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Figure 19 in A morphometric approach to conch ontogeny of Cymaclymenia and related genera (Ammonoidea, Late Devonian)

Figure 19. Cross sections (A–D; all × 1.5) and ontogenetic trajectories (E–H) of Cymaclymenia costellata (Münster, 1832) from the Rhenish Mountains of Germany. (A) Specimen MB.C.22693 (Korn 1975 Coll.) from Reigern. (B) Specimen MB.C.22694 (Korn 1974 Coll.) from Reigern. (C) Specimen MB.C.22695.2 (Korn 1977 Coll.) from Oberrödinghausen. (D) Specimen MB.C.22695.3 (Korn 1977 Coll.) from Oberrödinghausen. (E) Conch width index (ww / dm). (F) Umbilical width index (ww / wh). (G) Whorl width index (uw / dm). (H) Whorl expansion rate (WER).

Figure 18 in A morphometric approach to conch ontogeny of Cymaclymenia and related genera (Ammonoidea, Late Devonian)

Figure 18. Cymaclymenia costellata (Münster, 1832) from the Rhenish Mountains (Germany); all × 1.0. (A) Specimen MB.C.22692 (Korn 1974 Coll.) from Reigern. (B) Specimen MB.C.4179 (Denckmann 1900 Coll.) from Wettmarsen. (C) Specimen MB.C.22695.1 (Korn 1977 Coll.) from Oberrödinghausen. (D) Specimen MB.C.22700 (Schindewolf 1931 Coll.) from Hauern near Braunau. (E) Specimen MB.C.22697 (Korn 1987 Coll.) from Effenberg. (F) Specimen MB.C.4185 (Lotz and Denckmann 1900 Coll.) from Langenholthausen. (G) Specimen MB.C.22701 (Denckmann 1895 Coll.) from Hauern. (H) Specimen MB.C.4202.2 (purchased 1903) from Hauern. (I) Specimen MB.C.4202.1 (purchased 1903) from Hauern.

Figure 15. Cymaclymenia formosa n in A morphometric approach to conch ontogeny of Cymaclymenia and related genera (Ammonoidea, Late Devonian)

Figure 15. Cymaclymenia formosa n. sp. from the Anti-Atlas of Morocco; all × 1.0. (A) Holotype MB.C.22609.1 (Korn 1995 Coll.) from Erfoud. (B) Paratype MB.C.22669.1 (Wendt Coll.) from Hamar Laghdad. (C) Paratype MB.C.22669.2 (Wendt Coll.) from Hamar Laghdad. (D) Paratype MB.C.22669.3 (Wendt Coll.) from Hamar Laghdad. (E) Paratype MB.C.22649.1 (Korn 2009 Coll.) from Lambidia (Aguelmous). (F) Paratype MB.C.22649.2 (Korn 2009 Coll.) from Lambidia (Aguelmous). (G) Paratype MB.C.22669.4 (Wendt Coll.) from Hamar Laghdad.

Figure 1 in A morphometric approach to conch ontogeny of Cymaclymenia and related genera (Ammonoidea, Late Devonian)

Figure 1. Modes of allometry expressed in ammonoid conchs, exemplified in the conch width index (CWI) of modelled and real ammonoids (Korn, 2012). (A) Isometry (stable allometry coefficient α = 1). (B) Monophasic linear allometry (stable α; α <1). (C) Monophasic nonlinear allometry (decreasing α). (D) Biphasic linear allometry (succession of two different allometry coefficients α). (E) Triphasic linear allometry (succession of three different allometry coefficients α). (F) Triphasic non-linear allometry in the Early Carboniferous example Cravenoceras leion Bisat, 1930 (ontogenetically variable allometry coefficient α).

Figure 11. Procymaclymenia ebbighauseni n in A morphometric approach to conch ontogeny of Cymaclymenia and related genera (Ammonoidea, Late Devonian)

Figure 11. Procymaclymenia ebbighauseni n. sp. from the Anti-Atlas of Morocco; all × 1.0. (A) Paratype MB.C.22619.1 (Ebbighausen and Korn 2009 Coll.) from Madène el Mrakib. (B) MB.C.22621.1 (Ebbighausen and Korn 2009 Coll.) from Madène el Mrakib. (C) Paratype MB.C.22665.1 (Korn 1995 Coll.) from El Atrous. (D) Paratype MB.C.22665.2 (Korn 1995 Coll.) from El Atrous. (E) Paratype MB.C.22620.2 (Ebbighausen and Korn 2009 Coll.) from Madène el Mrakib. (F) Paratype MB.C.22620.1 (Ebbighausen and Korn 2009 Coll.) from Madène el Mrakib. (G) Paratype MB.C.22622.1 (Ebbighausen and Korn 2009 Coll.) from Madène el Mrakib.

Figure 14 in A morphometric approach to conch ontogeny of Cymaclymenia and related genera (Ammonoidea, Late Devonian)

Figure 14. Cross sections (A–I; all × 1.5) and ontogenetic trajectories (J–M) of Cymaclymenia subvexa n. sp. from the Anti-Atlas of Morocco. (A) Paratype MB.C.22647.1 (Korn 2009 Coll.) from Madène el Mrakib. (B) Paratype MB.C.22686.1 (Wendt Coll.) from Khorb et Attil. (C) Paratype MB.C.22675 (Wendt Coll.) from Bou Ifarherioun. (D) Paratype MB.C.22636.2 (Korn 1998 Coll.) from Madène el Mrakib. (E) Paratype MB.C.22682 (Wendt Coll.) from Taourirt. (F) Paratype MB.C.22686.2 (Wendt Coll.) from Khorb et Attil. (G) Paratype MB.C.22683.1 (Wendt Coll.) from Taourirt. (H) Paratype MB.C.22684.1 (Wendt Coll.) from Taourirt. (I) Paratype MB.C.22636.3 (Korn 1998 Coll.) from Madène el Mrakib. (J) Conch width index (ww / dm). (K) Umbilical width index (ww / wh). (L) Whorl width index (uw / dm). (M) Whorl expansion rate (WER).

Figure 26 in A morphometric approach to conch ontogeny of Cymaclymenia and related genera (Ammonoidea, Late Devonian)

Figure 26. Cross sections (A, C; all × 1.5), photograph (B; × 1.0) and ontogenetic trajectories (D–G) of Cymaclymenia carnata n. sp. from the Anti-Atlas of Morocco. (A, B) Holotype MB.C.22654 (Kullmann Coll.) from Aguelmous. (C) Paratype MB.C.22645 (Korn 2009 Coll.) from Madène el Mrakib. (D) Conch width index (ww / dm). (E) Umbilical width index (ww / wh). (F) Whorl width index (uw / dm). (G) Whorl expansion rate (WER).

Fig. 7 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 7. Evolution of the relative contribution of ammonoid superfamilies to diversity and disparity (mean squared Euclidean distance to the centroid) through the Early and Middle Devonian; based on the analysis of the whorl profiles. A. Relative contribution of ammonoid superfamilies to diversity (sampled-in-bin). B. Fluctuations of the mean squared Euclidean distance to the centroid (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals computed after 1000 bootstraps) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). C. Relative contribution of ammonoid superfamilies to disparity (mean squared Euclidean distance to the centroid). See Fig. 2 for interval labels.

Fig. 9 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 9. Evolution of the relative contribution of ammonoid superfamilies to diversity and disparity (mean squared Euclidean distance to the centroid) through the Early and Middle Devonian ammonoid zones (biozones numbered from 1 to 30, see Fig. 2); based on the analysis of the whorl profiles. A. Relative contribution of ammonoid superfamilies to diversity (sampled-in-bin). B. Fluctuations of the mean squared Euclidean distance to the centroid (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals computed after 1000 bootstraps) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). C. Relative contribution of ammonoid superfamilies to disparity (mean squared Euclidean distance to the centroid).

Fig. 6 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 6. Evolution of the morphospace occupation through the seven intervals constituting the Early and Middle Devonian, showing the distribution of ammonoid superfamilies; based on the analysis of the whorl profiles (on each diagram, the horizontal axis corresponds to PC1 and the vertical axis to PC2). See Fig. 2 for interval labels.

Fig. 11 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 11. Variations of the convex hull area computed for PC1 and PC2, based on the analysis of the whorl profiles through the Early and Middle Devonian. Comparison of the measured values with the expected values given diversity, computed by applying the null model of Whalen et al. (2020). A. Fluctuations computed at the interval resolution. B. Fluctuations computed at the biozone resolution. See Fig. 2 for interval labels and biozones.

Fig. 5 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 5. Diagrams showing the morphospace occupation observed for the three stages constituting the Early and Middle Devonian (A–C), with level contours and density curves; based on the analysis of the whorl profiles. The grey dots correspond to the data recorded for the entire studied time interval (Early and Middle Devonian); the black dots refer to the data recorded for each of the studied stage (respectively, Emsian, Eifelian, and Givetian). The colours refer to the density of the data in the morphospace; the red-yellowwhite gradient indicates the decreasing density of occupied areas. Compare also with density curves (in grey) above and to the right of the diagrams.

Fig. 4 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 4. Morphospace occupation observed for the Early and Middle Devonian, based on the analysis of the whorl profiles, with representative examples of shapes. The first two axes explain 95.7% of the variance.

Fig. 3. Ammonoid morphology and dataset. A in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 3. Ammonoid morphology and dataset. A. Morphology of an ammonoid; as an example, the outline of the whorl profile taken at the maximum conch diameter is highlighted by a thick black line (modified from De Baets et al. 2010). B. Dataset analysed here; compilation of drawings of whorl profile outlines corresponding to Early and Middle Devonian ammonoids from Morocco.

Fig. 8 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 8. Disparity and diversity fluctuations through the Early and Middle Devonian; based on the analysis of the whorl profiles. A. Sum of ranges (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). B. Sum of variances (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). C. Average displacement (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). Confidence intervals (error bars) are computed after 1000 bootstraps. See Fig. 2 for interval labels.

Fig. 1 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 1. Simplified geological map of Morocco (modified from Klug 2002b). The square shows the area where Early and Middle Devonian ammonoids are reported (Tafilalt and Ma'der basins).

Fig. 2 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic scheme for the Early and Middle Devonian of the Anti-Atlas of Morocco, showing the distribution of superfamilies through time. Ammonoid biozonation from (Klug 2002a; Aboussalam and Becker 2011; Bockwinkel et al. 2015; Becker et al. 2019). Absolute ages from the Geological Time Scale v. 5.0 (Walker et al. 2018). "Sobolewia sp. nov." and "Afromaenioceras sp. nov" have been introduced by Becker et al. (2004), and Lunupharciceras sp. nov." by Aboussalam and Becker (2011); these new taxa have not yet been formally described but they are mentioned in several studies where they are used to establish the biozonation (e.g., Becker et al. 2004; Aboussalam and Becker 2011).

Fig. 10 in Morphological disparity of early ammonoids: A geometric morphometric approach to investigate conch geometry

Fig. 10. Disparity and diversity fluctuations through the Early and Middle Devonian ammonoid zones (biozones numbered from 1 to 30, see Fig. 2); based on the analysis of the whorl profiles. A. Sum of ranges (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). B. Sum of variances (black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). C. Average displacement black line with grey area showing the confidence intervals) and sampled-in-bin diversity (blue bars). Confidence intervals (error bars) are computed after 1000 bootstraps.

Figure 9 in A morphometric approach to conch ontogeny of Cymaclymenia and related genera (Ammonoidea, Late Devonian)

Figure 9. Ontogenetic pathways of six cymaclymeniid species in the morphospace calculated with morphometric data: (A) Procymaclymenia ebbighauseni n. sp., (B) Cymaclymenia subvexa n. sp., (C) Cymaclymenia formosa n. sp., (D) Cymaclymenia lambidia n. sp., (E) Cymaclymenia carnata n. sp. and (F) Postclymenia calceola n. sp.