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Fig. 6. a. Ctenochomis pectoralis Pfeffer, 1893, lectotype ZMH402 in Revision of the African cichlid fish genus Ctenochromis (Teleostei, Cichliformes), including a description of the new genus Shuja from Lake Tanganyika and the new species Ctenochromis scatebra from northern Tanzania

Fig. 6. a. Ctenochomis pectoralis Pfeffer, 1893, lectotype ZMH402 from Korogwe (imaged by Thilo Weddehage). b. C. pectoralis, paralectotype BMNH 1899.2.27.1 from Korogwe. c. C. pectoralis, ♂ from Ruvu River shortly after capture (part of BMNH 2021.7.15.1-3). d. C. pectoralis, ♂ from Ruvu River preserved state (part of BMNH 2021.7.15.1-3). e. C. scatebra Genner, Ngatunga & Turner sp. nov., ♂ from Chemka Springs shortly after capture (part of BMNH 2021.7.15.1-3). f. C. scatebra

Fig. 4 in Revision of the African cichlid fish genus Ctenochromis (Teleostei, Cichliformes), including a description of the new genus Shuja from Lake Tanganyika and the new species Ctenochromis scatebra from northern Tanzania

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic reconstructions of representatives of populations of Ctenochromis Pfeffer, 1893, as well as representatives of the Lake Malawi haplochromine radiation, and the Lake Tanganyika Tropheini Poll, 1986. a. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction based on 11 288 SNPs. b. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction based on 1047 basepairs of the entired NADH2 mtDNA gene. In both trees, numbers on branches indicate percentage bootstrap support, and branches with> 70% support are shown. The scale bars represent a measure of genetic distance. See Table 1 for sampling details. Collection localities are in parentheses. Samples from Nyumba ya Mungu have accessions

Fig. 5. Shuja horei gen. et comb. nov. a in Revision of the African cichlid fish genus Ctenochromis (Teleostei, Cichliformes), including a description of the new genus Shuja from Lake Tanganyika and the new species Ctenochromis scatebra from northern Tanzania

Fig. 5. Shuja horei gen. et comb. nov. a. Illustration from the original type specimen (Günther 1894). b. A freshly caught specimen collected in 2016 from the Malagarasi River, Ilagala (BMNH 2021.7.15.14). c. Radiographs of the type series (syntypes) from the Natural History Museum (BMNH 1889.1.30.13– 15). Note the prognathous jaw that distinguishes Shuja Genner, Ngatunga & Turner gen. nov. from other genera within the Tropheini Poll, 1986. Radiographs from the Natural History Museum, London

Fig. 3. Principal Component Axes 1 and 2 in Revision of the African cichlid fish genus Ctenochromis (Teleostei, Cichliformes), including a description of the new genus Shuja from Lake Tanganyika and the new species Ctenochromis scatebra from northern Tanzania

Fig. 3. Principal Component Axes 1 and 2 of morphological measurements of specimens of Ctenochromis pectoralis Pfeffer, 1893 of the type series from Korogwe, compared with specimens of C. pectoralis from the Ruvu River, and C. scatebra Genner, Ngatunga & Turner sp. nov. from Chemka Springs. The image of C. pectoralis from Korogwe is from the original description (Pfeffer 1893). Collection localities are in parentheses following the species names. In total, Principal Component Axes 1 and 2

Fig. 1 in Revision of the African cichlid fish genus Ctenochromis (Teleostei, Cichliformes), including a description of the new genus Shuja from Lake Tanganyika and the new species Ctenochromis scatebra from northern Tanzania

Fig. 1. The type locality of Ctenochromis pectoralis Pfeffer, 1893 is Korogwe, in the lower section of the Pangani River system. Collection sites of specimens of Ctenochromis for this study were Chemka Springs and the Ruvu River (which flows between Lake Jipe to the east, and Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir to the west). A further population of Ctenochromis has been reported from Mzima Springs, in

Fig. 6. a. Ctenochomis pectoralis Pfeffer, 1893, lectotype ZMH402 in Revision of the African cichlid fish genus Ctenochromis (Teleostei, Cichliformes), including a description of the new genus Shuja from Lake Tanganyika and the new species Ctenochromis scatebra from northern Tanzania

Fig. 4 in Revision of the African cichlid fish genus Ctenochromis (Teleostei, Cichliformes), including a description of the new genus Shuja from Lake Tanganyika and the new species Ctenochromis scatebra from northern Tanzania

Fig. 1 in Revision of the African cichlid fish genus Ctenochromis (Teleostei, Cichliformes), including a description of the new genus Shuja from Lake Tanganyika and the new species Ctenochromis scatebra from northern Tanzania

Fig. 5. Shuja horei gen. et comb. nov. a in Revision of the African cichlid fish genus Ctenochromis (Teleostei, Cichliformes), including a description of the new genus Shuja from Lake Tanganyika and the new species Ctenochromis scatebra from northern Tanzania

Fig. 7 in Revision of the African cichlid fish genus Ctenochromis (Teleostei, Cichliformes), including a description of the new genus Shuja from Lake Tanganyika and the new species Ctenochromis scatebra from northern Tanzania

Fig. 7. Morphology of Ctenochromis Pfeffer, 1893.a, d, g. Oral teeth.b, e, h. Chest squamation illustrating scale-free patches. c, f, i. Cheek squamation illustrating the reduction in scale number towards the ventral section of the cheek. a–c. Ctenochomis pectoralis Pfeffer, 1893 from Korogwe (paralectotype BMNH 1899.2.27.1); d–f. C. pectoralis from the Ruvu River (part of BMNH 2021.7.15.1-3); g–i. C. scatebra Genner, Ngatunga & Turner sp. nov. from Chemka Springs (holotype BMNH 2021.7.15.4). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 2. a in Revision of the African cichlid fish genus Ctenochromis (Teleostei, Cichliformes), including a description of the new genus Shuja from Lake Tanganyika and the new species Ctenochromis scatebra from northern Tanzania

Fig. 2. a. Ruvu River where specimens of Ctenochromis pectoralis Pfeffer, 1893 were collected. b. Chemka Springs where specimens of C. scatebra Genner, Ngatunga & Turner sp. nov. were collected. See Table 1 for collection details.

Fig. 8 in Revision of the African cichlid fish genus Ctenochromis (Teleostei, Cichliformes), including a description of the new genus Shuja from Lake Tanganyika and the new species Ctenochromis scatebra from northern Tanzania

Fig. 8. Morphology of Ctenochromis Pfeffer, 1893, imaged using x-ray tomography micro CT. a. Ctenochomis pectoralis Pfeffer, 1893, paralectotype BMNH 1899.2.27.1 from Korogwe. b. C. pectoralis from the Ruvu River (part of BMNH 2021.7.15.1-3). c. C. scatebra Genner, Ngatunga & Turner sp. nov., holotype BMNH 2021.7.15.4. Scale bars: 10 mm.

Fig. 3. Principal Component Axes 1 and 2 in Revision of the African cichlid fish genus Ctenochromis (Teleostei, Cichliformes), including a description of the new genus Shuja from Lake Tanganyika and the new species Ctenochromis scatebra from northern Tanzania

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Replicated functional evolution in cichlid adaptive radiations

Adaptive radiations highlight the mechanisms by which species and traits diversify and the extent to which these patterns are predictable. We used 1,110 high-speed videos of suction feeding to study functional and morphological diversification in 300 cichlid species from three African Great Lake radiations of varying ages (Victoria, Malawi and Tanganyika) and an older, spatially dispersed continental radiation in the Neotropics. Among African radiations, standing diversity was reflective of time. Morphological and functional variance in Lake Victoria, the youngest radiation, was a subset of that within Lake Malawi, which itself was nested within the older Tanganyikan radiation. However, functional diversity in Neotropical cichlids was often lower than in Lake Tanganyika, despite being much older. These two radiations broadly overlapped, but each diversified into novel trait spaces not found in the youngest lake radiations. Evolutionary rates across radiations were inversely related to age, suggesting extremely rapid trait evolution at early stages, particularly in lake radiations. Despite this support for early bursts, other patterns of trait diversity were inconsistent with expectations of adaptive radiations. This work suggests that cichlid functional evolution has played out in strikingly similar fashion in different radiations, with contingencies eventually resulting in lineage-specific novelties.

Figure 11 in Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin

Figure 11. Haptoral and genital hard parts of Onchobdella ximenae n. sp. from Hemichromis elongatus. Accessory piece of the MCO in grey, to highlight the plate-like structure of the accessory piece. I-VI, hooks; AP, accessory piece; DA, dorsal anchors; DB, dorsal transverse bar; MCO, male copulatory organ; Pe, penis; VA, ventral anchors; VB, ventral transverse bars; Vg, vagina. Scale bar: 20 µm, scale bar of the MCO 10 µm.

Figure 9 in Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin

Figure 9. Haptoral and genital hard parts of Cichlidogyrus omari n. sp. from Tylochromis praecox. Accessory piece of the MCO in grey, to highlight the plate-like structure of the accessory piece. I–VII, hooks; AP, accessory piece; DA, dorsal anchors; DB, dorsal transverse bar; MCO, male copulatory organ; Pe, penis; VA, ventral anchors; VB, ventral transverse bar. Scale bar: 20 µm.

Figure 3 in Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin

Figure 3. Haptoral and genital hard parts of Cichlidogyrus bixlerzavalai n. sp. from Tylochromis praecox. Accessory piece of the MCO in grey, to highlight the plate-like structure of the accessory piece. I–VII, hooks; AP, accessory piece; DA, dorsal anchors; DB, dorsal transverse bar; MCO, male copulatory organ; Pe, penis; VA, ventral anchors; VB, ventral transverse bar. Scale bar: 20 µm.

Figure 2 in Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin

Figure 2. Schematic representation of the measurements taken of the hard parts of specimens of Cichlidogyrus and Onchobdella. Structures from top left to bottom right: anchor, ventral transverse bar, MCO, dorsal transverse bar, vagina and hook. Abbreviations: I–VII, hook length; a, total anchor length; Ap, length of accessory piece; b, blade length; c, shaft length; d, guard length, e, point length; h, auricle length; He, Heel length; l, vagina width; L, vagina length; Pe, penis length; W, maximum width of ventral transverse bar; w, maximum width of dorsal transverse bar; X, branch length of ventral transverse bar; x, total length of dorsal transverse bar; y, distance between auricles.

Figure 6 in Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin

Figure 6. Haptoral and genital hard parts of Cichlidogyrus polyenso n. sp. from Hemichromis elongatus. Accessory piece of the MCO in grey, to highlight the plate-like structure of the accessory piece. I–VII, hooks; AP, accessory piece; DA, dorsal anchors; DB, dorsal transverse bar; MCO, male copulatory organ; Pe, penis; VA, ventral anchors; VB, ventral transverse bar; Vg, vagina. Scale bar: 20 µm.

Figure 1 in Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin

Figure 1. Overview of sampling localities (red dots) with the ecoregions in italics. Localities 3 and 5 are located within the cities MbanzaNgungu and Kisantu, respectively. The inset shows the Lower Congo region on the African continent. Sampling localities: 1, Tondé Estuary near Muanda (05°57035.900 S 12°21058.400 E); 2, Muila Kaku, mangroves near Lower Congo River (05°5903300 S 12°35003.200 E); 3, Ndimba Leta ponds, Mbanza-Ngungu, in between the Lunzadi and Lukasi rivers of which the latter flows into the Kwilu and Likunga (05°1501000 S 14°5102400 E); 4, Pond near Kila Kindinga and Lukasi river (5°290700 S 14°530400 E); 5, Inkisi River, off the Jardin botanique de Kisantu (05°0800200 S 15°0305200 E); 6, Mvuazi River, Inkisi (5°190 S 15°70 E); 7, Mbola River near Tshianya village (05°52009.800S 12°39052.600 E); 8, Congo River near Nganda Flash station (06°02001.800 S 12°31048.200E), 9, Muila Nzenze, Kibamba village, mangroves near Congo River (06°00006.800 S 12°4002700 E). Rivers in blue.