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36 results for “cost of immunity”
Data from: An assessment of the immune costs associated with meiotic drive chromosomes in Drosophila
Most organisms are constantly adapting to pathogens and parasites that exploit their host for their own benefit. Less studied, but perhaps more ubiquitous, are intragenomic parasites or selfish genetic elements. These include transposable elements, selfish B chromosomes and meiotic drivers that promote their own replication without regard to fitness effects on hosts. Therefore, intragenomic parasites are also a constant evolutionary pressure on hosts. Gamete-killing meiotic drive elements are often associated with large chromosomal inversions that reduce recombination between the drive and wildtype chromosomes. This reduced recombination is thought to reduce the efficacy of selection on the drive chromosome and allow for the accumulation of deleterious mutations. We tested whether gamete-killing meiotic drive chromosomes were associated with reduced immune defense against two bacterial pathogens in three species of Drosophila. We found little evidence of reduced immune defense in lines with meiotic drive. One line carrying the Drosophila melanogaster autosomal Segregation Distorter did show reduced defense, but we were unable to attribute that reduced defense to either genotype or immune gene expression differences. Our results suggest that though gamete-killing meiotic drive chromosomes likely accumulate deleterious mutations, those mutations do not result in reduced capacity for immune defense.
Data from: Immune response costs are associated with changes in resource acquisition and not resource reallocation
1. Evolutionary ecologists frequently argue that parasite defence is costly because resources must be reallocated from other life-history traits to fuel the immune response. However, this hypothesis is rarely explicitly tested. An alternative possibility is that immune responses impair an organism's ability to acquire the resources it needs to support metabolism. Here, we disentangle these opposing hypotheses for why the activation costs of parasite resistance arise. 2. We studied fecundity costs associated with immune stimulation in Drosophila melanogaster. Then, by measuring correlated changes in metabolic rate, food consumption and body weight, we assessed whether responses were consistent with immunity costs originating from altered resource allocation or from impaired resource acquisition. 3. Microbial injection resulted in a 45% fecundity decrease. It also triggered a mean decline in metabolic rate of 6% and a mean reduction in food intake of 31%; body weight was unaffected. Metabolic rate downregulation was greater in males than in females, whereas declines in food ingestion were of similar magnitude in both sexes. These physiological shifts did not depend on whether microbial challenges were alive or dead, thus they resulted from immune system activation not pathogenesis. 4. These costs of immune activation are significant for individuals that successfully resist infection and might also occur in other situations when immune responses are upregulated without infection. 5. Whilst we found significant activation costs of resistance, our data provide no compelling evidence for the popularly argued hypothesis that immune deployment is costly because of reallocation of energetic resources to the immune system. Instead, reduction in resource acquisition due to 'infection-induced anorexia' may be the principal driver of metabolic changes and fecundity costs resulting from immune response activation.
Data from: No apparent cost of evolved immune response in Drosophila melanogaster
Maintenance and deployment of the immune system are costly and are hence predicted to trade-off with other resource demanding traits, such as reproduction. We subjected this long standing idea to test using laboratory experimental evolution approach. In the present study, replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster were subjected to three selection regimes – I (Infection with Pseudomonas entomophila), S (Sham-infection with MgSO4) and U (Unhandled Control). After 30 generations of selection flies from the I-regime had evolved better survivorship upon infection with P. entomophila compared to flies from U and S regimes. However, contrary to expectations and previous reports, we did not find any evidence of trade-offs between immunity and other life-history related traits, such as longevity, fecundity, egg hatchability or development time. After 45 generations of selection, the selection was relaxed for a set of populations. Even after 15 generations, the post-infection survivorship of populations under relaxed selection regime did not decline. We speculate that either there is a negligible cost to the evolved immune response or that trade-offs occur on traits like reproductive behaviour or other immune mechanisms that we have not investigated in this study. Our research suggests that at least under certain conditions, life-history trade-offs might play little role in maintaining variation in immunity.
Supplementary material 1 from: Prigot-Maurice C, Depeux C, Paulhac H, Braquart-Varnier C, Beltran-Bech S (2022) Immune priming in Armadillidium vulgare against Salmonella enterica: direct or indirect costs on life history traits? In: De Smedt P, Taiti S, Sfenthourakis S, Campos-Filho IS (Eds) Facets of terrestrial isopod biology. ZooKeys 1101: 131-158. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1101.77216
Tables S1–S4, Figures S1–S3
Data from: An assessment of the immune costs associated with meiotic drive chromosomes in Drosophila
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Data from: No apparent cost of evolved immune response in Drosophila melanogaster
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Data from: Immune response costs are associated with changes in resource acquisition and not resource reallocation
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Data from: Helminth interaction with the host immune system: short-term benefits and costs in relation to the infectious environment
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Data from: Microbiome symbionts and diet diversity incur costs on the immune system of insect larvae
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Data from: Reproduction has different costs for immunity and parasitism in a wild mammal
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Phage gene expression and host responses lead to infection-dependent costs of CRISPR immunity
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Data from: Heterozygosity is linked to the costs of immunity in nestling great tits (Parus major)
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Data from: Are attractive male crickets better able to pay the costs of an immune challenge?
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Retrospective Assessment of AE-Related Healthcare Resource Utilization and Costs of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor and Targeted Therapy for Adjuvant Treatment of Melanoma
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05874817. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Retrospective Assessment of Adverse Events-related Healthcare Resource Utilization and Costs of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor and Targeted Therapy for Adjuvant Treatment of Melanoma
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05714371. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Low Cost Interventions to Improve Adherence to Childhood Immunization Schedule
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00602056. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
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