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43 results for “climate refugia”
Data from: Underlying geology and climate interactively shape climate change refugia in mountain streams
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Local-scale climatic refugia offer sanctuary for a habitat-forming species during a marine heatwave
<p><b>1. </b>Gradual climate change and discrete extreme climatic events have driven shifts in the structure of populations and the distribution of species in many marine ecosystems. The most profound impacts of recent warming trends have been generally observed at species' warm edges and on large conspicuous species. However, given that <span>different species and populations exhibit different responses to warming, and that responses are highly variable at regional scales, </span>there is a need <span>to broaden the evidence to include less conspicuous species and to focus on both local and regional scale processes.</span></p> <p><b>2. </b>We examined the population dynamics of canopy-forming seaweed populations situated at the core range of their distribution during a regional marine heatwave (MHW) event that occurred in the Mediterranean Sea in 2015, to determine between-site variability in relation to the intensity of the MHW. We combined field observations with a thermo-tolerance experiment to elucidate mechanisms underlying observed responses.</p> <p><b>3.</b> Despite our study populations are located in the species core range, the MHW was concomitant with a high mortality and structural shifts in only one of the two surveyed populations, most likely due to differences in habitat characteristics between sites (e.g. degree of shelter and seawater transfer). The experiment showed high mortalities at temperatures of 28 ºC, having the most severe implications for early life stages and fertility, which is consistent with warming being the cause of population changes in the field. Crucially, the regional-scale quantification of the MHW (as described by satellite-derived SSTs) did not capture local-scale variation in MHW conditions at the study sites, which likely explained variation in population-level responses to warming.</p> <p><b>4. </b><i>Synthesis.</i> Enclosed and semi-enclosed seas, such as the Mediterranean Sea, often highly impacted by human perturbations, are also global hotspots for ocean warming and are highly susceptible to future MHWs. Our findings highlight that local-scale variability in the magnitude of extreme climatic events can lead to local extinctions of already fragmented populations of habitat-forming seaweeds, even towards the species' core range. However, our results highlight the potential for local-scale climatic refugia, which could be identified and managed to safeguard the persistence of canopy-forming seaweeds.</p>
Data from: Surviving in mountain climate refugia: new insights from the genetic diversity and structure of the relict shrub Myrtus nivellei (Myrtaceae) in the Sahara desert
The identification of past glacial refugia has become a key topic for conservation under environmental change, since they contribute importantly to shaping current patterns of biodiversity. However, little attention has been paid so far to interglacial refugia despite their key role for the survival of relict species currently occurring in climate refugia. Here, we focus on the genetic consequences of range contraction on the relict populations of the evergreen shrub Myrtus nivellei, endemic in the Saharan mountains since at least the end of the last Green Sahara period, around 5.5 ka B.P. Multilocus genotypes (nuclear microsatellites and AFLP) were obtained from 215 individuals collected from 23 wadis (temporary rivers) in the three main mountain ranges in southern Algeria (the Hoggar, Tassili n'Ajjer and Tassili n'Immidir ranges). Identical genotypes were found in several plants growing far apart within the same wadis, a pattern taken as evidence of clonality. Multivariate analyses and Bayesian clustering revealed that genetic diversity was mainly structured among the mountain ranges, while low isolation by distance was observed within each mountain range. The range contraction induced by the last episode of aridification has likely increased the genetic isolation of the populations of M. nivellei, without greatly affecting the genetic diversity of the species as a whole. The pattern of genetic diversity observed here suggests that high connectivity may have prevailed during humid periods, which is consistent with recent paleoenvironmental reconstructions.
From glacial refugia to hydrological microrefugia: factors and processes driving the persistence of the climate relict tree Zelkova sicula
<p>With only two tiny populations, the climate relict <i>Zelkova sicula</i> (Sicily, Italy) is one of the rarest trees in the world. It also represents the most marginal member of genus <i>Zelkova</i> that was widespread in the broadleaved forests thriving in warm-temperate climates throughout Eurasia until the Last Glacial Age. Occurring at the westernmost range of the genus under typical Mediterranean climate, the micro-topographic settings have always appeared crucial for the survival of this Sicilian relict. However, the factors and processes actually involved in its persistence in the current refugia, as well as the response of similar relict trees in arid environments are poorly understood worldwide. In the aim to elucidate these aspects, in the two sites hosting <i>Z. sicula</i> analyses of topographical attributes were combined with investigations on soil moisture dynamics. Additionally, plants' growth and spatial distribution patterns were analysed to detect fine-scale differences between populations and assess the possible ecological amplitude of the species.</p> <p>Results revealed that convergent topographies are basic determinants of microrefugia in arid environments. Within the investigated sites, underground moisture never decreases below 25%, buffering seasonal rainfall fluctuations. Therefore, hydrological microrefugia play a key-role in decoupling from regional climate, supporting the target species in coping with an unsuitable climatic envelope. Additionally, the inter-population variability of biometric attributes showed that individual growth is site-dependent and the species retains a relative ecological plasticity, whereas the strongly clumped spatial patterns confirmed the exclusive vegetative propagation and the common clonal growth. On one hand, deeply incised landforms have acted as effective hydrologic microrefugia, on the other clonality coupled with triploidy supposedly improved the resistance of <i>Z. sicula</i> to harsh environments, though entailing inability to reproduce sexually. Most likely, sterility and environmental/physical barriers prevent since millennia this relict from leaving the last suitable microrefugia, resulting in the two current rear-edge populations.</p>
Planning for Resilience: Incorporating scenario and model uncertainty and trade-offs when prioritizing management of climate refugia
<p>Climate change has become the greatest threat to the world's ecosystems. Locating and managing areas that contribute to the survival of key species under climate change is critical for the persistence of ecosystems in the future. Here we identify "Climate Priority" sites as coral reefs exposed to relatively low levels of climate stress that will be more likely to persist in the future. We present the first analysis of uncertainty in climate change scenarios and models, along with multiple objectives, in a marine spatial planning exercise and offer a comprehensive approach to incorporating uncertainty and trade-offs in any ecosystem. We first described each site using environmental characteristics that are associated with a higher chance of persistence (larval connectivity, hurricane influence and acute and chronic temperature conditions in the past and the future). Future temperature increases were assessed using downscaled data under four different climate scenarios (SSP1 2.6, SSP2 4.5, SSP3 7.0 and SSP5 8.5) and 57 model runs. We then prioritized sites for intervention (conservation, improved management or restoration) using robust decision-making approaches that select sites that will have a benign climate under most climate scenarios and models. The modeling work is novel because it solves two important issues. 1) It considers trade-offs between multiple planning objectives explicitly through Pareto analyses; and 2) It makes use of all the uncertainty around future climate change. Priority intervention sites identified by the model were verified and refined through local stakeholder engagement including assessments of local threats, ecological condition and government priorities. The workflow is presented for the Insular Caribbean and Florida, and at the national level for Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic and Haiti. Our approach allows managers to consider uncertainty and multiple objectives for climate smart spatial management in coral reefs or any ecosystem across the globe.</p>
Fig. 4 Species distribution models for Vaejovis carolinianus. Results were projected onto LGM conditions from MIROC a and CCSM4 b data sources invoking the model generated using current climates data c in Pliocene origins, Pleistocene refugia, and postglacial range expansions in southern devil scorpions (Vaejovidae: Vaejovis carolinianus)
Fig. 4 Species distribution models for Vaejovis carolinianus. Results were projected onto LGM conditions from MIROC a and CCSM4 b data sources invoking the model generated using current climates data c. Localities used to test and train the model are indicated by
Data for spatial and temporal refugia for an insect population declining due to climate change
<p>Insect declines have been reported worldwide, although the particular causes of the declines may be complex and are poorly understood. Meadow spittlebugs were one of the most abundant insects in the coastal prairie along the California coast 40 years ago but have largely disappeared. Evidence links this decline to changing climatic conditions, which have reduced survival of eggs and neonates. We identified several refugia where meadow spittlebug populations have persisted amidst unfavorable conditions. Protection from desiccating winds was the common attribute of these refugia. Following a wet year, adult meadow spittlebugs were able to disperse from one refuge that we studied to recolonize coastal prairie habitats, although populations declined over the next two drier years. Because of their previous high abundance, loss of meadow spittlebugs is likely to affect the functioning of this widespread habitat, including energy transfer, their host plants, and their predators. In addition, meadow spittlebugs are unusual in having been the subject of extensive physiological and long-term ecological data, so they can serve as a bellwether species, indicating the effects of climate change.</p>
Data from: Microclimate-based species distribution models in complex terrain indicate widespread cryptic refugia under climate change
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Aim: </i>Species' climatic niches may be poorly predicted by regional climate estimates used in species distribution models (SDMs) due to microclimatic buffering of local conditions. Here, we compare SDMs generated using a locally validated below-canopy microclimate model to those based on interpolated weather station data at two spatial scales to determine the effects of scale, topography, and forest cover on potential future ground-level warming and species distributions.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Location:</i> Great Smoky Mountains National Park (2090 km<sup>2</sup>; NC, TN, USA)</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Time period: </i>1970 – 2006</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Major taxa:</i> Vascular plant species of the Southern Appalachians</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Methods:</i> We compared the fit and predictions of SDMs generated using a database of plant occurrences and three climate models: macroclimate (1 km, WorldClim), fine-scale (30 m) interpolation of macroclimate with elevation, and fine-scale below-canopy microclimate from a ground-level sensor network.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Results: </i>We found that, although SDM fit was similar across models, microclimate-derived SDMs predicted substantially greater species persistence with 4 °C of regional warming, with a difference of 50% of the species pool in some areas. Microclimate SDMs predicted higher stability of mid-elevation species, particularly in thermally buffered areas near streams, and critically, less change in species composition at high elevation. In contrast, predictions of macroclimate and interpolation models were similar despite improved resolution.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Main conclusions:</i> Our results demonstrate that careful selection of climate drivers, including local near-ground validation rather than interpolation, is critical for projecting distributions. They also suggest that some species at risk from climate change might persist, even with 4 °C of macroclimate warming, in cryptic refugia buffered by microclimate, pointing to the roles of forest cover and topography in explaining slower-than-expected changes in understory communities. However, certain species, such as those currently occurring on low-elevation ridges that are sensitive to atmospheric changes, may be at more risk than macroclimate or interpolated SDMs suggest.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"> </p>
Local-scale climatic refugia offer sanctuary for a habitat-forming species during a marine heatwave
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Data from: Snowmelt variation contributes to topoclimatic refugia under montane Mediterranean climate change
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Data from: Surviving in mountain climate refugia: new insights from the genetic diversity and structure of the relict shrub Myrtus nivellei (Myrtaceae) in the Sahara desert
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Data from: Identifying refugia from climate change using coupled ecological and genetic data in a transitional Mediterranean-temperate tree species
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Data from: Microclimate-based species distribution models in complex terrain indicate widespread cryptic refugia under climate change
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Data from: Climate oscillations, glacial refugia, and dispersal ability: factors influencing the genetic structure of the least salmonfly, Pteronarcella badia (Plecoptera), in Western North America
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Biogeographic barriers, Pleistocene refugia, and climatic gradients in the southeastern Nearctic drive diversification in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus complex)
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From glacial refugia to hydrological microrefugia: factors and processes driving the persistence of the climate relict tree Zelkova sicula
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Range shift and climatic refugia for alpine lichens under climate changes
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Planning for Resilience: Incorporating scenario and model uncertainty and trade-offs when prioritizing management of climate refugia
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Data for spatial and temporal refugia for an insect population declining due to climate change
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Two ways to be endemic: Alps and Apennines are different functional refugia during climatic cycles
<p>Endemics co-occur because they evolved <i>in situ</i> and persist regionally or because they evolved <i>ex situ</i> and later dispersed to shared habitats, generating evolutionary or ecological endemicity centres, respectively. We investigate whether different endemicity centres can intertwine in the region ranging from Alps to Sicily, by studying their butterfly fauna. We gathered an extensive occurrence dataset for butterflies of the study area (27,123 records, 269 species, in cells of 0.5x0.5 degrees of latitude-longitude). We applied molecular-based delimitation methods (GMYC model) to 26,557 COI sequences of Western Palearctic butterflies. We identified entities based on molecular delimitations and the most recent checklist of European butterflies and objectively attributed occurrences to their most probable entity. We obtained a zoogeographic regionalisation based on the 69 endemics of the area. Using phylogenetic ANOVA we tested if endemics from different centres differ from each other and from non-endemics for key ecological traits and divergence time. Endemicity showed high incidence in the Alps and Southern Italy. The regionalisation separated the Alps from the Italian Peninsula and Sicily. The endemics of different centres showed a high turnover and differed in phenology and distribution traits. Endemics are on average younger than non-endemics and the Peninsula-Sicily endemics also have lower variance in divergence than those from the Alps. The observed variation identifies Alpine endemics as paleoendemics, now occupying an ecological centre, and the Peninsula-Sicily ones as neoendemics, that diverged in the region since the Pleistocene. The results challenge the common view of the Alpine-Apennine area as a single "Italian refugium".</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.