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69 results for “chemical defenses”
Plant species with higher chemical defenses enhance herbivore cellular immunity with differential effectiveness against two parasitoid species
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Data from: Diet and chemical defenses of the Sonoran Desert toads
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Sexual differences in defensive strategies: Investigating chemical defences and visual signals in a wasp moth Amata nigriceps
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Chemical defense strategies, induction timing, growth, and tradeoffs in Pinus aristata and Pinus flexilis
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Adaptation to host's chemical defenses as a driver of wing morphological evolution and developmental instability in cactophilic Drosophila
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Data condition dependence in biosynthesized chemical defenses of an aposematic and mimetic Heliconius butterfly
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Data from: Evolutionary trade-offs in the chemical defense of floral and fruit tissues across genus Cornus
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Data from: Life history and chemical defense interact to drive patterns of local adaptation in an annual monkeyflower
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Data from: Chemical defenses shift with the seasonal vertical migration of a Panamanian poison frog
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Data from: Chemical defense and tonic immobility in early life stages of the Harlequin cabbage bug, Murgantia histrionica (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
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A non-vector herbivore indirectly increases the transmission of a vector-borne virus by reducing plant chemical defenses
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Invasive earthworms reduce chemical defense and increase herbivory and pathogen infection in native trees
<ol> <li>Recent research shows that earthworms can alter defense traits of plants against herbivores and pathogens by affecting soil biochemistry. Yet, the effects of invasive earthworms on defense traits of native plants from previously earthworm-free ecosystems as well as the consequences for multitrophic interactions are virtually unknown.</li> <li>Here we use a combination of an observational study and a complementary experimental study to investigate the effects of invasive earthworms on leaf defense traits, herbivore damage, and pathogen infection in two poplar tree species (<i>Populus balsamifera </i>and <i>Populus tremuloides</i>) native to North American boreal forests.</li> <li>Our observational study showed that earthworm invasion was associated with enhanced leaf herbivory in saplings of both tree species. However, we only detected significant shifts in the concentration of chemical defense compounds in response to earthworm invasion for <i>P. balsamifera</i>. Specifically, leaf phenolic concentrations, including salicinoids and catechin, were lower in <i>P. balsamifera </i>from earthworm-invaded sites.</li> <li>Our experimental study confirmed an earthworm-induced reduction in leaf defense levels in <i>P. balsamifera</i> for one of the defense compounds, tremulacin. The experimental study additionally showed that invasive earthworms reduced leaf dry matter content, potentially increasing leaf palatability, and enhanced susceptibility of trees to infection by a fungal pathogen, but not to aphids, in the same tree species.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis. </i>Our results show that invasive earthworms can decrease the concentrations of some chemical defense compounds in <i>P. balsamifera</i>, which could make them susceptible to leaf-chewing insects. Such potential impacts of invasive earthworms are likely to have implications for tree survival and competition, native tree biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning.</li> </ol>
Preference, performance, and chemical defense in an endangered butterfly using novel and ancestral host plants
<p>Adoption of novel host plants by herbivorous insects can require new adaptations and may entail loss of adaptation to ancestral hosts. We examined relationships between an endangered subspecies of the butterfly <i>Euphydryas editha </i>(Taylor's checkerspot) and three host plant species. Two of the hosts (<i>Castilleja hispida, Castilleja levisecta</i>) were used ancestrally while the other, <i>Plantago lanceolata</i>, is exotic and was adopted more recently. We measured oviposition preference, neonate preference, larval growth, and secondary chemical uptake on all three hosts. Adult females readily laid eggs on all hosts but favored <i>Plantago </i>and tended to avoid <i>C. levisecta. </i>Oviposition preference changed over time.<i> </i>Neonates had no preference among host species, but consistently chose bracts over leaves within both <i>Castilleja </i>species. Larvae developed successfully on all species and grew to similar size on all of them unless they ate only <i>Castilleja </i>leaves (rather than bracts) which limited their growth. Diet strongly influenced secondary chemical uptake by larvae. Larvae that ate <i>Plantago </i>or <i>C. hispida </i>leaves contained the highest concentrations of iridoid glycosides, and iridoid glycoside composition varied with host species and tissue type. Despite having largely switched to a novel exotic host and generally performing better on it, this population has retained breadth in preference and ability to use other hosts.</p>
Data from: Chemical tradeoffs in seed dispersal: Defensive metabolites in fruits deter consumption by mutualist bats
Although fleshy fruits function primarily to attract seed dispersers, many animal-dispersed fruits contain potentially toxic secondary metabolites. These metabolites can provide defense against seed predators and pathogens, but their effects on dispersers are still poorly understood. In some cases plants may experience a tradeoff, where the metabolites that provide fruit defense also reduce seed disperser preferences. In other cases the bioactivity of fruit secondary metabolites may be directed primarily at pests with no negative effects on seed-dispersing vertebrates. We tested the effects of amides, a group of nitrogen-based defensive compounds common in the plant genus Piper (Piperaceae), in interactions with the primary seed dispersers of Piper in the neotropics – fruit-feeding bats in the genus Carollia (Phyllostomidae). In a series of flight cage experiments, pure amides and amide-rich fruit extracts reduced the preferences of bats for Piper fruit, affecting both the bats' initial choices to remove Piper infructescences and the proportion of fruit consumed from individual infructescences once they were removed. However, the effects of amides varied considerably among three species of Carollia and among the specific individual amides and extracts tested. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that plants experience a tradeoff between seed dispersal and fruit defense, but the strength of this tradeoff and the overall fitness consequences may depend strongly on ecological context.
Data from: The evolution of chemical defenses along invasion routes: Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) as a case study
The Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis (Blossey & Nötzold, 1995) postulates that escaping from coevolved enemies increases invaders fitness by energy reallocation from defenses and immunity to growth and reproduction. In this context, we evaluated the evidence of evolutionary change in invasive populations of Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera). We measured egg defenses – cocktail of hydrocarbons on the egg's surface flagging egg toxicity, and the concentration of the main alkaloid harmonine - in individuals from three populations along the invasion route (Japan: native, USA: introduced more than 30 years ago, South Africa: introduced in the early 2000s) in a common garden experiment. Our results support the EICA hypothesis: we found changes along the invasion route in the profiles of the hydrocarbons coating the eggs' surface, and a decrease in the concentration of harmonine in eggs from the most recent invasive South African population compared to the long established in the USA and the native Japanese ones.
Chemical defense acquired via pharmacophagy can lead to protection from predation for conspecifics in a sawfly
<p>Predation is an important selection pressure acting on organisms, with organisms evolving diverse anti-predator strategies to combat it. One such strategy is chemical defense in which organisms either synthesize or extrinsically acquire defensive chemicals. Little is known about the intraspecific transfer of such chemicals and if such chemicals acquired from conspecifics can also serve as defense against predation. Here, we used adults of the turnip sawfly, <em>Athalia rosae</em>, which can acquire the plant chemicals 'clerodanoids' via pharmacophagy after exposure to the plant, <em>Ajuga reptans</em><em>. </em>We show that clerodanoid access mediates protection against predation by mantids for the sawflies. Moreover, even indirect access to clerodanoids, via nibbling on conspecifics that had access to the plant, resulted in protection against predation albeit to a lower degree than direct access. Furthermore, sawflies that had no direct access to clerodanoids were less consumed by mantids when they were grouped with conspecifics that had direct access. Most of such initially undefended sawflies could acquire clerodanoids from conspecifics that had direct access to the plant, although in low quantities. Together our results demonstrate that clerodanoids serve as chemical defense that can be intraspecifically transferred. Moreover, the presence of chemically defended individuals in a group can confer protection onto conspecifics that had no direct access to clerodanoids, suggesting a 'herd-protection' effect.</p>
Data from: Use of an exotic host plant shifts immunity, chemical defense, and viral burden in wild populations of a specialist insect herbivore
<p>Defense against natural enemies constitutes an important driver of herbivore host range evolution in the wild. Populations of the Baltimore checkerspot butterfly, <em>Euphydryas phaeton </em>(Nymphalidae), have recently incorporated an exotic plant, <em>Plantago lanceolata </em>(Plantaginaceae), into their dietary range. To understand the tritrophic consequences of utilizing this exotic host plant, we examined immune performance, chemical defense, and interactions with a natural entomopathogen (Junonia coenia densovirus, <em>Parvoviridae</em>) across wild populations of this specialist herbivore. We measured three immune parameters, sequestration of defensive iridoid glycosides (IGs), and viral infection load in field-collected caterpillars using either <em>P. lanceolata</em> or a native plant, <em>Chelone glabra </em>(Plantaginaceae). We found that larvae using the exotic plant exhibited reduced immunocompetence, compositional differences in IG sequestration, and higher <em>in situ </em>viral burdens compared to those using the native plant. On both host plants, high IG sequestration was associated with reduced hemocyte concentration in the larval hemolymph, providing the first evidence of incompatibility between sequestered chemical defenses and the immune response (i.e., the "vulnerable host" hypothesis) from a field-based study. However, despite this negative relationship between IG sequestration and cellular immunity, caterpillars with greater sequestration harbored lower viral loads. While survival of virus-infected individuals decreased with increasing viral burden, it ultimately did not differ between the exotic and native plants. These results provide evidence that (1) phytochemical sequestration may contribute to defense against pathogens even when immunity is compromised, and (2) herbivore persistence on exotic plant species may be facilitated by sequestration and its role in defense against natural enemies.</p>
Salivary chemical barrier proteins in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma – Alterations in the defense mechanism of the oral cavity
<p>Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most frequent type of head and neck cancers. Despite the genetic and environmental risk factors, OSCC is also associated with microbial infections and/or dysbiosis. The secreted saliva serves as the chemical barrier of the oral cavity and since OSCC can alter the protein composition of saliva, our aim was to analyze the effect of OSCC on the salivary chemical barrier proteins. Publicly available datasets regarding the analysis of salivary proteins from patients with OSCC and controls were collected and examined in order to identify differentially expressed chemical barrier proteins. The network analysis and gene onthology (GO) classification of the differentially expressed chemical barrier proteins were performed, as well. 127 proteins showing different expression pattern between the OSCC and control groups were found. The protein-protein interaction network of up- and down-regulated proteins were constructed and analyzed. The main hub proteins (IL-6, IL-1B, IL-8, TNF, APOA1, APOA2, APOB, APOC3, APOE, and HP) were identified and the enriched GO terms were examined. Our study highlighted the importance of the chemical barrier of saliva in the development of OSCC.</p>
Data from: Chemical ecology of fruit defense: synergistic and antagonistic interactions among amides from Piper
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Preference, performance, and chemical defense in an endangered butterfly using novel and ancestral host plants
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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