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108 results for “crop pest”
Fig. 16 in Comparison of sensory structures present on larval antennae and mouthparts of lepidopteran crop pests
Fig. 16. Multiple sequence alignment of the deduced amino acid sequence of the partial Or83b gene of Spodoptera litura, Chilo partellus, Plutella xylostella, and Maruca vitrata with the reference sequence of Spodoptera litura Or83b (Accession No. AFN22085) using ClustalW sofware. Grey shades represent completely conserved residues.
Fig. 14 in Comparison of sensory structures present on larval antennae and mouthparts of lepidopteran crop pests
Fig. 14. Phylogenetic tree produced for the Or83b amino acid sequences of lepidopteran species collected from the NCBI database and Or83b amino acid sequences of Spodoptera litura, Chilo partellus, Plutella xylostella, and Maruca vitrata generated in this study, analyzed using MEGA6 sofware. The rectangular boxes indicate the template sequences generated in this study.
Fig. 9 in Comparison of sensory structures present on larval antennae and mouthparts of lepidopteran crop pests
Fig. 9. Mandible (M) showing sensilla chaetica (C1, C2) in 4 species of Lepidoptera: A) Spodoptera litura, B) Chilo partellus, C) Plutella xylostella, and D) Maruca vitrata.
Fig. 13 in Comparison of sensory structures present on larval antennae and mouthparts of lepidopteran crop pests
Fig. 13. Ventral labium (LI) surface of mouthparts showing hypopharynx (H), labial palp (LP), spinneret (SP), sensilla chaetica (C), and sensilla styloconica (S) in 4 species of Lepidoptera: A) Spodoptera litura, B) Chilo partellus, C) Plutella xylostella, and D) Maruca vitrata.
Fig. 2 in Identification and pest status of Holopothrips fulvus (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) on dwarf-cashew crops in northeastern Brazil
Fig. 2. Morphology of Holopothrips fulvus (Morgan, 1929): (A) antennal segment III; (B) antennal segment IV; (C) female head; (D) male head; (E) male head and pronotum; (F) prosternum; (G) male tube; (H) fore wing; (I) mesonotum and metanotum; and (J) second instar larva.
Fig. 3 in Host range of the invasive tomato pest Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on solanaceous crops and weeds in Tanzania
Fig. 3. Tuta absoluta-related damage in solanaceous crops and weeds in Tanzania. Damage values are averaged across all survey locations (see Table 1). Damage was quantified as the number of T. absoluta mines per leaf (A) and percentage of T. absoluta-damaged fruits (B) in 10 locations within each sampled field. Six to 12 fields were sampled per crop, and 1 to 3 fields per weed species (see Table 2). Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum; eggplant or aubergine, Solanum melongena; African (Afr.) eggplant, Solanum aethiopicum; African (Afr.) nightshades, Solanum nigrum and Solanum americanum; pepper, Capsicum annuum; and 3 weed species, Datura stramonium, Nicandra physalodes, and Solanum incanum.
Fig. 1 in Host range of the invasive tomato pest Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on solanaceous crops and weeds in Tanzania
Fig. 1. Map of locations surveyed to determine host range and infestation level of Tuta absoluta in solanaceous crops and weeds in 2015. Four districts were targeted, each within the major tomato-producing regions of Tanzania. Within each district, 3 villages (indicated by black circles) were randomly selected for the survey (see Table 1).
Influence of crop field size on pest densities, pesticide use, and crop yield
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Data from: Pest control potential of adjacent agri-environment schemes varies with crop type and is shaped by landscape context and within-field position
<ol> <li>Increasing natural pest control in agricultural fields is an important aim of ecological intensification. Combined effects of landscape context and local placement of agri-environmental schemes on natural pest control and within field distance functions of natural pest control agents have rarely been addressed but might affect the distribution of biocontrol providers. Importantly, it is currently unknown whether ecosystem services provided by adjacent agri-environmental schemes (AES) are consistent for different crop types during crop rotation.</li> <li>In this study, we assessed whether crop rotation from oilseed rape to cereals altered within-field distance functions of ground dwelling predators from adjacent agri-environmental fields along a gradient in landscape context. Additionally we recorded crop pests, predation rates, parasitoids as well as crop yields on a total of 30 study sites.</li> <li>Distance functions varied between trophic levels: Carabid richness decreased while densities of carabid beetles, staphylinid beetles as well as crop yields increased towards the field centres. Distance functions of parasitoids and pests were modulated by the amount of semi-natural habitat in the surrounding landscape, while the effects of adjacent AES were limited.</li> <li>Distance decay functions found for ground dwelling predators in oilseed rape in the previous year were not always present in cereals. Increasing distance to the field edge also increased effects of crop rotation on carabid beetle assemblages, indicating a source habitat function of field edges.</li> <li>Synthesis and applications<i>.</i> Distance functions of natural pest control are not universal and the effects of agri-environmental schemes (AES) in different adjacent crops during crop rotation vary and depends on ecological contrasts. A network of semi-natural habitats and spatially optimised AES habitats can benefit pest control in agricultural landscapes, but constraints as a result of crop type need to be addressed by annually targeted, spatially shifting AES schemes for different crops.</li> </ol> <div> </div>
Data from: Higher avian biodiversity, increased shrub cover, and proximity to continuous forest may reduce pest insect crop loss in small-scale oil palm farming
<p>One of the key ecosystem services offered by avian biodiversity within agricultural landscapes is natural predation. Nonetheless, the current use of biological control agents such as farmland birds in oil palm plantations is relatively limited. The present study aimed to assess the potential roles of avian biodiversity, particularly insectivores which provide natural predation against oil palm herbivorous insects. We also investigated the influence of local- and landscape-scale variables on foliage damage (crown or frond). Our data showed that crown damage decreased with increasing farmland bird richness (overall and insectivore), shrub cover, dried biomass, and elevation, but increased with epiphyte cover, oil palm height, and distance to continuous forest. Frond damage was negatively related to bird richness (overall, insectivore, and non-insectivore) and non-insectivore abundance, elevation, and shrub cover, while increased with insectivorous abundance, epiphyte cover, oil palm height, and distance to continuous forest. We also found that plantations (≥ 50 ha) were more susceptible to foliage damage from pest insects than smallholdings (<50 ha). There was no evidence that indicated the influence of forest patches on foliage damage. Our study highlights the economic value of conserving biodiversity, most notably, farmland birds and continuous forests with respect to biological control of defoliating pests and maintaining yield productivity in oil palm cultivation. Growers, particularly major plantation companies should make oil palm farming more biodiversity-friendly in order to increase the number of biological control agents such as birds.</p>
Data from: Extrapolating potential crop damage by insect pests based on land use data: examining inter-regional generality in agricultural landscapes_210907
<p>DamagePrediction_data_2021_210907 Data from: Extrapolating potential crop damage by insect pests based on land use data: examining inter-regional generality in agricultural landscapes</p>
Pollinators, pests and yield – multiple trade-offs from insecticide use in a mass-flowering crop
<p>Multiple trade-offs are likely to occur between pesticide use, pollinators and yield (via crop flowers) in pollinator-dependent, mass-flowering crops (MFCs), causing potential conflict between conservation and agronomic goals. To date, no studies have looked at both outcomes within the same system, meaning 'win-win solutions' for pollinators and yield can only be inferred.</p> <p>Here, we outline a new framework to explore these trade-offs, using red clover (<em>Trifolium pratense</em>) grown for seed production as an example. Specifically, we address how the insecticide thiacloprid affects densities of seed-eating weevils (<em>Protapion</em> spp.), pollination rates, yield, floral resources and colony dynamics of the key pollinator, <em>Bombus terrestris</em>.</p> <p>Thiacloprid did not affect the amount of nectar provided by, or pollinator visitation to, red clover flowers but did reduce weevil density, correlating to increased yield and gross profit. Colonies of <em>B. terrestris</em> significantly increased their weight and reproductive output in landscapes with (compared to without) red clover, regardless of insecticide use.</p> <p><em>Synthesis and Applications</em>: <span>We propose a holistic, conceptual framework to explore trade-offs between pollinators, pesticides and yield that we believe to be essential for achieving conservation and agronomic goals. This framework </span><span>applies to all insecticide-treated mass-flowering crops (MFCs) and can be adapted to include other ecological processes. Trialling the framework in our study system, we found that our focal insecticide, thiacloprid, improved red clover seed yield with no detected effects on its key pollinator <em>Bombus terrestris</em> and that the presence of red clover in the landscape can benefit pollinator populations.</span></p>
Supporting data and code for: Host plant and insecticides shape the evolution of genetic and clonal diversity in a major aphid crop pest
<p>This is the first release of the final data and code for the article accepted for publication in <em>Evolutionary Applications</em> journal. It contains the necessary scripts to produce most of the analyses and figures of the manuscript. All the necessary data can be found in the 'data' folder.</p>
Evaluation of insecticidal properties of botanicals for sustainable management of sucking pests of horticultural crops
<p>The Bioassay data on the insecticidal properties of botanicals <em>viz</em>., <em>Annona squamosa</em>, <em>Ricinus communis</em> and <em>Sapindus</em> <em>mukorossi</em> seed extracts against sucking pests <em>viz.,</em> aphids (<em>Aphis gossypii, A.craccivora</em>)<em> </em>on okra <em>(Abelmoschus esculentus) </em>and bittergourd (<em>Momordica charantia</em>), thrips (<em>Scirtothrips dorsalis</em>) on chilli (<em>Capsicum frutescens</em>), whiteflies (<em>Bemisia tabaci</em>) on eggplant (<em>Solanum melongena)</em>, mealy bugs (<em>Maconellicoccus hirsutus</em>) on betel vine (<em>Piper betle</em>) and mites (<em>Tetranychus urticae</em>) on egg plant (<em>Solanum melongena) </em>under laboratory conditions.</p>
Data for: Direct and indirect effects of management and landscape on biological pest control and crop pest infestation in apple orchards
<p>Biological pest control, relying on naturally occurring predator-prey dynamics, is considered a key element to achieve more sustainable farming systems. However, the combined effects of local management and landscape factors on communities of natural enemies as well as the cascading effects on pest infestations are rarely addressed, especially in perennial crops. Here, we used Piecewise Structural Equation Modelling (PSEM) to test direct and indirect effects of landscape composition, landscape configuration and local management practices on natural enemy communities, the pest control services they provide and ultimately on pest infestation and pest-related yield damage in apple crops. To this end, we surveyed 12 organic and 12 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) orchards during three consecutive years, and we also established a semi-natural benchmark to quantify the extent to which predator communities in the orchards were degraded. Natural enemies had a different community composition and were more abundant in organic orchards compared to IPM orchards. This had a small and positive effect on sentinel egg predation rates in organic orchards, but overall had very little impact on actual apple pest infestation. On the contrary, apple pest infestation levels were directly and positively affected by organic management practices and by increasing semi-natural habitat cover and landscape edge density. Compared to a semi-natural benchmark, both agricultural management systems showed degraded predator communities, which translated into an impaired delivery of biological control services. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that organic management and habitat conservation can enhance natural enemies and stimulate pest control, but also show that these factors can enhance pest infestations and can even lead to an overall increase in pest-related crop damage. Our study thus highlights the complex interplay of ecosystem services and disservices provided by biodiversity, which should be taken into account when advising farmers, policy makers and land managers on effective and sustainable strategies to control pest species and safeguard crop production.</p>
List of agricultural insect pests affecting crops worldwide
<p>This list of agricultural pests is part of the supplementary material of the article entitled "<strong>Pest suppression by bats and management strategies to favour it: a global review</strong>", publised in the journal Biological Reviews in 2023.</p> <p>We compiled a comprehensive list of agricultural insect pests occurring in temperate and tropical regions. Since no more recent public documents or published lists were available at the time of the study, we extracted the main agricultural insect pests cited in Hill (<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/brv.12967#brv12967-bib-0083">1983</a>, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/brv.12967#brv12967-bib-0084">1987</a>). Note that species might be considered pests in certain regions while not in others, meaning that this comprehensive list will need careful review by entomologists and local or regional experts for use in agricultural management.</p> <p>We assembled a first list of 1236 insect pest species or genera extracted from Hill (<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/brv.12967#brv12967-bib-0084">1987</a>, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/brv.12967#brv12967-bib-0083">1983</a>). We then conducted a second literature search (LS2) in the ISI <em>Web of Science</em> using the R package <em>wosr</em>. We searched for any indexed document containing the following terms in the topic field: ‘pest species name’ AND ‘bat*’. After the first check of the articles found, we added 562 new pest species to the first list, which were not included in Hill (<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/brv.12967#brv12967-bib-0084">1987</a>, <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/brv.12967#brv12967-bib-0083">1983</a>) but were studied in the papers found. The updated list consisting of 1798 insect pest species then was used to perform the same literature search with the R package <em>wosr</em>. </p>
Pest species preyed upon by bats and the crop types affected by them.
<p>This database compiles the pest species consumed by bats and the crop types they attack, as part of the supplementary material of the article entitled "<strong>Pest suppression by bats and management strategies to favour it: a global review</strong>", published in the journal Biological Reviews.</p> <p>The crop types were classified into several categories this work: cereals (e.g. wheat, maize, corn, rice, barley, sorghum); forest (e.g. beech, oak, poplar, willow); fruit crops (e.g. apple, pear, apricot, strawberry, cranberry); grasses (e.g. sugarcane, turfs, pastures); legumes (e.g. pea, bean, alfalfa, soybean); ornamental (e.g. garden species); other (cotton, tea, tobacco, hop, flax, rubber tree, hemp, peppermint, jute, rapeseed, kenaf, ashwagandha, mushrooms, honeybees); stored products (e.g. stored cereals, stored tobacco, dried fruits); and vegetables (e.g. tomato, lettuce, spinach, potato, onion).</p>
Heatwave ontogenetic timing impacts on potato crop-pest dynamics
<p>Heat waves – brief periods of unusually high temperatures – are damaging to agroecosystems and are increasing in frequency and intensity due to climate change. Despite growing appreciation for the threat that heat waves pose pose to agricultural sustainability, we have a poor understanding of what determines their impact on agroecological interactions in the field. Here we report a field experiment that examined how heat waves and their timing interact with crop pest resistance to influence the interactions between potato (<em>Solanum tuberosum</em>) and its most damaging pest, the Colorado potato beetle (CPB; <em>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</em>). We used open-top chambers and ceramic heaters to generate heat wave conditions in field plots with pest-resistant (Atlantic) and -susceptible (King Harry) potato varieties at four CPB developmental stages (neonate, late-larval, pupa, and adult stages). We then assessed CPB performance at larval and adult stages, leaf herbivory, and tuber yield.</p>
Landscape drivers of pests and pathogens abundance in arable crops
<p>Farmers' use of fungicides and insecticides constitutes a major threat to biodiversity that is also endangering agriculture itself. Landscapes could be designed to take advantage of the dependencies of pests, pathogens, and their natural enemies on elements of the landscape. Yet the complexity of the interactions makes it difficult to establish general rules. In our study, we sought to characterize the impact of the landscape on pest and pathogen prevalence, taking into account both crop and semi-natural areas. We drew on a nine-year national survey of 30 major pests and pathogens of arable crops, distributed throughout the latitudes of metropolitan France. We performed binomial LASSO generalized linear regressions on the pest and pathogen prevalence as a function of the landscape composition in a total of 39,880 field × year × pest observation series. We observed a strong disequilibrium between the number of pests or pathogens favored (15) and disadvantaged (2) by the area of their host crop in the landscape during the previous growing season. The impact of the host crop area during the ongoing growing season was different on pests than on fungal pathogens: the density of most pathogens increased (11 of 17, and no decreases) while the density of a small majority of pests decreased (7 of 13, and 4 increases). We also found that woodlands, scrublands, hedgerows, and grasslands did not have a consistent effect on the studied spectrum of pests and pathogens. Although overall the estimated effect of the landscape is small compared to the effect of the climate, a territorial coordination that generally favors crop diversity but excludes a crop at risk in a given year might prove useful in reducing pesticide use.</p>
Pest suppression potential varies across ten bioenergy cropping systems
<p>Dataset and metadata for Haan, N.L., & Landis, D.A. 2023. Pest suppression potential varies across ten bioenergy cropping systems. <em>Global Change Biology - Bioenergy</em>. </p>
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