14 in Brachiopods, crustaceans, vertebrates, and charophytes from the Devonian Ly Hoa, Nam Can and Dong Tho formations of Central Vietnam

FIG. 14. — Youngolepididae gen. et sp. indet., Ly Hoa Formation,?Lower Devonian, Ly Hoa, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam, toothbearing bone from the dermopalatine-ectopterygoid series or from the coronoid series (BT 207o), photograph (A) and camera lucida drawing (B). Abbreviations: dtc, denticles on the lateral margin; pld, plicidentine of polyplocodont type; pt, pit for tusk insertion; t, tusk. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 7 in Charophyte flora from the Miocene of Zahle (Beeka Valley, Lebanon). Biostratigraphic, palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiogeographical implications

FIG. 7. — Charophytes from the lacustrine deposits of Zahle, sample Zahle 2: A-H, Nitellopsis (T.) merianii (Al. Braun ex Unger, 1852) Grambast & Soulié-Märsche, 1972; A, apical view,no. 2017019 AUBGM; B, apical view, no. 2017020 AUBGM; C, apical view, no. 2017021 AUBGM; D, lateral view,no. 2017022 AUBGM; E, lateral view, no. 2017023 AUBGM; F, lateral view,no. 2017024 AUBGM;G, basal view,no. 2017025 AUBGM;H, basal view, no. 2017026 AUBGM; I, basal view, no. 2017027 AUBGM; J, K, basal plates of Nitellopsis (T.) merianii; J, basal plate, no. 2017028 AUBGM;K, basal plate, no. 2017029 AUBMG. Scale bars: A-H, 400 µm; J-K,100 μm.

FIG. 3 in Charophyte flora from the Miocene of Zahle (Beeka Valley, Lebanon). Biostratigraphic, palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiogeographical implications

FIG. 3. — Charophytes from the lacustrine deposits of Zahle, sample Zahle 1: A-H, Chara aff. microcera Grambast & Paul, 1965; A, lateral view, no. 2017001 AUBGM; B, lateral view, no. 2017002 AUBGM; C, lateral view, no. 2017003 AUBGM; D, lateral view, no. 2017004 AUBGM; E, apical view, no. 2017004 AUBGM; F, apical view, no. 2017002 AUBGM; G, basal view, no. 2017005 AUBGM; H, basal view, no. 2017006 AUBGM; I-K, Chara sp; I, apical view, no. 2017007 AUB- GM; J, lateral view, no. 2017008 AUBGM; K, basal view, no. 2017009 AUBGM. Scale bar: 200 μm.

FIG. 6 in Charophyte flora from the Miocene of Zahle (Beeka Valley, Lebanon). Biostratigraphic, palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiogeographical implications

FIG. 6. — Biometric values of Lychnothamnus barbatus var. antiquus Soulié-Märsche, 1989 from sample Zahle 2 (n = 40 gyrogonites): A, gyrogonite height (µm); B, gyrogonite width (µm); C, number of convolutions visible in lateral view; D, isopolarity index (ISI = h/w × 100).

FIG. 2 in Charophyte flora from the Miocene of Zahle (Beeka Valley, Lebanon). Biostratigraphic, palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiogeographical implications

FIG. 2. — Stratigraphic log for Zahle section (base of the lacustrine deposits of Zahle) showing a detail of a shallowing sedimentary cycle.

FIG. 1 in Charophyte flora from the Miocene of Zahle (Beeka Valley, Lebanon). Biostratigraphic, palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiogeographical implications

FIG. 1. — Geological sketch of the western part of the Bekaa Valley showing the location of the studied section (modified from Dubertret 1945).

FIG. 5 in Charophyte flora from the Miocene of Zahle (Beeka Valley, Lebanon). Biostratigraphic, palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiogeographical implications

FIG. 5. — Charophytes from the lacustrine deposits of Zahle, sample Zahle 2: A-H, Lychnothamnus barbatus var. antiquus Soulié-Märsche, 1989; A, apical view, no. 2017010 AUBGM; B, apical view, no. 2017011 AUBGM; C, basal view, no. 2017012 AUBGM; D, lateral view, no. 2017013 AUBGM; E, lateral view, no. 2017014 AUBGM; F, lateral view, no. 2017015 AUBGM; G, lateral view, no. 2017016 AUBGM; H, lateral view, no. 2017017 AUBGM. Scale bar: 500 μm.

FIG. 4 in Charophyte flora from the Miocene of Zahle (Beeka Valley, Lebanon). Biostratigraphic, palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiogeographical implications

FIG. 4. — Biometric values of Chara aff. microcera Grambast & Paul, 1965 from sample Zahle 1 (n = 39 gyrogonites): A, gyrogonite height (µm); B, gyrogonite width (µm); C, number of convolutions visible in lateral view; D, isopolarity index (ISI = h/w × 100).

FIG. 8 in Charophyte flora from the Miocene of Zahle (Beeka Valley, Lebanon). Biostratigraphic, palaeoenvironmental and palaeobiogeographical implications

FIG. 8. — Biometric values of Nitellopsis (T.) merianii (Al. Braun ex Unger, 1852) Grambast & Soulié-Märsche, 1972 from sample Zahle 2 (n = 100 gyrogonites): A, gyrogonite height (µm); B, gyrogonite width (µm); C, number of convolutions visible in lateral view; D, isopolarity index (ISI = h/w × 100).

FIG. 7 in Oospore features among morphologically similar and closely related charophyte species: consistency and variability

FIG. 7. — The relationship between oospore parameters of Chara baueri A.Braun and Chara braunii C.C.Gmel., and variable that represents these two species from all sampling localities. Redundancy analysis (RDA). Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

FIG. 5 in Oospore features among morphologically similar and closely related charophyte species: consistency and variability

FIG. 5. — The relationship between oospore parameters of Chara "connivens" P.Salzmann ex A.Braun and Chara globularis Thuil., and nominal variable referring to these two species: A, considering all sampling localities; B, referring to these two species considering Dulin pond locality only. Redundancy analysis (RDA). Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

FIG. 6 in Oospore features among morphologically similar and closely related charophyte species: consistency and variability

FIG. 6. — Oospore parameters of Chara braunii C.C.Gmel. in relation to localities where this species was found. Redundancy analysis (RDA). Abbreviations: see Material and methods.

FIG. 3 in Oospore features among morphologically similar and closely related charophyte species: consistency and variability

FIG. 3. — Oospores of selected charophyte species: A, Chara globularis Thuil.; B, Chara "connivens" P.Salzmann ex A.Braun; C, Chara baueri A.Braun; D, Chara braunii C.C.Gmel. Scale bars: 200 µm.