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Text-fig. 4. Correlations of the strata in the Urema Graben, the Cheringoma Plateau and other parts of Mozambique proposed by various authors. The positions of fossiliferous units such as the Grudja and Cheringoma formations have been reasonably stable, whereas correlations of other rock units, especially the Mazamba Formation and the volcanics, have varied a great deal. The time scale is from Gradstein et al. (2020). in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 4. Correlations of the strata in the Urema Graben, the Cheringoma Plateau and other parts of Mozambique proposed by various authors. The positions of fossiliferous units such as the Grudja and Cheringoma formations have been reasonably stable, whereas correlations of other rock units, especially the Mazamba Formation and the volcanics, have varied a great deal. The time scale is from Gradstein et al. (2020).

Text-fig. 1. Relief map of Africa to show the location of the Cheringoma Plateau at the southern extremity of the African Rift System. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 1. Relief map of Africa to show the location of the Cheringoma Plateau at the southern extremity of the African Rift System.

Text-fig. 6. Correlation of the Cheringoma and Mazamba formations on the basis of benthic foraminiferans and mammals respectively. Identifications of foraminiferans are from Newton (1924) and Abrard (1928), and the ranges of foraminiferans are from Sella-Kiel et al. (1998). The time scale is from Gradstein et al. (2020). The distribution of Nummulites atacicus is included, but it is not known whether it is reworked from older deposits. If the identification is valid, it would support the thesis that there was a period of Ypresian deposition in the vicinity during which remains of the species were fossilised. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 6. Correlation of the Cheringoma and Mazamba formations on the basis of benthic foraminiferans and mammals respectively. Identifications of foraminiferans are from Newton (1924) and Abrard (1928), and the ranges of foraminiferans are from Sella-Kiel et al. (1998). The time scale is from Gradstein et al. (2020). The distribution of Nummulites atacicus is included, but it is not known whether it is reworked from older deposits. If the identification is valid, it would support the thesis that there was a period of Ypresian deposition in the vicinity during which remains of the species were fossilised.

Text-fig. 21. Femur head from White Patch Bone Site belonging to a large mammal approximately the size of a pygmy hippopotamus, probably an embrithopod. View of ligamentary fossa. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 21. Femur head from White Patch Bone Site belonging to a large mammal approximately the size of a pygmy hippopotamus, probably an embrithopod. View of ligamentary fossa.

Text-fig. 20. Proximal right ulna of an embrithopod from White Patch Bone Site. a: lateral view; b: proximal view (anterior to the left); c: stereo view of the articular surface for the humerus. Note the damaged medial and lateral sides of the articular surface (dotted lines) which makes the distal part of the articular surface look narrower than it would have been in life. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 20. Proximal right ulna of an embrithopod from White Patch Bone Site. a: lateral view; b: proximal view (anterior to the left); c: stereo view of the articular surface for the humerus. Note the damaged medial and lateral sides of the articular surface (dotted lines) which makes the distal part of the articular surface look narrower than it would have been in life.

Text-fig. 17. White Patch fossil sites (18°56′10.9″S: 34°38′41.0″E) Gorongosa National Park, south of the 4×4 vehicle track from Urema to Muanza. 1 – Marine molluscs, 2 – Bones, 3 – Bones, 4 – Marine snails (these sites were subsequently named GPL 12 and GPL 12b by d'Oliveira Coelho et al. 2021). Image modified from Google Earth. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 17. White Patch fossil sites (18°56′10.9″S: 34°38′41.0″E) Gorongosa National Park, south of the 4×4 vehicle track from Urema to Muanza. 1 – Marine molluscs, 2 – Bones, 3 – Bones, 4 – Marine snails (these sites were subsequently named GPL 12 and GPL 12b by d'Oliveira Coelho et al. 2021). Image modified from Google Earth.

Text-fig. 7. Geology of the Muaredzi-Muanza sector of the Cheringoma Plateau showing the location of fossil occurrences. White stars – fossiliferous localities mapped by Pickford (2012, 2013), Black stars – fossil sites mapped by Habermann et al. (2019) and d'Oliveira Coelho et al. (2021) (GPL 12 and GPL 12b correspond to the White Patch sites). TTI – Cheringoma Formation, TTs1 – Mazamba Formation, TTs1a – Palaeopan facies, TTs2 – Inhaminga Formation, Qc – Quaternary sediments. The base map is modified from Google Earth. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 7. Geology of the Muaredzi-Muanza sector of the Cheringoma Plateau showing the location of fossil occurrences. White stars – fossiliferous localities mapped by Pickford (2012, 2013), Black stars – fossil sites mapped by Habermann et al. (2019) and d'Oliveira Coelho et al. (2021) (GPL 12 and GPL 12b correspond to the White Patch sites). TTI – Cheringoma Formation, TTs1 – Mazamba Formation, TTs1a – Palaeopan facies, TTs2 – Inhaminga Formation, Qc – Quaternary sediments. The base map is modified from Google Earth.

Text-fig. 9. Fossil wood localities 4 and 5 close to the palaeopan on the north flank of the Muaredzi Gorge. Image modified from Google Earth. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 9. Fossil wood localities 4 and 5 close to the palaeopan on the north flank of the Muaredzi Gorge. Image modified from Google Earth.

Text-fig. 10. Extant pans east of Inhaminga (18°26′28″'S: 35°35′45″E) surrounded by woodland. The pans typically have an arid, vegetation-free, marginal zone and a water-logged sump. Some pans are connected to each other by shallow overflow valleys. Image modified from Google Earth. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 10. Extant pans east of Inhaminga (18°26′28″'S: 35°35′45″E) surrounded by woodland. The pans typically have an arid, vegetation-free, marginal zone and a water-logged sump. Some pans are connected to each other by shallow overflow valleys. Image modified from Google Earth.

Text-fig. 2. E-W cross section of the Urema Graben from Gorongosa to Inhaminga adapted from Flores (1973: fig. 5). Note that in this schema the Mazamba Sandstone directly overlies the Cheringoma Limestone. I.P.CO No. 5 is a bore hole. Vertical exaggeration ×10. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 2. E-W cross section of the Urema Graben from Gorongosa to Inhaminga adapted from Flores (1973: fig. 5). Note that in this schema the Mazamba Sandstone directly overlies the Cheringoma Limestone. I.P.CO No. 5 is a bore hole. Vertical exaggeration ×10.

Text-fig. 15. Photomicrographs of thin sections of holotype BP/16/1738, Sorindeioxylon gorongosense gen. et sp. nov. from Muaredzi site 5, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: TS, note the irregularly spaced and very narrow bands of parenchyma and mostly solitary vessel elements; b: TS at higher magnification with narrow rays; c: radial longitudinal section (RLS), rather oblique but shows the alternate, small-to-medium inter-vessel pits; d: tangential longitudinal section (TLS), rays are 1–3 cells wide but maintain the same width. Small arrow towards the right hand ray indicates a prismatic crystal in the ray cell; e: TLS rays with fibres in between; f: RLS showing mixed ray cells (upright, square and procumbent) poorly preserved. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 15. Photomicrographs of thin sections of holotype BP/16/1738, Sorindeioxylon gorongosense gen. et sp. nov. from Muaredzi site 5, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: TS, note the irregularly spaced and very narrow bands of parenchyma and mostly solitary vessel elements; b: TS at higher magnification with narrow rays; c: radial longitudinal section (RLS), rather oblique but shows the alternate, small-to-medium inter-vessel pits; d: tangential longitudinal section (TLS), rays are 1–3 cells wide but maintain the same width. Small arrow towards the right hand ray indicates a prismatic crystal in the ray cell; e: TLS rays with fibres in between; f: RLS showing mixed ray cells (upright, square and procumbent) poorly preserved.

Text-fig. 5. East-west cross section of the Urema Graben and Cheringoma Plateau adapted from Pfaffhuber et al. (2009). The Urema Graben is ca. 45–50 km broad. Note that in this scheme, the Eocene Limestone (i.e., the Cheringoma Fm) is overlain by Oligocene sandstone in the position mapped as Mazamba Formation by Real (1966) and by Tinley (1977). in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 5. East-west cross section of the Urema Graben and Cheringoma Plateau adapted from Pfaffhuber et al. (2009). The Urema Graben is ca. 45–50 km broad. Note that in this scheme, the Eocene Limestone (i.e., the Cheringoma Fm) is overlain by Oligocene sandstone in the position mapped as Mazamba Formation by Real (1966) and by Tinley (1977).

Text-fig. 14. Photomicrographs of thin sections of specimen BP/16/1732 Palmoxylon dutoitii from Mhengere Hill, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: transverse section (TS) with four fibre vascular bundles (fvb) and poorly preserved parenchyma between; b: diagram of one of the fvbs in (a) of the reniform type (f – fibres, mx – metaxylum, p – phloem, px – protoxylum); c: close up of the vascular part of a fvb with 2 metaxylem elements and the collapsed cells to the lower left represents the phloem; d: fvb with 2 metaxylem elements, fibrous part to the left and parencymarous ground tissue to the right; e: lower magnification of fvb in (c); f: fvb with three metaxylem elements and phloem patch below; g: longitudinal section (LS) showing the vascular sections alternating with the fibrous sections; h: LS showing the horizontal thickening on the walls of the metaxylem vessels and a patch of parenchyma to the right (darker cells); i: spheroid echinate phytoliths that are typical of Hyphaene and Borassus. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 14. Photomicrographs of thin sections of specimen BP/16/1732 Palmoxylon dutoitii from Mhengere Hill, Gorongosa, Mozambique. a: transverse section (TS) with four fibre vascular bundles (fvb) and poorly preserved parenchyma between; b: diagram of one of the fvbs in (a) of the reniform type (f – fibres, mx – metaxylum, p – phloem, px – protoxylum); c: close up of the vascular part of a fvb with 2 metaxylem elements and the collapsed cells to the lower left represents the phloem; d: fvb with 2 metaxylem elements, fibrous part to the left and parencymarous ground tissue to the right; e: lower magnification of fvb in (c); f: fvb with three metaxylem elements and phloem patch below; g: longitudinal section (LS) showing the vascular sections alternating with the fibrous sections; h: LS showing the horizontal thickening on the walls of the metaxylem vessels and a patch of parenchyma to the right (darker cells); i: spheroid echinate phytoliths that are typical of Hyphaene and Borassus.

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Text-fig. 1. a: Po Plain and foothills of the Northern Apennine in Northern Italy (inset) with the location of Oriolo (black star) and other Early and Middle Pleistocene plant localities, Enza and Stirone. Red lines indicate the frontal thrust arcs (modified from Martinetto et al. 2015). b: The "La Salita" section, Oriolo and chronology of the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles based on large mammals and palaeomagnetic correlation (modified from Toniato et al. 2017; IMMS 2020* [Italian Mediterranean Marine Stages] updated from Cohen and Gibbars 2020; GTS 2021* [Global Time Scale] updated from Head et al. 2021). c: Quarry "La Salita", Oriolo, in 1987. Main unconformities (U) separating the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles and terrestrial deposits on top are shown. Leaf symbols indicate the positions of some of the layers rich in fossil leaves (photo by G. B. Vai, modified). d: Surroundings of Faenza with the location of Oriolo and adjacent coeval sites yielding plant macrofossils. in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome

Text-fig. 1. a: Po Plain and foothills of the Northern Apennine in Northern Italy (inset) with the location of Oriolo (black star) and other Early and Middle Pleistocene plant localities, Enza and Stirone. Red lines indicate the frontal thrust arcs (modified from Martinetto et al. 2015). b: The "La Salita" section, Oriolo and chronology of the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles based on large mammals and palaeomagnetic correlation (modified from Toniato et al. 2017; IMMS 2020* [Italian Mediterranean Marine Stages] updated from Cohen and Gibbars 2020; GTS 2021* [Global Time Scale] updated from Head et al. 2021). c: Quarry "La Salita", Oriolo, in 1987. Main unconformities (U) separating the two "Sabbie gialle" cycles and terrestrial deposits on top are shown. Leaf symbols indicate the positions of some of the layers rich in fossil leaves (photo by G. B. Vai, modified). d: Surroundings of Faenza with the location of Oriolo and adjacent coeval sites yielding plant macrofossils.

FIGURE 6 in Late Holocene land vertebrate fauna from Cueva de los Nesofontes, Western Cuba: Stratigraphy, chronology, diversity, and paleoecology

FIGURE 6. Nesophontes skulls on dorsal view. 1-3, Nesophontes cf. longirostris; 3 is the holotype (AMNH 17626). 4-5, Nesophontes major. Small lines indicate discrete characters discussed in the text. Note the more elongated rostrum and wider gap between upper premolars in N. longirostris and the crowding in N. major.

FIGURE 4 in Late Holocene land vertebrate fauna from Cueva de los Nesofontes, Western Cuba: Stratigraphy, chronology, diversity, and paleoecology

FIGURE 4. Lateral profile of test pit D with source radiocarbon dates, oxygen stable isotopes, and NTAXA diversity by intervals. The fauna and multi-proxy analyses described in the text are from this excavation. The red lines indicate the major disconformities/erosional surfaces.

FIGURE 2 in Late Holocene land vertebrate fauna from Cueva de los Nesofontes, Western Cuba: Stratigraphy, chronology, diversity, and paleoecology

FIGURE 2. Cueva de los Nesofontes indicating geological, stratigraphic, and deposition features. 1, a gallery with main doline or sinkhole indicating areas of fauna collection. Smaller A-D letters pertain to the upper deposits/profiles described here. E-F are two test pits conducted on the lower level. G is the source location for the 14C-dated domestic dog mentioned in the text. 2, the upper area where the main test pits described are located: A is the test pit from 1985, B-C was dug between April 1995 and December 2003. The cross-section a-a' is the approximate source for the stratigraphic profiles illustrated in the following figures. Angles of inclination and heights above the main level are indicated. 3, cross-section (indicated b-b' on 1). Arrows indicate areas of sediment and raptor-derived pellet deposits and roost.

FIGURE 11 in Late Holocene land vertebrate fauna from Cueva de los Nesofontes, Western Cuba: Stratigraphy, chronology, diversity, and paleoecology

FIGURE 11. Plant, invertebrate, and reptile remains. 1-3, Anolis cf. chamaleolis (no. 606), scale bar 10 mm (Level I). 4, unidentified insect extremity ~1 mm (Level IV). 5, photid fly pupa, scale 10 mm (Level IV). 6, fungus spore (?), scale ~50μm. 7, plant seeds, scale 5 mm (All from level II and III). 8-9, seeds, scale 5 mm. 10, leaf fragment, scale ~50 μm (Level II). 11, plant spores, likely a conifer, Pinus? (Level IV), scale ~50μm.

FIGURE 9. Nesophontes left hemimandibles 1-2 in Late Holocene land vertebrate fauna from Cueva de los Nesofontes, Western Cuba: Stratigraphy, chronology, diversity, and paleoecology

FIGURE 9. Nesophontes left hemimandibles 1-2, Nesophontes cf. longirostris. 3, Nesophontes major (image inverted).

FIGURE 13 in Late Holocene land vertebrate fauna from Cueva de los Nesofontes, Western Cuba: Stratigraphy, chronology, diversity, and paleoecology

FIGURE 13. Rarefaction curve of Cueva de los Nesofontes doline test pit D (Levels I–IV) in relation to other Cuban deposits. A, Cueva GEDA, Pinar del Río; B, Cuevas Blancas, Mayabeque; D, The Desmodus deposit described in Orihuela (2010). G, from Gato Jíbaro archaeological deposit described in Orihuela and Tejedor (2012). See text for discussion.