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opencc-by-4.0Jul 2011View details →

Fig. 1 in Social and reproductive physiology and behavior of the Neotropical cichlid fish Cichlasoma dimerus under laboratory conditions

Fig. 1. Distribution of different social status fish on the experimental aquaria: a) Picture of the experimental aquaria; b) Schematic representation. Abbreviations of social statuses used: nRnT = non Reproductive non Territorial individuals; nRT = non Reproductive Territorial individual; RT = Reproductive Territorial individual. For a detailed description of these social statuses see Table 3.

Fig. 1. A in Reproductive behavior and parental roles of the cichlid fish Laetacara araguaiae

Fig. 1. A pair of Laetacara araguaiae with fry (arrows). The largest fish is the male. Photo: Elias F. Lopes de Freitas.

Fig. 5 in Reproductive behavior and parental roles of the cichlid fish Laetacara araguaiae

Fig. 5. Mean frequency (± SE) of threats (a) and attacks (b) given by male and female in the pre-spawning (n = 11), egg/ wriggler (n = 11) and free-swimming fry (n = 12) phases. * indicates significant difference between sexes (Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Different letters indicate significant differences between phases for each sex (Kuskal-Wallis followed by Dunn post hoc test).

Fig. 4 in Reproductive behavior and parental roles of the cichlid fish Laetacara araguaiae

Fig. 4. Mean frequency (± SE) of agonistic acts given by male and female in the pre-spawning (n = 11), egg/wriggler (n = 11) and free-swimming fry (n = 12) phases. NS is non significant values (Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test).

Fig. 2 in Reproductive behavior and parental roles of the cichlid fish Laetacara araguaiae

Fig. 2. Mean frequency (± SE) of nest digging in the prespawning phase by males and females of Laetacara araguaiae (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2009View details →

Fig. 1. A in Scientific Note The more stirring the better: cichlid fishes associate with foraging potamotrygonid rays

Fig. 1. A freshwater ray (Potamotrygon motoro) forages with use of "undulate the disc and stir substrate" tactic. Note fine clouds of sediment adjacent to the ray.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2009View details →

Fig. 2. Association between a in Scientific Note The more stirring the better: cichlid fishes associate with foraging potamotrygonid rays

Fig. 2. Association between a foraging freshwater ray (Potamotrygon falkneri) and two species of cichlid fishes (Crenicichla britskii on the left and Geophagus proximus on the right). The ray settles close to the bottom, begins to undulate the disc and stir the substrate, which cause the cichlid to approach (a); as the ray proceeds foraging and forms a fine sediment cloud, the cichlids hover head-down close to the disc and watches potential prey to be uncovered by the ray's movements (b).

Fig. 8 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

Fig. 8. Length vs. weight plots for male and female Symphysodon haraldi from a single colony in Uxi Bay, lago Amanã.

Fig. 12 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

Fig. 12. Histogram showing size distribution of n = 1271 ovules from a pre-spawning (stage 4) female Symphysodon haraldi. Column bin-intervals are 0.05 mm.

Fig. 9 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

Fig. 9. Frequency distribution of the size of Symphysodon haraldi from a single large colony in Uxi Bay, lago Amanã. Column bin-intervals are 3 mm. See Fig. 2 for the timing of sampling in (a) 1998 and (b) 1997. Specimens parasitized with Braga cichlae are excluded. Major modes in the multi-modal distribution of SL are marked with dotted lines and labeled as putative cohort groups (0, 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3, 4) (refer to Fig. 2). Arrows on the x-axis mark the maximum known size of females. X refers to a male specimen marked and released on 20 December 1997 (X1), and recaptured (X2) on 16 November 1998. The overlapping shaded histogram for the 1998 data refers to seven discus captured in adjacent shore scrub. The histograms distributions marked by the beginnings and ends of the dotted triangles for 1a, 1b, and 2 in 1998, and 2a, 2b and 3 in 1997 fit normal distributions (p <0.01, one sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests).

Fig. 6 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

Fig. 6. Shoreline distance dispersed by 104 tagged Symphysodon haraldi over a 7-9 day period in Uxi Bay, lago Amanã subsequent to release at their original capture site. Each bar represents a 5 m distance range.

Fig. 5 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

Fig. 5. Seasonal changes in the proportional composition of food items within stomachs of Symphysodon haraldi from blackwater habitats of the Tefé region. Calculations of mean food item contribution excluded specimens with empty stom- achs. Error bars (displayed above bars) refer to one standard deviation from mean. Algae = periphyton identified as a mass of bright green filamentous structures. FOD = Fine organic detritus. GPM = green plant (macrophytes) matter – apparently mostly small triturated pieces of leaves. Periphyton, FOD and GPM were difficult to separate volumetrically, and are there- fore combined into a single category. GPM represented only a small portion of the volume of this category (perhaps less than 15%). COD = Coarse organic detritus – mainly pieces of wood and bark.

Fig. 11 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

Fig. 11. Reproductive status and sex of putative (a) 1+ and (b) 2+ cohort members Symphysodon haraldi from a single large discus colony in Uxi Bay, lago Amanã, 1998. Only specimens that were dissected for sex determination are included. The single 1+ specimen with a stage 4 gonad is illustrated in Fig. 12c.

Fig. 1. NASDA JERS-1 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

Fig. 1. NASDA JERS-1 radar image of the Tefé region, Brazil: (a) high water (May 1995); (b) low water (September 1995). Flooded forests appear white, illustrating the maximum extent of the seasonal flooding. The area between the dotted lines is whitewater floodplain. R. Solimões is the local name for the Amazon River. Discus occur in the following habitats: 1, blackwater flooded forest (igapó), 2, blackwater lakes, 3, whitewater flooded forest, 4, whitewater floodplain lakes. Study are marked A (Uxi Bay) and B (lago Urini). Inset (c) shows Uxi Bay from Landsat TM-5 image, 1998. Here, the white dot represents the locality of a large discus colony and the line X-Y refer to the cross-sectional schematic (d). In (d) the dotted horizontal line represents the water level at the beginning of 1998 samples. The 4 m water-level (see also Fig. 2) marks the lower levels of shore scrub growing on beaches and sand bars. Shore scrub is dominated by Coccoloba ovata Benth. and Symmeria paniculata Benth. (Polygonaceae).

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2006View details →

Fig. 1 in Reproductive success and female preference in the amazonian cichlid angel fish, Pterophyllum scalare (Lichtenstein, 1823)

Fig. 1. Survival of the eggs in relation to the aggressiveness of experienced males (Pearson, p <0.01).

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2006View details →

Fig. 2 in Reproductive success and female preference in the amazonian cichlid angel fish, Pterophyllum scalare (Lichtenstein, 1823)

Fig. 2. Survival of the eggs in relation to care provided by experienced males through aeration (Pearson, p <0.01).

opencc-zeroAug 2023View details →

Visual opsin gene expression evolution in the adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes of Lake Tanganyika

<p>Tuning the visual sensory system to the ambient light is essential for survival in many animal species. This is often achieved through duplication, functional diversification, and/or differential expression of visual opsin genes. Here, we examined 753 new retinal transcriptomes from 112 species of cichlid fishes from Lake Tanganyika to unravel adaptive changes in gene expression at the macro-evolutionary and ecosystem level of one of the largest vertebrate adaptive radiations. We found that, across the radiation, all seven cone opsins – but not the rhodopsin – rank among the most differentially expressed genes in the retina, together with other vision-, circadian-rhythm-, and haemoglobin-related genes. We propose two new visual palettes characteristic of very shallow- and deep-water living species, respectively, and show that visual system adaptations along two major ecological axes, macro-habitat and diet, occur primarily via gene expression variation in a subset of cone opsin genes.</p>

publicFeb 2025View details →

Alteration of reproductive behaviors by aromatase inhibition is population-dependent in an African cichlid fish

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publicMar 2020View details →

Temporally consistent species differences in parasite infection but no evidence for rapid parasite-mediated speciation in Lake Victoria cichlid fish

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