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434 results for “conspecifics”
Supplementary material to "Habitat detection, habitat choice copying, or mating benefits: what drives conspecific attraction in a nomadic songbird?"
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <ol> <li>Conspecific attraction during habitat selection is common among animals, but the ultimate (i.e., fitness-related) reasons for this behavior often remain enigmatic.</li> <li>We aimed to evaluate the following three hypotheses for conspecific attraction during the breeding season in male Wood Warblers (<em>Phylloscopus</em> <em>sibilatrix</em>): the habitat detection hypothesis, the habitat choice copying hypothesis, and the female preference hypothesis. These hypotheses make different predictions with respect to the relative importance of social and non-social information during habitat assessment, and whether benefits accrue as a consequence of aggregation.</li> <li>We tested the above hypotheses using a combination of a two-year playback experiment, spatial statistics and mate choice models.</li> <li>The habitat detection hypothesis was the most likely explanation for conspecific attraction and aggregation in male Wood Warblers, based on the following results: 1) males were attracted to conspecific song playbacks, but fine-scale habitat heterogeneity was the better predictor of spatial patterns in the density of settling males; 2) male pairing success did not increase, but instead slightly decreased, as connectivity with other males (i.e., the number and proximity of neighboring males) increased.</li> <li>Our study highlights how consideration of the process by which animals detect and assess habitat, together with the potential fitness consequences of resulting aggregations, are important for understanding conspecific attraction and spatially clustered distributions.</li> </ol>
Fig. 4 in Conspecificity of Phintella aequipeiformis Zabka, 1985 and P. lucai Zabka, 1985 (Araneae: Salticidae) confirmed by DNA barcoding
Fig. 4. Phintella aequipeiformis specimens from Vietnam; males (A-E), females (F-I). (A, D-E) Palp, ventral view. (B) Palp, retrolateral view. (C) Palp, dorsal view. (F, H) Epigyne, ventral view. (G, I) Epigyne, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CD, copulatory duct; CO, copulatory opening; FD, fertilization duct; FO, rounded flaky outgrowth. Scale lines 0.2 mm (A-E), 0.05 mm (F-I). Specimen codes: Sal-LP-0329 (A-C), Sal-LP-0491 (D), Sal-LP-0587 (E), Sal-LP-0048 (F-G), Sal-LP-0588 (H-I).
Fig. 3 in Conspecificity of Phintella aequipeiformis Zabka, 1985 and P. lucai Zabka, 1985 (Araneae: Salticidae) confirmed by DNA barcoding
Fig. 3. Phintella aequipeiformis specimens from Vietnam; males (A-C, G, I), females (D-F, H). (A-B, D-E) Body, dorsal view. (C, F) Body, lateral view. (G-H) Prosoma, frontal view. (I) Chelicera and fang, ventral view. Scale lines 1 mm (B-C, E-F), 0.5 mm (G- H), 0.2 mm (I). Specimen codes: Sal-LP-0586 (A, I), Sal-LP-0329 (B-C), Sal-LP-0490 (D-F), Sal-LP-0622 (G), Sal-LP-0325 (H).
Fig. 2. Neighbor-joining tree generated under the K2P in Conspecificity of Phintella aequipeiformis Zabka, 1985 and P. lucai Zabka, 1985 (Araneae: Salticidae) confirmed by DNA barcoding
Fig. 2. Neighbor-joining tree generated under the K2P distance model, based on a dataset consisting of 851 bp sequences. Numbers beside nodes refer to bootstrap values (1000 replicates). DDBJ/Genbank accession numbers are placed before species names.
Behaviour data rhino conspecific playbacks as a post-translocation management tool
<p>Raw data file for the publication "Assessing the potential of conspecific playbacks as a post-translocation management tool for white rhinoceros"</p>
Figure 4 in Natural noise affects conspecific signal detection and territorial defense behaviors in songbirds
Figure 4 Spotted towhee predictors from the AICc top model for PC1approach (a), PC2fly (b), and PC3song (c). (a) Towhees approach more slowly and maintain a greater distance from the speaker as sound level increases. Shading represents 95% CI and rug plot denotes sound level of individual trials. California spotted towhees fly more frequently on control trials (b) and display a weaker song response during treatment-off trials (c) than on all other trials, within and among populations (see [a] for color legend). (b–c) Violins denote kernel density probabilities differentiated by trial type (x axis) and population (color), with means (±1 SE) connected by dotted line; boxplots denote median and quartiles, and whiskers show 1.5 times the interquartile range; points represent individual trials; and asterisks denote significant contrasts corresponding to 95% CIs (see Supplementary Appendix Table A3 for values). Data displayed as untransformed components.
Figure 2 in Natural noise affects conspecific signal detection and territorial defense behaviors in songbirds
Figure 2 Site design schematic of Idaho and California study areas. Tripods represent loudspeaker setups. aAny trial with chorusing cicadas was counted as cicada treatment, regardless of the trial type (treatment-on, treatment-off, control). bControl sites had the same layout as treatment sites, but with mock loudspeaker setups. cWe excluded cicada trials from analysis for spotted towhees due to low sample size.
Figure 3 in Natural noise affects conspecific signal detection and territorial defense behaviors in songbirds
Figure 3 Lazuli bunting predictors from the AICc top model for PC1fly (a) and PC3approach (b) response variables. (a) Buntings fly more as sound level increases in the presence of cicada noise (dashed line) and fly less as sound level increases in the absence of cicada noise (solid line). Rug plot indicates sound level for individual trials differentiated by presence/absence of cicadas (see [b] for color legend). (b) As sound level increases, buntings approach the conspecific speaker more slowly and maintain a greater distance from it. (a & b) Shaded bands denote 95% CIs. Data displayed as untransformed components.
Figure 1 in Natural noise affects conspecific signal detection and territorial defense behaviors in songbirds
Figure 1 Spectrograms (a) of spotted towhee song (left) and lazuli bunting song (right) in quiet control conditions. (b) Power spectra of the three treatments are overlayed with bunting and towhee song power spectra. Power spectra are normalized to a relative peak amplitude of 70 dB (re 1 dimensionless sample units). Treatment noise and song spectra overlap substantially, suggesting high masking potential.
Data from: Hosts eject conspecific parasitic eggs according to the egg size in a passerine
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Data from: Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) strategically manipulate their environment to deny conspecifics access to food
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Data for: Effect of heterospecific and conspecific competition on individual differences in tadpole behavior
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Maintenance of a narrow hybrid zone between native and introduced red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) despite conspecificity and high dispersal capabilities
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Data from: Quantitative genetics of the use of conspecific and heterospecific social cues for breeding site choice
<p>Social information use for decision-making is common and affects ecological and evolutionary processes, including social aggregation, species coexistence and cultural evolution. Despite increasing ecological knowledge on social information use, very little is known about its genetic basis and therefore its evolutionary potential. Genetic variation in a trait affecting an individual's social and non-social environment may have important implications for population dynamics, interspecific interactions and for expression of other, environmentally plastic traits. We estimated repeatability, additive genetic variance and heritability of the use of conspecific and heterospecific social cues (abundance and breeding success) for breeding site choice in a population of wild collared flycatchers Ficedula albicollis. Repeatability was found for two social cues: previous year conspecific breeding success and previous year heterospecific abundance. Yet, additive genetic variances for these two social cues, and thus heritabilities, were low. This suggests that most of the phenotypic variation in the use of social cues and resulting conspecific and heterospecific social environment experienced by individuals in this population stems from phenotypic plasticity. Given the important role of social information use on ecological and evolutionary processes, more studies on genetic versus environmental determinism of social information use are needed.</p>
Data from: Interspecific variation in conspecific negative density dependence can make species less likely to coexist
Conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) is thought to promote plant species diversity. Theoretical studies showing the importance of CNDD often assumed that all species are equally susceptible to CNDD; however, recent empirical studies have shown species can differ greatly in their susceptibility to CNDD. Using a theoretical model, we show that interspecific variation in CNDD can dramatically alter its impact on diversity. First, if the most common species are the least regulated by CNDD, then the stabilising benefit of CNDD is reduced. Second, when seed dispersal is limited, seedlings that are susceptible to CNDD are at a competitive disadvantage. When parameterised with estimates of CNDD from a tropical tree community in Panama, our model suggests that the competitive inequalities caused by interspecific variation in CNDD may undermine many species' ability to persist. Thus, our model suggests that variable CNDD may make communities less stable, rather than more stable.
Figure 4. - Nest defending postures of Xylocopanasalis; Defending posture tactics performed by females Xylocopanasalis to repel other conspecifics in the aggregated nesting site. The bee blocking the entrance via protruding her head out from the nest entrance (4a). Guarding the entrance by using the dorsal side of her metasoma to block the invaders (4b).
Figure 4. - Nest defending postures of Xylocopanasalis; Defending posture tactics performed by females Xylocopanasalis to repel other conspecifics in the aggregated nesting site. The bee blocking the entrance via protruding her head out from the nest entrance (4a). Guarding the entrance by using the dorsal side of her metasoma to block the invaders (4b).
Data from: Limited evidence of biased offspring sex allocation in a cavity-nesting conspecific brood parasite
<p>Sex allocation theory predicts that mothers should bias investment in offspring toward the sex that yields higher fitness returns; one such bias may be a skewed offspring-sex ratio. Sex allocation is well-studied in birds with cooperative breeding systems, with theory on local resource enhancement and production of helpers at the nest, but little theoretical or empirical work has focused on birds with brood parasitic breeding systems. Wood ducks (<em>Aix sponsa</em>) are conspecific brood parasites, and rates of parasitism appear to increase with density. Because female wood ducks show high natal philopatry and nest sites are often limiting, local resource competition (LRC) theory predicts that females should overproduce male offspring—the dispersing sex—when competition (density) is high. However, the unique features of conspecific brood parasitism generate alternative predictions from other sex allocation theories, which we develop and test here. We experimentally manipulated the nesting density of female wood ducks in four populations from 2013-2016 and analyzed the resulting sex allocation of >2000 ducklings. In contrast to predictions we did not find overproduction of male offspring by females in high-density populations, females in better condition, or parasitic females; modest support for LRC was found in overproduction of only female parasitic offspring with higher nest box availability. The lack of evidence for sex ratio biases, as expected for LRC and some aspects of brood parasitism, could reflect conflicting selection pressures from nest competition and brood parasitism, or that mechanisms of adaptive sex ratio bias are not possible.</p>
Chemosensory behaviour of juvenile crown-of-thorns sea stars (Acanthaster sp.), attraction to algal and coral food, and avoidance of adult conspecifics
<p>Intraspecific and habitat-mediated responses to chemical cues play key roles in structuring populations of marine species. We investigated the behaviour of herbivorous-stage juvenile crown-of-thorns sea stars (COTS: <em>Acanthaster</em> sp.) in flow-through choice chambers to determine if chemical cues from their habitat influence movement and their transition to becoming coral predators. Juveniles at the diet transition stage were exposed to cues from their nursery habitat (coral rubble-crustose coralline algae -CCA), live coral, and adult COTS to determine if waterborne cues influence movement. In response to CCA and coral as sole cues juveniles moved toward the cue source and when these cues were presented in combination, they exhibited a preference for coral. Juveniles moved away from adult COTS cues. Exposure to food cues (coral, CCA) in the presence of adult cues resulted in variable responses. Our results suggest a feedback mechanism whereby juvenile behaviour is mediated by adult chemical cues. Cues from the adult population may deter juveniles from the switch to corallivory. As outbreaks wane, juveniles released from competition may serve as a proximate source of outbreaks, supporting the juveniles-in-waiting hypothesis. The accumulation of juveniles within the reef infrastructure is an underappreciated potential source of COTS outbreaks that devastate coral reefs.</p>
Literature review on the effect of conspecific density on animal dispersal (2000-2023)
<p>We review empirical studies of animal dispersal in relation to conspecific density to examine the evidence for density-dependent dispersal among taxa and test whether reports of its occurrence are taxon-specific and/or biased by the methodology employed. We conducted a thorough review of the literature (2000 - 2023) and found <em>k</em> = 97 empirical studies of amphibians, birds, fishes, invertebrates, mammals, or reptiles that had tested for a correlation between conspecific density and animal dispersal. From each, we derived the correlation coefficient of the relationship between density and dispersal, which we z-transformed to obtain the effect size, <em>Z</em><em><sub>r</sub></em><em>.</em> We also<em> </em>extracted and compiled information on taxonomic group, sex, age, migratory behavior, experimental setup, dispersal metric, density metric, and variable type, as well as temporal and spatial scale to test their relationships with <em>Z</em><em><sub>r</sub></em> using linear regressions and multilevel mixed-effect modeling.</p>
Natural noise affects conspecific signal detection and territorial defense behaviors in songbirds
<p>Recent research suggests that anthropogenic noise can substantially alter animal behavior. Although there are many sources of natural background noise, the relative influence of these sounds on behavior has received much less attention. Using landscape-scale playbacks of rushing rivers and crashing ocean surf, we investigated how habitat appropriate natural noise alters territorial defense behaviors in lazuli buntings (<i>Passerina amoena</i>) occupying riparian areas and spotted towhees (<i>Pipilo maculatus</i>) in riparian and coastal areas when exposed to simulated intruder song. We also incorporated naturally occurring cicada noise as an acoustic source influencing lazuli bunting behavior. Both songbird species possess songs that share substantial spectral overlap with low-frequency, water-generated noise, and lazuli bunting song shares an additional high-frequency overlap with cicada calls. Thus, there is potential for background acoustic conditions to mask conspecific signals. We found that detection and discrimination of conspecific playback occurred more slowly for both species as background sound level increased. Lazuli buntings also exhibited complex flight behavior in noise, suggesting they respond differently depending on the amplitude and type (with versus without cicada calls) of background noise. Our results suggest natural noise can impair territorial defense behaviors in songbirds, highlighting natural soundscapes as an under-appreciated axis of the environment.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.