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Text-fig. 23. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Clavatipollenites sp. 2 (a–c) from a fragmentary stamen, and stamen fragments with in situ pollen of Clavatipollenites sp. 3 (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Distal (a) and proximal (b) view of pollen showing simple, elongate colpus on distal surface and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; c) Detail of pollen wall showing muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation and long scattered columellae; d) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen; e, f) Distal views of pollen from stamen fragment showing poorly defined aperture, coarse reticulum and long scattered columellae; g) Fragment of stamen; h) Distal view of pollen showing poorly defined aperture covered by irregular verrucae; i, j) Pollen wall showing rounded orbicules (i) and fractured pollen wall showing long scattered columellae (j). Specimens, TV43-S136728 (a–c), TV44-S149201 (d–f), TV44-S149220 (g–j). Scale bars 300 Μm (d, g), 6 Μm (a, b, e, f, h), 3 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (i, j). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 23. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Clavatipollenites sp. 2 (a–c) from a fragmentary stamen, and stamen fragments with in situ pollen of Clavatipollenites sp. 3 (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Distal (a) and proximal (b) view of pollen showing simple, elongate colpus on distal surface and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; c) Detail of pollen wall showing muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation and long scattered columellae; d) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen; e, f) Distal views of pollen from stamen fragment showing poorly defined aperture, coarse reticulum and long scattered columellae; g) Fragment of stamen; h) Distal view of pollen showing poorly defined aperture covered by irregular verrucae; i, j) Pollen wall showing rounded orbicules (i) and fractured pollen wall showing long scattered columellae (j). Specimens, TV43-S136728 (a–c), TV44-S149201 (d–f), TV44-S149220 (g–j). Scale bars 300 Μm (d, g), 6 Μm (a, b, e, f, h), 3 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (i, j).

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Text-fig. 18. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Canrightia sp. with associated pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit in lateral view showing prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by the scattered oil bodies and the broad hypanthium fused to the base of the fruit (arrowhead); b) Fruit surface showing epidermal cells and the scattered oil cells embedded in the fruit wall (arrowheads); c) Cluster of monocolpate pollen grains in the probable stigmatic region of the fruit; d) Pollen grains showing the long colpus and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; e) Pollen wall showing the reticulum with large and small lumina, and scattered, compressed columellae supporting the smooth muri. Specimen, TV142-S170213. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b), 30 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d), 1 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 18. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Canrightia sp. with associated pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit in lateral view showing prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by the scattered oil bodies and the broad hypanthium fused to the base of the fruit (arrowhead); b) Fruit surface showing epidermal cells and the scattered oil cells embedded in the fruit wall (arrowheads); c) Cluster of monocolpate pollen grains in the probable stigmatic region of the fruit; d) Pollen grains showing the long colpus and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; e) Pollen wall showing the reticulum with large and small lumina, and scattered, compressed columellae supporting the smooth muri. Specimen, TV142-S170213. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b), 30 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d), 1 Μm (e).

Figure 9 in Developmental patterns of the crocodilian and avian columella auris: reappraisal of interpretations of the derivation of the dorsal hyoid arch in archosaurian tetrapods

Figure 9. Development of the columella auris in Gallus domesticus and Coturnix japonica. A, day-8 chick embryo, ventro-right lateral view. B, day-10 chick embryo, postero-right lateral view. C, day-11 chick embryo, antero-right lateral view. D, day-7 quail embryo, left lateral view. E, day-9 quail embryo, ventro-right lateral view. F, day-9 quail embryo, ventro-left lateral view. G, day-10 quail embryo, ventropostero-right lateral view. For abbreviations see the Appendix. A–G: whole mounts.

Figure 8 in Developmental patterns of the crocodilian and avian columella auris: reappraisal of interpretations of the derivation of the dorsal hyoid arch in archosaurian tetrapods

Figure 8. Development of the columella auris and surrounding tissues in Struthio camelus. A, day-16 embryo, posteroleft lateral and anteroventro-left lateral view. B, day-17 embryo, ventro-left lateral view. C, day-18 embryo, left lateral view. D, day-20 embryo, postero-left lateral view. E, day-25 embryo, antero-left lateral view. F, day-29 embryo,

Figure 6 in Developmental patterns of the crocodilian and avian columella auris: reappraisal of interpretations of the derivation of the dorsal hyoid arch in archosaurian tetrapods

Figure 6. Development of the columella auris and surrounding tissues in Struthio camelus. A, day-11 embryo, ventro-right lateral view. B, day-12 embryo, ventro-right lateral view. C and D, day-13 embryo, postero-left lateral view. E, day-13 embryo, posterior view. F, day-13 embryo, postero-dorsal and posterior view. G, day-13 embryo, anterior view. For abbreviations see the Appendix. The dotted yellow circle represents the region of the tympanic process. The dotted red circle represents tympanic invagination. A and B, whole mounts; C–G, graphic reconstructions.

Figure 5 in Developmental patterns of the crocodilian and avian columella auris: reappraisal of interpretations of the derivation of the dorsal hyoid arch in archosaurian tetrapods

Figure 5. Development of the columella auris of Crocodylus niloticus. A, day-17 embryo, left lateral view. B, day-21 embryo, left lateral view. C, day-25 embryo, left lateral view. D, day-26 embryo, left lateral view. E, day-26 embryo, right lateral view. F, day-27 embryo, right lateral view. G, day-29 embryo, right lateral view. H, day-29 embryo, left lateral view. I, day-30 embryo, left lateral view. J, day-35 embryo, left lateral view. K, day-40 embryo, left lateral view. For abbreviations see the Appendix. A–K, whole mounts.

Figure 4 in Developmental patterns of the crocodilian and avian columella auris: reappraisal of interpretations of the derivation of the dorsal hyoid arch in archosaurian tetrapods

Figure 4. Development of the columella auris and surrounding tissues of Alligator mississippiensis. A and B, day-40 embryo, left lateral and right lateral view. C, day-40 embryo, right lateral view. D, day-42 embryo, right lateral and medial view. E, day-42 embryo, right lateral view. F, day-47 embryo, right lateral view. G, day-51 embryo, right lateral view. For abbreviations see the Appendix. A, B, and E–G, whole mounts; C and D, graphic reconstructions.

Figure 3 in Developmental patterns of the crocodilian and avian columella auris: reappraisal of interpretations of the derivation of the dorsal hyoid arch in archosaurian tetrapods

Figure 3. Development of the columella auris and surrounding tissues of Alligator mississippiensis. A, day-30 embryo, left lateral and medial view. B, day-33 embryo, left lateral view. C, day-37 embryo, right lateral and medial view. D and E, day-39 embryo, right lateral view. For abbreviations see the Appendix. A and C, graphic reconstructions; B, D, and E,

Figure 2 in Developmental patterns of the crocodilian and avian columella auris: reappraisal of interpretations of the derivation of the dorsal hyoid arch in archosaurian tetrapods

Figure 2. Development of the columella auris and surrounding tissues of Alligator mississippiensis. A–C, day-21 embryos, transverse sections through the external and middle ear region. D, day-21 embryo, posterior view. E, day-22 embryo, right lateral view. F, day-25 embryo, right lateral view. G, day-27 embryo, postero-right lateral view. H, day-28 embryo, right lateral view. For abbreviations see the Appendix. A–C, histological sections; D and G, graphic reconstructions; E, F, and H, whole mounts.

Figure 1 in Developmental patterns of the crocodilian and avian columella auris: reappraisal of interpretations of the derivation of the dorsal hyoid arch in archosaurian tetrapods

Figure 1. Development of the columella auris and surrounding tissues of Alligator mississippiensis. A, day-12 embryo, right lateral view. B, C, and E, day-14 embryo, postero-left lateral, posterior, and right lateral view. D and F, day-14 embryo, transverse sections through the external and middle ear region. G and H, day-16 embryo, transverse sections through the external and middle ear region. I, day-18 embryo, right lateral view. For abbreviations see the Appendix. In all figures hyal elements are distinguished in all whole mounts by yellow labels. A and I, whole mounts; B, C, and E, graphic reconstructions; D, and F–H, histological sections.

Text-fig. 41. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Pollen clump with tricolpate pollen sp. 5"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump, probably coprolite but containing one kind of pollen; b, c) Pollen grains from pollen clump in oblique equatorial view (b) and polar view (c) showing the three apertures with a distinct aperture margin and the coarse reticulum; d) Detail of wall of a broken pollen grain showing long straight columellae and a thin foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 50-S115858 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 1.5 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 41. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Pollen clump with tricolpate pollen sp. 5"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump, probably coprolite but containing one kind of pollen; b, c) Pollen grains from pollen clump in oblique equatorial view (b) and polar view (c) showing the three apertures with a distinct aperture margin and the coarse reticulum; d) Detail of wall of a broken pollen grain showing long straight columellae and a thin foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 50-S115858 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 1.5 Μm (d).

Text-fig. 40. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Pollen clump with tricolpate pollen sp. 4"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump, probably an anther fragment with one kind of pollen grain; b) Detail of pollen clump showing densely packed pollen all of the same kind; c) Pollen grains in equatorial (left) and polar (right) views showing the coarse reticulum in the mesocolpium regions, the striate-reticulate tectum over the polar regions, and the microreticulate to foveolate tectum along the aperture margins; d) Detail of pollen wall showing smooth muri supported by long, densely-spaced columellae; e) Detail of broken pollen wall showing long, densely-spaced columellae detached from the thick foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170386 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (d, e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 40. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Pollen clump with tricolpate pollen sp. 4"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump, probably an anther fragment with one kind of pollen grain; b) Detail of pollen clump showing densely packed pollen all of the same kind; c) Pollen grains in equatorial (left) and polar (right) views showing the coarse reticulum in the mesocolpium regions, the striate-reticulate tectum over the polar regions, and the microreticulate to foveolate tectum along the aperture margins; d) Detail of pollen wall showing smooth muri supported by long, densely-spaced columellae; e) Detail of broken pollen wall showing long, densely-spaced columellae detached from the thick foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170386 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (d, e).

Text-fig. 37. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with tricolpate pollen sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment showing the elongate, tetrasporangiate anther but with the base and apex poorly preserved; b–d) Pollen grains from stamen fragment in equatorial view showing the long colpi and well-developed, heterobrochate reticulum with very distinct large and small lumina; e) Detail of pollen wall showing orbicules with irregular projections; f) Detail of pollen wall showing smooth muri supported by short, densely spaced columellae. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170419 (a–f). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d), 1.5 Μm (e, f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 37. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with tricolpate pollen sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment showing the elongate, tetrasporangiate anther but with the base and apex poorly preserved; b–d) Pollen grains from stamen fragment in equatorial view showing the long colpi and well-developed, heterobrochate reticulum with very distinct large and small lumina; e) Detail of pollen wall showing orbicules with irregular projections; f) Detail of pollen wall showing smooth muri supported by short, densely spaced columellae. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170419 (a–f). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d), 1.5 Μm (e, f).

Text-fig. 32. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with monocolpate, reticulate pollen"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen with four pollen sacs and an adhering bract (arrow); b) Pollen grains from stamen showing the large gaping, almost circular, aperture with a distinct aperture margin; c) Detail of pollen wall showing finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation and bases of broken columellae; d) Pollen grain showing the large gaping, rounded aperture; e) Pollen grains showing large, rounded aperture (left) and abraded reticulum exposing the surface of the foot layer and long columellae (right). Specimen, Catefica 49-S170144 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (d, e), 1.5 Μm (c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 32. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with monocolpate, reticulate pollen"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen with four pollen sacs and an adhering bract (arrow); b) Pollen grains from stamen showing the large gaping, almost circular, aperture with a distinct aperture margin; c) Detail of pollen wall showing finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation and bases of broken columellae; d) Pollen grain showing the large gaping, rounded aperture; e) Pollen grains showing large, rounded aperture (left) and abraded reticulum exposing the surface of the foot layer and long columellae (right). Specimen, Catefica 49-S170144 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (d, e), 1.5 Μm (c).

Text-fig. 14. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with Asteropollis-type pollen sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen with pollen in situ; b–d) Pollen in situ in stamen in (a) showing poorly defined tetrachotomocolpate aperture and semitectate-reticulate tectum; e) Detail of pollen wall showing semitectate-reticulate tectum with long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri; note two irregular rows of minute verrucae ornamenting surface of muri. Specimen, Catefica 50- S170385 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c, d), 1.5 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 14. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with Asteropollis-type pollen sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen with pollen in situ; b–d) Pollen in situ in stamen in (a) showing poorly defined tetrachotomocolpate aperture and semitectate-reticulate tectum; e) Detail of pollen wall showing semitectate-reticulate tectum with long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri; note two irregular rows of minute verrucae ornamenting surface of muri. Specimen, Catefica 50- S170385 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c, d), 1.5 Μm (e).

Text-fig. 11. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen with pollen in situ; b) Detail from stamen fragment showing distal and proximal surfaces of in situ pollen grains; c) Pollen grain in distal view showing short colpus with irregular margin and aperture membrane covered by irregular verrucae; d) Detail of pollen wall showing tiny spherical orbicules; e) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170389 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 3 Μm (d), 1.5 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 11. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen with pollen in situ; b) Detail from stamen fragment showing distal and proximal surfaces of in situ pollen grains; c) Pollen grain in distal view showing short colpus with irregular margin and aperture membrane covered by irregular verrucae; d) Detail of pollen wall showing tiny spherical orbicules; e) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170389 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 3 Μm (d), 1.5 Μm (e).

Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a–c, e, f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, d) images of fruits and pollen grains of Hedyflora crystallifera; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral view of fruits showing the remains of apical tepals and remains of the hypanthium, which is thicker on the edges of the fruit in (b) (arrows); c) Detail of hypanthium surface between the thickenings on the edges of the fruit showing polygonal cells with a central papilla; d) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0600) of fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (arrowhead) and sclerified outer tegmen (asterisk); e) Distal view of pollen grain from surface of fruit showing the poorly defined tetrachotomocolpate aperture (daggers indicating the four arms of the aperture) and semi-tectate, reticulate tectum; f) Detail of pollen wall showing narrow muri with indistinctly beaded surface ornamentation of minute verrucae in poorly defined rows and supported by long columellae. Specimens, Catefica 49-S172313 (a), Catefica 49-S153159 (b), Catefica 49-S172324 (c), Catefica 49-S172325 (d), Catefica 50-S170453 (e, f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (d), 50 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e), 1.5 Μm (f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a–c, e, f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, d) images of fruits and pollen grains of Hedyflora crystallifera; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral view of fruits showing the remains of apical tepals and remains of the hypanthium, which is thicker on the edges of the fruit in (b) (arrows); c) Detail of hypanthium surface between the thickenings on the edges of the fruit showing polygonal cells with a central papilla; d) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0600) of fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (arrowhead) and sclerified outer tegmen (asterisk); e) Distal view of pollen grain from surface of fruit showing the poorly defined tetrachotomocolpate aperture (daggers indicating the four arms of the aperture) and semi-tectate, reticulate tectum; f) Detail of pollen wall showing narrow muri with indistinctly beaded surface ornamentation of minute verrucae in poorly defined rows and supported by long columellae. Specimens, Catefica 49-S172313 (a), Catefica 49-S153159 (b), Catefica 49-S172324 (c), Catefica 49-S172325 (d), Catefica 50-S170453 (e, f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (d), 50 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e), 1.5 Μm (f).

Text-fig. 13. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Staminate inflorescence fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 4"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of stamen whorl from staminate inflorescence showing several closely packed, almost sessile stamens that lack a well-developed filament; b, c) Distal and proximal views of pollen grains showing poorly defined aperture with verrucate aperture membrane; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 49-S107782 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 1.5 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 13. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Staminate inflorescence fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 4"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of stamen whorl from staminate inflorescence showing several closely packed, almost sessile stamens that lack a well-developed filament; b, c) Distal and proximal views of pollen grains showing poorly defined aperture with verrucate aperture membrane; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 49-S107782 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 1.5 Μm (d).

Text-fig. 12. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 3"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment with pollen in situ; b, c) Pollen grains showing the semitectate-reticulate pollen wall and folds (c) indicating a possible monocolpate aperture; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation; e) Detail of pollen wall showing tiny, spherical, finely spiny orbicules. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170449 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 1.5 Μm (d, e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 12. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 3"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment with pollen in situ; b, c) Pollen grains showing the semitectate-reticulate pollen wall and folds (c) indicating a possible monocolpate aperture; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation; e) Detail of pollen wall showing tiny, spherical, finely spiny orbicules. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170449 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 1.5 Μm (d, e).

Text-fig. 30. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of anther and pollen of Kempia longicolpites; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Transverse section through an anther showing the four pollen sacs with in situ pollen; b) Pollen in situ from anther in (a) showing very long colpus and loosely attached reticulum; c) Detail of reticulum showing smooth muri supported by short, scattered columellae; d) Pollen grain from anther in (a) enlarged showing colpus extended beyond the equator and loosely attached reticulum; e) Detail of pollen wall showing thick, homogeneous foot layer, columellae and reticulate tectum; note remains of granular endexine (arrows) in the apertural region of the grain; f) Internal view of reticulum showing the short columellae adhering to the muri detached from the foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 49-S101208 (a–f). Scale bars = 100 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (d), 3 Μm (c, e, f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 30. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of anther and pollen of Kempia longicolpites; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Transverse section through an anther showing the four pollen sacs with in situ pollen; b) Pollen in situ from anther in (a) showing very long colpus and loosely attached reticulum; c) Detail of reticulum showing smooth muri supported by short, scattered columellae; d) Pollen grain from anther in (a) enlarged showing colpus extended beyond the equator and loosely attached reticulum; e) Detail of pollen wall showing thick, homogeneous foot layer, columellae and reticulate tectum; note remains of granular endexine (arrows) in the apertural region of the grain; f) Internal view of reticulum showing the short columellae adhering to the muri detached from the foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 49-S101208 (a–f). Scale bars = 100 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (d), 3 Μm (c, e, f).