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Fig. 11. Male O in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 11. Male O. ichneumon with raised body and slightly flexed up abdomen (ca. 30°), palps in position 1.

Fig. 3 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 3. Male Orsima ichneumon in resting position: (a) with legs I stretched out, abdomen lowered to substrate and palps slightly extended in position 2; (b) with hunched legs I, palps held in front of the cephalothorax.

Fig. 2 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 2. (a) Typical forest edge habitat for Orsima ichneumon; (b) Orsima ichneumon are also found on Clerodendrum villosum, a roadside and forest-edge shrub covered in extra-floral nectaries.

Fig. 10. Two male O in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 10. Two male O. ichneumon engaged in rapid extension and retraction of legs I simultaneously. Male (right) is the process of 'rearing' up with legs (a) still held in front of its face (b) above head, at maximum rearing height.

Fig. 1 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 1. (a) An adult male Orsima ichneumon; (b) an adult female O. ichneumon; (c) a juvenile O. ichneumon.

Fig. 9 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 9. Mount behaviour and copulation (a) Male uses legs I and II to tap female's legs I and II, female assumes hunched legs and lowers cephalothorax to substrate with abdomen tilted higher than cephalothorax, allowing male to walk over her cephalothorax; (b) Male moves to left or right of female's abdomen; (c) Female's abdomen is rotated 30–60° for male to insert palp and copulation occurs.

Fig. 4 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 4 Abdomen positions (a) Male O. ichneumon with extended palps (position 2); opened chelicerae (position 1) and flexed up abdomen (ca. 60°) on edge of leaf in response to a female nearby; (b) Female O. ichneumon with arched legs and flexed abdomen; (c) Male O. ichneumon with abdomen bent right of the sagittal plane, palps (position 1) and chelicerae held closed; (d) Male O. ichneumon displaying during male-male interaction, legs I elevated (position 2) with abdomen flexed up and bent to the left of the sagittal plane.

Fig. 8 in Courtship and male-male interaction behaviour of Orsima ichneumon (Simon, 1901), an ant-mimicking jumper spider (Arachnida: Salticidae)

Fig. 8. Leg positions. (a) Male O. ichneumon with lowered body to the substrate and extended legs I almost parallel to substrate, palps in position 2; (b) Male O. ichneumon with legs hunched and abdomen almost parallel to the substrate.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2011View details →

Fig. 6. Courtship movements recorded for a in Intertidal life: field observations on the clingfish Gobiesox barbatulus in southeastern Brazil

Fig. 6. Courtship movements recorded for a pair of Gobiesox barbatulus in the wild. Each cycle did not exceed 30 min of duration, and always started with one of the three "pre-mating" positions [i.e., (a, e, and h)]. After mating the pair did not stay in contact (b or f), and the larger individual performed parental behavior (b). They restarted the cycle after moving to a spot without eggs, following new approximation (c, d, and g). It is important to note that there are many sequences possible based in such events, since they can alternate.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2010View details →

Fig. 1 in Cynolebias parnaibensis, a new seasonal killifish from the Caatinga, Parnaíba River basin, northeastern Brazil, with notes on sound producing courtship behavior (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae)

Fig. 1. Cynolebias parnaibensis, Jacobina do Piauí, Piauí, Brazil. (a) UFPB 6719, holotype, male, 54.5 mm SL. (b) UFPB 6709, paratype, female, 46.2 mm SL.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2010View details →

Fig. 2 in Cynolebias parnaibensis, a new seasonal killifish from the Caatinga, Parnaíba River basin, northeastern Brazil, with notes on sound producing courtship behavior (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae)

Fig. 2. General thump sequence produced by the male of Cynolebias parnaibensis during the courtship behavior (a), and a single thump expanded (the second one above) (b). Oscilogram above and spectogram below (window function Hann, overlap 99%, FFT size 1,200 points).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2004View details →

Fig. 1. A in Scientific Note Courtship behavior and spawning of the hairy blenny Labrisomus nuchipinnis (Labrisomidae) in southeastern Brazil

Fig. 1. A couple of Labrisomus nuchipinnis (about 150 mm TL) engaged in a "mating cycle" at São Sebastião Channel, São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Photos and drawings: FZG & HFS.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Computational analyses of dynamic visual courtship display reveal diet-dependent and plastic male signaling in Rabidosa rabida wolf spiders

It has long been a challenge to quantify the variation in dynamic motions to understand how those displays function in animal communication. The traditional approach is dependent on labor-intensive manual identification/annotation by experts. However, the recent progress in computational techniques provides researchers with toolsets for rapid, objective, and reproducible quantification of dynamic visual displays. In the present study, we investigated the effects of diet manipulation on dynamic visual components of male courtship displays of Rabidosa rabida wolf spiders using machine learning algorithms. Our results suggest that (i) the computational approach can provide an insight into the variation in the dynamic visual display between high- and low-diet males which is not clearly shown with the traditional approach and (ii) males may plastically alter their courtship display according to the body size of females they encounter. Through the present study, we add an example of the utilization of recent computational techniques for understanding the evolution of animal behaviors.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

The evolution of dynamic and flexible courtship displays that reveal individual quality

Abstract Sexual selection is a major force shaping morphological and behavioral diversity. Existing theory focuses on courtship display traits such as morphological ornaments whose costs and benefits are assumed be to fixed across individuals' lifetimes. In contrast, empirically observed displays are often inherently dynamic, as vividly illustrated by the acrobatic dances, loud vocalizations, and vigorous motor displays involved in courtship behavior across a broad range of taxa. One empirically observed form of display flexibility occurs when signalers adjust their courtship investment based on the number of rival signalers. The predictions of established sexual selection theory cannot readily be extended to such displays because display expression varies between courtship events, such that any given display may not reliably reflect signaler quality. We thus lack an understanding of how dynamic displays coevolve with sexual preferences and how signalers should tactically adjust their display investment across multiple courtship opportunities. To address these questions, we extended an established model of the coevolution of a female sexual preference and a male display trait to allow for flexible, dynamic displays. We find that such a display can coevolve with a sexual preference away from their naturally selected optima, though display intensity is a weaker signal of male quality than for non-flexible displays. Furthermore, we find that males evolve to decrease their display investment when displaying alongside more rivals. This research represents a first step towards generalizing the findings of sexual selection theory to account for the ubiquitous dynamism of animal courtship. Significance statement Animal courtship displays are typically costly for survival: songs attract predators; dances are exhausting; extravagant plumage is cumbersome. Because of the trade-off between mating benefits and survival costs, displaying individuals often vary their displays across time, courting more intensely when the potential benefit is higher or the cost is lower. Despite the ubiquity of such adjustment in nature, existing theory cannot account for how this flexibility might affect the coevolution of displays with sexual preferences, nor for the patterns of tactical display adjustment that might result, because those models treat displays as static, with fixed costs and benefits. Generalizing a well-studied model of sexual selection, we find that a static display and a flexible display can evolve under similar conditions. Our model predicts that courtship should be less intense when more competitors are present.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Figure 3 in Sexually dimorphic claws predict courtship and mating sequence in the intertidal oribatid mite Fortuynia atlantica (Acari, Oribatida)

Figure 3 Hypothetical process of courtship and sperm transfer in Fortuynia atlantica. 1) 'attraction′:

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Figure 2 in Sexually dimorphic claws predict courtship and mating sequence in the intertidal oribatid mite Fortuynia atlantica (Acari, Oribatida)

Figure 2 Graphical depiction (dorsal view) of measured morphological features. (a) distance to bridge, when clasping both handles simultaneously; x - distance from line of ′handles' to the posterior end of the male, y - distance from rostrum to insertion first leg, z - length of leg I. If x+y> z no physical contact with both legs possible, if x+y

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Figure 1 in Sexually dimorphic claws predict courtship and mating sequence in the intertidal oribatid mite Fortuynia atlantica (Acari, Oribatida)

Figure 1 (a) schematic drawing with landmarks and obtained measurements on first leg claw. (b-d) box-plots showing the differences in body length, claw length and claw curvature between males and females of F. atlantica. The line in the middle of each box represents the median for each group examined.

publicFeb 2024View details →

Vibroscape analysis reveals acoustic niche overlap and plastic alteration of vibratory courtship signals in ground-dwelling wolf spiders

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publicApr 2025View details →

Data from: The influence of temperature on courtship and mate choice in a wolf spider: Implications for mating success in variable environments

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