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58 results for “clonal plants”
Data from: Characterization of rhizome transcriptome and identification of a rhizomatous ER body in the clonal plant Cardamine leucantha
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Data from the study: Effect of experimental DNA demethylation on phytohormones production and palatability of a clonal plant after induction via jasmonic acid
<p>Many plant species protect themselves against herbivores through mechanical or chemical so-called inducible defences (ID). These are regulated via a hormonal cascade which may be under epigenetic control and in which jasmonic acid (JA) plays a prominent role.</p> <p>In this study, we indirectly tested the role of DNA methylation in the production of ID and the synthesis of hormones involved in the ID signalling cascade. Using different intensities of 5-azacytidine application, we aimed to produce plants of <i>Trifolium repens</i> with different levels of DNA methylation alteration. We then elicited the plants together with controls, i.e. plants with natural DNA methylation status, with JA and then indirectly recorded ID production in herbivore-choice trials in which the leaves of plants with different DNA methylation statuses were provided to caterpillars of a generalist herbivore, <i>Spodoptera littoralis.</i></p> <p>We also analysed the balance of several key defence hormones such as jasmonates, abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and salicylic acid in the plants. We found that the <i>Spodoptera littoralis</i> preferred demethylated plants over non-demethylated controls. Demethylation also reduced production of JA, ABA and IAA. We conclude that DNA methylation modulates expression of ID likely via regulation of signalling hormones involved in the establishment of defence.</p>
A meta-analysis of effects of physiological integration in clonal plants under homogeneous vs. heterogeneous environments
<p class="CxSpFirst"><span><b>Summary</b></span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle"><span>1. Clonal plants play key roles in maintaining community productivity and stability in many ecosystems. Connected individuals (ramets) of clonal plants can translocate and share e.g. photosynthates, water and nutrients, and such physiological integration may affect performance of clonal plants both<a name="_Hlk51046980"> in heterogeneous and homogeneous environments. </a>However, we still lack a general understanding of whether or how physiological integration in clonal plants differs across homogeneous vs. heterogeneous environments. </span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle"><span>2. We compiled data from 198 peer reviewed scientific studies conducted in 19 countries with 108 clonal plant species from 35 families, and carried out a meta-analysis of effects of physiological integration on 16 traits related to plant growth, morphology, physiology or allocation. Our analyses evaluated these relationships in A) heterogeneous environments where at least one resource essential for plant growth (e.g. light, soil water and mineral nutrients) or non-resource factor (e.g. grazing, trampling and burial) is spatially non-uniformly distributed, and B) homogeneous environments where all these factors are spatially uniformly distributed.</span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle"><span>3. Physiological integration increased growth of whole clones in both homogeneous and heterogeneous environments due to its highly significant contribution to growth of recipient ramets. Integration did not affect growth of donor ramets in heterogeneous environments, but decreased it in homogeneous environments. </span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle"><span>4. Integration affected physiological traits of donor ramets in neither homogeneous nor heterogeneous environments. It did not affect any physiological traits of recipient ramets in homogeneous environments, but increased most of them in heterogeneous environments. For donor ramets, integration increased height by 53% and internode length by 37% in heterogeneous environments, but had no effect in homogeneous environments. For recipient ramets, integration increased height by 73% in homogeneous environments and by 115% in heterogeneous environments, and increased internode length by 35% only under heterogeneous environments. In heterogeneous environments, integration increased biomass allocation to roots of donor ramets under high water/nutrient conditions and decreased it under high light. </span></p> <p>5. Physiological integration plays a strong role in clonal plant physiology, morphology, and growth, especially for recipient ramets in heterogeneous environments. Therefore, physiological integration may have contributed to the widespread of clonal plants in nature and their dominance in many ecosystems. It may also play important roles in invasion success of alien clonal plants and in maintaining functions and stability of ecosystems where clonal plants are abundant.</p>
Data from: Twelve years of repeated wild hog activity promotes population maintenance of an invasive clonal plant in a coastal dune ecosystem
Invasive animals can facilitate the success of invasive plant populations through disturbance. We examined the relationship between the repeated foraging disturbance of an invasive animal and the population maintenance of an invasive plant in a coastal dune ecosystem. We hypothesized that feral wild hog (Sus scrofa) populations repeatedly utilized tubers of the clonal perennial, yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) as a food source and evaluated whether hog activity promoted the long-term maintenance of yellow nutsedge populations on St. Catherine's Island, Georgia, United States. Using generalized linear mixed models, we tested the effect of wild hog disturbance on permanent sites for yellow nutsedge culm density, tuber density, and percent cover of native plant species over a 12-year period. We found that disturbance plots had a higher number of culms and tubers and a lower percentage of native live plant cover than undisturbed control plots. Wild hogs redisturbed the disturbed plots approximately every 5 years. Our research provides demographic evidence that repeated foraging disturbances by an invasive animal promote the long-term population maintenance of an invasive clonal plant. Opportunistic facultative interactions such as we demonstrate in this study are likely to become more commonplace as greater numbers of introduced species are integrated into ecological communities around the world.
Data from: Height and clonality traits determine plant community responses to fertilization
Fertilization via agricultural inputs and nutrient deposition is one of the major threats to global terrestrial plant richness, yet we still do not fully understand the mechanisms by which fertilization decreases plant richness. Tall clonal species have recently been proposed to cause declines in plant species richness by increasing in abundance in response to fertilization and competing strongly with other species. We tested this hypothesis in a fertilization experiment in a low productivity grassland by using a novel experimental manipulation of the presence vs. absence of clonal species and by examining the role of height within these treatments. We found that fertilization decreased species richness more in the presence than absence of clonal species. We also found that only tall species increased in biomass in response to fertilization. In the absence of clonal species, fertilization increased biomass of tall nonclonal species. However, in the presence of clonal species, fertilization decreased tall nonclonal biomass and only tall clonal biomass increased. Fertilization caused almost all short species to be lost in the presence, but not the absence, of clonal species and caused greater declines in the mean and variance of light levels in the presence of clonal species. These results show that the traits of species in a community can determine the magnitude of species loss due to fertilization. The strongly negative effect of tall clonals on species richness in fertilized plots is likely a result of their capacity to decrease light levels to a greater extent and more uniformly than nonclonal species, and thereby drive the exclusion of short species. These results help clarify the mechanisms whereby fertilization decreases grassland plant species richness and suggest that efforts to prevent the loss of species under fertilized conditions may be most effective when they focus on controlling the biomass of tall clonal species.
Data from: Genetic uniformity characterizes the invasive spread of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), a clonal aquatic plant
Aquatic plant invasions are often associated with long-distance dispersal of vegetative propagules and prolific clonal reproduction. These reproductive features combined with genetic bottlenecks have the potential to severely limit genetic diversity in invasive populations. To investigate this question we conducted a global scale population genetic survey using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers of the world's most successful aquatic plant invader – Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth). We sampled 1140 ramets from 54 populations from the native (South America) and introduced range (Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, Central America and the Caribbean). Although we detected 49 clones, introduced populations exhibited very low genetic diversity and little differentiation compared with those from the native range, and ~80% percent of introduced populations were composed of a single clone. A widespread clone ('W') detected in two Peruvian populations accounted for 70.9% of the individuals sampled and dominated in 74.5% of the introduced populations. However, samples from Bangladesh and Indonesia were composed of different genotypes, implicating multiple introductions to the introduced range. Nine of 47 introduced populations contained clonal diversity suggesting that sexual recruitment occurs in some invasive sites where environmental conditions favor seedling establishment. The global patterns of genetic diversity in E. crassipes likely result from severe genetic bottlenecks during colonization and prolific clonal propagation. The prevalence of the "W" genotype throughout the invasive range may be explained by stochastic sampling, or possibly because of pre-adaptation of the "W" genotype to tolerate low temperatures.
Increased spatial-genetic structure in a population of the clonal aquatic plant Sagittaria latifolia (Alismataceae) following disturbance
<p>The spatial genetic structure (SGS) of plant populations is determined by the outcome of key ecological processes, including pollen and seed dispersal, the intensity of local resource competition among newly recruited plants, and patterns of mortality among established plants. Changes in the magnitude of SGS over time can provide insights into the operation of these processes. We measured SGS in a population of the clonal aquatic plant, <i>Sagittaria latifolia</i> that had been disturbed by flooding, both before and after the flood. . Over the four-year interval between measurements, we found substantial changes in the magnitude of SGS. In the first measurement (pre-flood), SGS was weak, even over short distances. By contrast, there was substantial SGS in the second measurement (post-flood), particularly over short distances. This change in SGS was accompanied by near complete turnover in the genotypic composition of the population. The genotypic richness of the population (the number of unique clones scaled by the sample size) was halved over the four-year interval. The clonal subrange – the distances between shoots within clones – also shrank considerably, with more than 5% of shoots having clone-mates at distances greater than 10 m before the flood, but fewer than 5% of shoots having clone-mates at distances beyond 2 m afterwards. Clonal turnover and the re-establishment of SGS in clonal populations are both expected following local extirpation and recruitment. These data reveal the genetic signatures of disturbance and a subsequent flush of seedling recruitment and subsequent clonal expansion.</p>
Current and future plant invasions in protected areas: Does clonality matter?
<p><b>Aim: </b>Protected areas (PAs) play an important role in biodiversity conservation, but remain increasingly threatened by invasive alien plant species (IAPS) in conjunction with global climate change. The latter is modifying the distribution of the former, and the magnitude and direction of distributional changes are predicted to vary depending on species dispersal mode. Here we address the question of whether clonality is expected to affect the future invasion pattern in PAs.</p> <p><b>Location: </b>World-wide.</p> <p><b>Time period: </b>1950–2100.</p> <p><b>Major taxa studied:</b> 36 invasive alien plant species</p> <p><b>Methods: </b>We used ensembles of three species distribution models (GLM, GAM and Maxent) based on > 70,000 occurrence records to project the distribution of 36 of the world's most invasive clonal and non-clonal plants in > 20,000 PAs. Projections were based on three greenhouse gas concentration scenarios (low, medium and high) for 2080.</p> <p><b>Results: </b>Climate change showed little impact on the global invasion pattern in PAs and clonality showed little effect when all biomes were processed in concert. However, we discerned that the future invasion risk of clonal IAPS markedly increased in biomes located at high elevation and high latitude compared to non-clonal IAPS, while the risk decreased in lower-elevation tropical and subtropical biomes where asexual reproduction may be a less successful trait. We also showed that invasion hotspots overlapped with biodiversity hotspots and two realms (i.e., Nearctic and Palearctic), which calls for bridging the gap between invasion and conservation sciences and for more concerted management strategies.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions:</b> We suggest that effective management of IAPS in PAs should consider in which biomes PAs are located as well as the reproductive traits of IAPS that are present or may become so.</p>
Data from: Genetic uniformity characterizes the invasive spread of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), a clonal aquatic plant
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Data from: Twelve years of repeated wild hog activity promotes population maintenance of an invasive clonal plant in a coastal dune ecosystem
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
A meta-analysis of effects of physiological integration in clonal plants under homogeneous vs. heterogeneous environments
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Data from: Reproductive strategies and isolation-by-demography in a marine clonal plant along an eutrophication gradient
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Current and future plant invasions in protected areas: Does clonality matter?
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Data from: Height and clonality traits determine plant community responses to fertilization
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Increased spatial-genetic structure in a population of the clonal aquatic plant Sagittaria latifolia (Alismataceae) following disturbance
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Data from: Natural selection and outbreeding depression suggest adaptive differentiation in the invasive range of a clonal plant
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Data from the study: Effect of experimental DNA demethylation on phytohormones production and palatability of a clonal plant after induction via jasmonic acid
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Data from: Invasive alien plants benefit more from clonal integration in heterogeneous environments than natives
What confers invasive alien plants a competitive advantage over native plants remains open to debate. Many of the world's worst invasive alien plants are clonal and able to share resources within clones (clonal integration), particularly in heterogeneous environments. Here, we tested the hypothesis that clonal integration benefits invasive clonal plants more than natives and thus confers invasives a competitive advantage. We selected five congeneric and naturally co-occurring pairs of invasive alien and native clonal plants in China, and grew pairs of connected and disconnected ramets under heterogeneous light, soil nutrient and water conditions that are commonly encountered by alien plants during their invasion into new areas. Clonal integration increased biomass of all plants in all three heterogeneous resource environments. However, invasive plants benefited more from clonal integration than natives. Consequently, invasive plants produced more biomass than natives. Our results indicate that clonal integration may confer invasive alien clonal plants a competitive advantage over natives. Therefore, differences in the ability of clonal integration could potentially explain, at least partly, the invasion success of alien clonal plants in areas where resources are heterogeneously distributed.
Data from: Clonal genetic structure and diversity in populations of an aquatic plant with combined versus separate sexes
Clonality is often implicated in models of the evolution of dioecy, but few studies have explicitly compared clonal structure between plant sexual systems, or between the sexes in dioecious populations. Here, we exploit the occurrence of monoecy and dioecy in clonal Sagittaria latifola (Alismataceae) to evaluate two main hypotheses: (1) clone sizes are smaller in monoecious than dioecious populations, because of constraints imposed on clone size by costs associated with geitonogamy; (2) in dioecious populations, male clones are larger and flower more often than female clones because of sex-differential reproductive costs. Differences in clone size and flowering could result in discordance between ramet- and genet-based sex ratios. We used spatially explicit sampling to address these hypotheses in 10 monoecious and 11 dioecious populations of S. latifolia at the northern range limit in eastern N. America. In contrast to our predictions, monoecious clones were significantly larger than dioecious clones, probably due to their higher rates of vegetative growth and corm production, and in dioecious populations there was no difference in clone size between females and males; ramet- and genet-based sex ratios were therefore highly correlated. Genotypic diversity declined with latitude for both sexual systems, but monoecious populations exhibited lower genotypic richness. Differences in life history between the sexual systems of S. latifolia appear to be the most important determinants of clonal structure and diversity.
Data from: Resource heterogeneity, soil fertility, and species diversity: effects of clonal species on plant communities
Spatial heterogeneity in soil resources is widely thought to promote plant species coexistence, and this mechanism figures prominently in resource-ratio models of competition. However, most experimental studies have found that nutrient enhancements depress diversity regardless of whether nutrients are uniformly or heterogeneously applied. This mismatch between theory and empirical pattern is potentially due to an interaction between plant size and the scale of resource heterogeneity. Clonal plants that spread vegetatively via rhizomes or stolons can grow large and may integrate across resource patches, thus reducing the positive effect of small-scale resource heterogeneity on plant species richness. Many rhizomatous clonal species respond strongly to increased soil fertility, and they have been hypothesized to drive the descending arm of the hump-shaped productivity-diversity relationship in grasslands. We tested whether clonals reduce species richness in a grassland community by manipulating nutrient heterogeneity, soil fertility, and the presence of rhizomatous clonal species in a 6-year field experiment. We found strong and consistent negative effects of clonals on species richness. These effects were greatest at high fertility and when soil resources were applied at a scale at which rhizomatous clonals could integrate across resource patches. Thus, we find support for the hypothesis that plant size and resource heterogeneity interact to determine species diversity.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.