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45 results for “cradle”
Data from: Altai Mountains – cradle of hybrids and introgressants: A case study in <em>Veronica</em> subg. <em>Pseudolysimachium</em> (Plantaginaceae)
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Data from: The Kimberley, north-western Australia, as a cradle of evolution and endemic biodiversity: an example using Grunters (Terapontidae)
Aim: To test two prominent, alternate hypotheses that provide explanations for the great accumulation of endemic species in the Kimberley bioregion in north-western Australia, using an extensively sampled, region wide phylogeny of northern Australia's most speciose freshwater fish family, Terapontidae. Specifically, we test whether the Kimberley may act as (1) a "museum" accumulating taxa and endemic species over time or (2) a "cradle" of more recent diversification and neoendemism. Location: The Australian monsoonal tropics Taxon: Grunters (Terapontidae) Methods: We obtained a robust and well supported Bayesian phylogeny for the family using DNA sequences from mtDNA and nuclear gene regions. We performed molecular phylogenetic analyses using species tree methods including molecular dating analysis, ancestral range reconstruction, and diversification analysis. Results: Based on our phylogeny, the combined molecular clock estimates and likelihood-based historical biogeographic reconstructions suggest that terapontids recently transitioned into the Kimberley from the east during the late-Miocene. We found that 80% of Kimberley terapontids diversified within the Kimberley in the last 3 Ma. Further, diversification analyses identified a single significant shift in diversification rates ~1.4 Ma that corresponds with a change in global climate midway through the Pleistocene that was predominantly driven by speciation in the Kimberley. Main Conclusions: The weight of evidence suggests that the Kimberley has been a "cradle" of evolution for Terapontidae, rather than a "museum". Our analysis provides strong evidence for a geologically recent transition of terapontids into the Kimberley from regions to the east during the late Miocene followed by a significant increase in speciation rates during the Pleistocene, driven by speciation in the Kimberley. The results provide important insight into the evolutionary and biogeographical processes that have shaped the regions unique biota, which will inform land managers working to protect and conserve both species and the processes responsible for generating and sustaining them.
Data from: Oxygen, temperature and the deep-marine stenothermal cradle of Ediacaran evolution
Ediacaran fossils document the early evolution of complex megascopic life, contemporaneous with geochemical evidence for widespread marine anoxia. These data suggest early animals experienced frequent hypoxia. Research has thus focused on the concentration of molecular oxygen (O2) required by early animals, while also considering the impacts of climate. One model, the Cold Cradle hypothesis, proposed the Ediacaran biota originated in cold, shallow-water environments due to increased O2 solubility. First, we demonstrate using principles of gas exchange that temperature does have a critical role in governing the bioavailability of O2 – but in cooler water the supply of O2 is actually lower. Second, the fossil record suggests the Ediacara biota initially occur ~571 Ma in deep-water facies, before appearing in shelf environments ~555 Ma. We propose an ecophysiological underpinning for this pattern. By combining oceanographic data with new respirometry experiments we show that in the shallow mixed layer where seasonal temperatures fluctuate widely, thermal and pO2 effects are highly synergistic. The result is that temperature change away from species-specific optima impairs tolerance to low pO2. We hypothesize that deep and particularly stenothermal (narrow temperature range) environments in the Ediacaran ocean were a physiological refuge from the synergistic effects of temperature and low pO2.
Data from: A pre-Miocene Irano-Turanian cradle: origin and diversification of the species-rich monocot genus Gagea (Liliaceae)
The Irano‐Turanian (IT) floristic region is considered an important centre of origin for many taxa. However, there is a lack of studies dealing with typical IT genera that also occur in neighbouring areas. The species-rich monocot genus Gagea Salisb. shows a centre of diversity in IT region and a distribution in adjacent regions, therefore representing a good study object to investigate spatial and temporal relationships among IT region and its neighbouring areas (East-Asia, Euro-Siberia, Himalaya, and Mediterranean). We aimed at (i) testing the origin of the genus and of its major lineages in the IT region, (ii) reconstructing divergence times and (iii) reconstructing colonisation events. To address these problems, sequences of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of 418 individuals and chloroplast intergenic spacers sequences (psbA-trnH, trnL-trnF) of 497 individuals, representing 116 species from all sections of the genus and nearly its entire distribution area were analysed. Divergence times were estimated under a random molecular clock based on nrITS phylogeny, which was the most complete data set regarding the representation of species and distribution areas. Ancestral distribution ranges were estimated for the nrITS data set as well as for a combined data set, revealing that Gagea most likely originated in southwestern Asia. This genus first diversified there starting in the Early Miocene. In the Middle Miocene, Gagea migrated to the Mediterranean and to East Asia, while migration into Euro-Siberia took place in the Late Miocene. During the Pleistocene, the Arctic was colonised and Gagea serotina, the most widespread species, reached North America. The Mediterranean basin was colonised multiple times from southwestern Asia or Euro-Siberia. Most of the currently existing species originated during the last 3 Ma.
Data from: Evolutionary history of the flora of Mexico: dry forests cradles and museums of endemism
Mexico is considered an exceptional biogeographic area with a varied and unique endemic vascular flora that is estimated at half of the global total of approximately 24,500 species. However, spatial phylogenetic measures of biodiversity for this flora have not yet been estimated to understand how the Mexican flora assembled to form current vegetation. Patterns of species richness, weighted endemism, phylogenetic diversity and weighted phylogenetic endemism, as well as centers of neo- and paleo-endemism were determined to examine differences and congruence among these measures, and the implications of these results for conservation. Out from 24,445 vascular plant species 10,271 (42%) are endemic to Mexico. Areas of endemism and phylogenetic endemism were associated with zones of topographic complexity in the main mountain systems, in the deserts, and in isolated dry zones. Every single locality that seasonal tropical dry forests have been reported in Mexico was identified as an area of endemism. Areas of significant phylogenetic diversity were the most restricted and occurred in dry forests of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and of the Sierra de Chiapas. The highest phylogenetic clustering comprising neo- paleo- and super endemism was identified in the southern extreme of Mexico. The flora of Mexico bears a signature of mixed neo- and paleo-endemism, and areas of endemism occurred in dry forests. The majority of vascular plant ineages diverged in the Miocene (5-20 million of years ago) when arid environments expanded across the world. The position of Mexico in the middle of two landmasses and the presence of more than fifty percent of arid surface favored the establishment and diversification of tropical lineages adapted to extreme seasonality and to aridity that migrated from North America and from South America. Our results identified areas of elevated species richness and phylogenetic diversity and provide a foundation on which to propose conservation efforts in Mexico.
Data from: The nearshore cradle of early vertebrate diversification
Ancestral vertebrate habitats are subject to controversy and obscured by limited, often contradictory paleontological data. We assembled fossil vertebrate occurrence and habitat datasets spanning the middle Paleozoic (480 million to 360 million years ago) and found that early vertebrate clades, both jawed and jawless, originated in restricted, shallow intertidal-subtidal environments. Nearshore divergences gave rise to body plans with different dispersal abilities: Robust fishes shifted shoreward, whereas gracile groups moved seaward. Fresh waters were invaded repeatedly, but movement to deeper waters was contingent upon form and short-lived until the later Devonian. Our results contrast with the onshore-offshore trends, reef-centered diversification, and mid-shelf clustering observed for benthic invertebrates. Nearshore origins for vertebrates may be linked to the demands of their mobility and may have influenced the structure of their early fossil record and diversification.
Data from: Museums and cradles of diversity are geographically coincident for narrowly distributed Neotropical snakes
<p>Factors driving the spatial configuration of centres of endemism have long been a topic of broad interest and debate. Due to different eco-evolutionary processes, these highly biodiverse areas may harbour different amounts of ancient and recently diverged organisms (paleo- and neo-endemism, respectively). Patterns of endemism still need to be measured at distinct phylogenetic levels for most clades and, consequently, little is known about the distribution, the age and the causes of such patterns. Here we tested for the presence of centres with high Phylogenetic Endemism (PE) in the highly diverse Neotropical snakes, testing the age of these patterns (paleo- or neo-endemism), and the presence of PE centres with distinct phylogenetic composition. We then tested whether PE is predicted by topography, by climate (seasonality, stability, buffering and relictualness), or biome size. We found that most areas of high PE for Neotropical snakes present a combination of both ancient and recently diverged diversity, which is distributed mostly in the Caribbean region, Central America, the Andes, the Atlantic Forest and on scattered highlands in central Brazil. Turnover of lineages is higher across Central America, resulting in more phylogenetically distinct PE centres compared to South America, which presents a more phylogenetically uniform snake fauna. Finally, we found that elevational range (topographic roughness) is the main predictor of PE, especially for paleo-endemism, whereas low paleo-endemism levels coincide with areas of high climatic seasonality. Our study highlights the importance of mountain systems to both ancient and recent narrowly distributed diversity. Mountains are both museums and cradles of snake diversity in the Neotropics, which has important implications for conservation in this region.</p>
Spatial phylogenomics of acrobat ants in Madagascar—mountains function as cradles for recent diversity and endemism
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Aim: </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>A crucial step to protecting biodiversity is assessing species diversity and endemism. We delineate<b> </b>spatial patterns of diversity in Malagasy ants on a phylogenetic and taxonomic level to identify centers of diversity and endemism, and evaluate the 'museum vs cradle' hypothesis with regard to ant endemism.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Location: </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Madagascar</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Taxon: </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Ants, genus <i>Crematogaster.</i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Methods: </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We estimated distribution models for 33 <i>Crematogaster</i> species and generated a phylogeny based on ultraconserved elements. We calculated species richness (SR), phylogenetic diversity (PD), weighted (WE), phylogenetic endemism(PE), randomized phylogenetic diversity (PD-sig), and relative phylogenetic diversity (RPD) and endemism (RPE). Categorical analyses of neo- and paleo-endemism (CANAPE) and the phylo-jaccard index were used to delineate centers of neo- and paleo-endemism. We correlated these measures with elevation metrics to investigate the role of mountains in generating ant endemism.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Results: </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We found extensive phylogenetic clustering (significantly low PD-sig) and short branches (low RPD) at higher elevations in central and south-central to southern Madagascar. In contrast, phylogenetic overdispersion (significantly high PD-sig) and long branches (high RPD) predominate at lower elevations in eastern humid and northern western dry forests. CANAPE and phylo-jaccard estimated five centers of endemism, whereby neo- and mixed endemism were significantly correlated with higher elevations, and paleo-endemism with lower elevations. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Main Conclusions: </b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Centers of ant endemism are located in western dry and humid forests of northern Madagascar, eastern humid forests, and in the southern Central Highland region. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Mountainous areas appear to be cradles of recent diversification for acrobat ants, whereas lower elevations may be regarded as centers of paleo-endemism and thus museums for relict lineages. Species diversification among acrobat ants may have coincided with the arrival of a new biome in the central highlands of Madagascar. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Cradle Tower Entrance - Tower of London
The Cradle Tower was built by Edward III as a private watergate to his lodgings and was later used as a prison. The Cradle Tower was built between 1348–55 for Edward III as his private watergate into the castle. He used it when he arrived by boat. It is richly decorated with ribbed vaults supported by carvings of crowns and animals. The gate was defended by a drawbridge and two portcullises – the groove for one still survives above the main doorway. This was one of two porters' lodges which flanked the entrance. There is a hearth in it to keep the guard warm. A staircase in the opposite room led upstairs. The upper part of the tower was entirely rebuilt in the 19th century. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Yam genomics supports West Africa as a major cradle of crop domestication
<p>167 yam samples were fully resequenced (WGS, Illumina HiSeq) and mapped (BWA) to the Dioscorea rotundata genome (BDMI01000001.1 to BDMI01000021.1). Calling_ALL_Rotundata_Allc05.vcf.gz is the result of the SNP calling (GATK). See associated publication for details;</p>
Cradling Our Future Through Family Strengthening Study
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00373750. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.
Data from: Museums and cradles of diversity are geographically coincident for narrowly distributed Neotropical snakes
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Data from: The Near East as a cradle of biodiversity: a phylogeography of banded newts (genus Ommatotriton) reveals extensive inter- and intraspecific genetic differentiation
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Data from: The Kimberley, north-western Australia, as a cradle of evolution and endemic biodiversity: an example using Grunters (Terapontidae)
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: A pre-Miocene Irano-Turanian cradle: origin and diversification of the species-rich monocot genus Gagea (Liliaceae)
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Oxygen, temperature and the deep-marine stenothermal cradle of Ediacaran evolution
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Data from: Evolutionary history of the flora of Mexico: dry forests cradles and museums of endemism
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Data from: The nearshore cradle of early vertebrate diversification
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Spatial phylogenomics of acrobat ants in Madagascar—mountains function as cradles for recent diversity and endemism
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Supplementary material 1 from: Korábek O, Balashov I, Neiber MT, Walther F, Hausdorf B (2023) The Caucasus is neither a cradle nor a museum of diversity of the land snail genus Helix (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora, Helicidae), while Crimea is home to an ancient lineage. Zoosystematics and Evolution 99(2): 535-543. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.99.110610
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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