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73 results for “crypsis”
FIGURE 15 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 15. Images of Ahaetulla malabarica sp. nov. Images of Holotype BNHS 3586 (CESS090). (a) Head lateral, (b) Head dorsal, (c) Ventral section, (d–f) Everted Hemipenis. Whole specimen (CESS090). Head lateral images of different colour morphs (live), (g) CESS090 from Brahmagiri, (h) CESS144 from Siruvani, (i) CESS143 from Poochipara, (j) CESS090 from Brahmagiri. Image of a live, uncollected individual, (k) Whole animal from Brahmagiri Hills (Images a & b; d & e to scale, other images not to scale).
FIGURE 17 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 17. Images of Ahaetulla farnsworthi sp. nov.. Images of Holotype BNHS 3588 (CESS288). (a) Head lateral, (b) Head dorsal, (c) Ventral section, (d–f) Dissected hemipenis, (g) Whole specimen. Head lateral images of different individuals (live), (h) CESS158 from Kudremukh, (i) CESS157 from Kudremukh, (j) Body section showing interscalar colouration (CESS158), (k) Image of a live, uncollected individual from Agumbe (Photo: Shreeram M.V.) (Images a & b; d, e & f to scale, other images not to scale).
FIGURE 6 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 6. Ahaetulla lineages in Peninsular India and Sri Lanka showing side-by-side comparison of their superficial head morphology and maxillary dentition. (From the top) (a) Ahaetulla farnsworthi sp. nov. (b) A. isabellina comb. nov. (c) A. malabarica sp. nov. (d) A. borealis sp. nov. (e) A. nasuta (f) A. oxyrhyncha comb. nov. (g) A. sahyadrensis nom. nov. (h) A. travancorica sp. nov. (i) A. dispar & A. travancorica sp. nov. (j) A. perroteti (1) Ahaetulla farnsworthi sp. nov. (2) A. isabellina comb. nov. (3) A. malabarica sp. nov. (4) A. borealis sp. nov. (5) A. nasuta (6) A. oxyrhyncha comb. nov. (7) A. pulverulenta (8) A. sahyadrensis nom. nov. (9) A. dispar (10) A. travancorica sp. nov. (11) A. perroteti.
FIGURE 14 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 14. Habitat of Ahaetulla isabellina comb. nov., near Valparai, Anamalai Hills, Southern Western Ghats (Tirupur district, Tamil Nadu State, India) showing evergreen and semi-evergreen forest vegetation types.
FIGURE 10 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 10. Images of Ahaetulla oxyrhyncha comb. nov. Head lateral images of (a) CESS211, (b) CESS244, (d) CESS506, & (c) dorso-lateral of a live specimen (from the CESS244 population). Images of a live, uncollected individual from Coimbatore. Tamil Nadu (e) showing threat display, (f) Full animal, (g) Habitat (images not to scale).
FIGURE 3 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 3. PCA plot shows quantitative morphological space shared by Western Ghats Ahaetulla spp.. In the figure, members of the Ahaetulla nasuta species complex with lineages L3—A. borealis sp. nov. (dark blue crosses), L4—A. farnsworthi sp. nov. (green filled squares), L5—A. isabellina comb. nov. (brown cross) and L6—A. malabarica sp. nov. (black squares) from the Western Ghats are clustered together and share morphological space. The PCA plots correspond to the scores and loadings presented in Appendix IV (D, E & F).
FIGURE 5 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic reconstruction of Ahaetulla species revealing the cladistic relationships and lineage diversity. Gray bar depicts species-level entities, some of which are numbered and depicted adjacent to their cluster.
FIGURE 4 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 4. Maps showing the distribution of lineages in the Western Ghats (in Peninsular India) and Sri Lanka. (A) Map showing our study's point locations of Ahaetulla farnsworthi sp. nov., A. isabellina comb. nov., A. malabarica sp. nov., A. borealis sp. nov., A. nasuta & A. oxyrhyncha comb. nov.. (B) Map showing our study's point locations of Ahaetulla perroteti, A. dispar & A. travancorica sp. nov..
FIGURE 13 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 13. Images of Ahaetulla isabellina comb. nov. Images of holotype BNHS 3584 (CESS183). (a) Head lateral, (b) Head Dorsal, (c) Ventral section, (d–f) Dissected hemipenis, (g) Whole specimen. Images of live individuals, (h) BNHS 3584 (CESS183) head lateral, (i) head lateral of CESS182, (j) body section of CESS182. Image of a live, uncollected individual from Valparai, (k) showing threat display (Images a & b; d, e & f to scale, other images not to scale).
FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood tree generated from three mitochondrial genes shows a in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood tree generated from three mitochondrial genes shows a number of new lineages (L1–L13) identified in our study. The lineages are marked with grey bars which represent the criteria used to delimit species boundaries, where three gene bPTP (P3), genetic p-distance (GD), morphological separation (M) and geographic isolation (G) are used to predict the number of putative lineages. The nodes below 70% parametric bootstrap support are indicated with asterisk (*). "+" indicates that the status of A. nasuta cf. isabellina needs further work (see Deepak et al. 2019).
FIGURE 16 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 16. Habitat of Ahaetulla malabarica sp. nov. in Brahmagiri Hills, Central Western Ghats (borders Kodagu district, Karnataka State and Waynad district, Kerala State, India) showing semi-evergreen and evergreen forest vegetation types.
FIGURE 9 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 9. Reproductions of colour plates of (a) Coluber nasutus (La Nasique) from Lacepede (1789: 302, pl. 4); (b) Dryinus oxyrhynchus (Passeriki Pam) from Russell (1796: pl. 12); (c) Dryinus russellianus (Botla Passeriki) from Russell (1796: pl. 13); (d) Photo of the preserved skin of BMNH 1904.7.27.25 Dryophis passeriki Photo: Gernot Vogel.
FIGURE 8 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 8. Images of live uncollected Ahaetulla nasuta from Kandy, Sri Lanka (a) Head dorsal, (b) Head lateral, (c) body lateral, (d) body ventrolateral, (e) entire dorsal, (f) [inset] ventral view of specimen with brownish venter.
FIGURE 7 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 7. Images of BNHS 1987 Ahaetulla nasuta. (a) Head lateral. (b) Head dorsal. (c) Ventral. Images of a live, uncollected individual from Sri Lanka A. nasuta. (d) Head lateral. (e) Head dorsal. (f) Ventral (Images a & b to scale, other images not to scale).
FIGURE 2 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 2. PCA plot shows quantitative morphological space shared by Ahaetulla spp.. In the figure, members of the Ahaetulla nasuta species complex with lineages L3—A. borealis sp. nov. (dark blue crosses), L4—A. farnsworthi sp. nov. (green filled squares), L5—A. isabellina comb. nov. (indigo cross) and L6—A. malabarica sp. nov. (blue squares) from the Western Ghats are clustered together and share morphological space with the arid area populations L1—A. oxyrhyncha comb. nov. (circle), L7—A. sahyadrensis nom. nov. and A. anomala (indicated by a black dot). The PCA plots correspond to the scores and loadings presented in Appendix IV (A, B & C)
FIGURE 11 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 11. Images of Ahaetulla sahyadrensis nom. nov. Images of BNHS2015. (a) Head dorsal. (b) Head lateral. (c) Section of body and ventrals. (d–f) Everted Hemipenis. (g) Full specimen. Images of live, uncollected individuals, (h) Near Jog falls, Karnataka, (i) from Agumbe, (j) Kudhremukh, (k) from Agumbe (Images a & b; d, e & f to scale, other images not to scale).
FIGURE 12 in Disentangling vines: a study of morphological crypsis and genetic divergence in vine snakes (Squamata: Colubridae: Ahaetulla) with the description of five new species from Peninsular India
FIGURE 12. Images of Ahaetulla pulverulenta, Sri Lanka. (a) Head dorsal, (b) Head lateral, (c) Whole animal (images not to scale).
Data from: You are what you eat: diet-induced chemical crypsis in a coral-feeding reef fish
The vast majority of research into the mechanisms of camouflage has focused on forms that confound visual perception. However, many organisms primarily interact with their surroundings using chemosensory systems and may have evolved mechanisms to 'blend in' with chemical components of their habitat. One potential mechanism is 'chemical crypsis' via the sequestration of dietary elements, causing a consumer's odour to chemically match that of its prey. Here, we test the potential for chemical crypsis in the coral-feeding filefish, Oxymonacanthus longirostris, by examining olfactory discrimination in obligate coral-dwelling crabs and a predatory cod. The crabs, which inhabit the corals consumed by O. longirostris, were used as a bioassay to determine the effect of coral diet on fish odour. Crabs preferred the odour of filefish fed their preferred coral over the odour of filefish fed a non-preferred coral, suggesting coral-specific dietary elements that influence odour are sequestered. Crabs also exhibited a similar preference for the odour of filefish fed their preferred coral and odour directly from that coral, suggesting a close chemical match. In behavioural trials, predatory cod were less attracted to filefish odour when presented alongside the coral it had been fed on, suggesting diet can reduce detectability. This is, we believe, the first evidence of diet-induced chemical crypsis in a vertebrate.
Data from: Active background choice facilitates crypsis in a tropical crab
Animals can evade predators in multiple ways, one of the most effective of which is to avoid detection in the first place. We know much about the evolution of color patterns that match the visual background to avoid detection (i.e., crypsis), yet we know surprisingly less about the specific behaviors that have co-evolved with these morphological traits to enhance or maintain crypsis. We here explore whether the match between body color and background in a seemingly well-camouflaged tropical shore crab is a result of active background choice. Taking advantage of a coastal area in the Solomon Islands with variable sand color and a population of the pallid ghost crab Ocypode pallidula with varying carapace color, we experimentally tested whether individuals actively choose specific substrate that best matches their color patterns. We found that individuals taken from extreme sand colors chose substrate that maintained crypsis, with relatively darker crabs typically choosing dark sand and lighter crabs choosing light sand. Crabs of intermediate color pattern, in contrast, showed no clear preference for dark or light sand. Our results suggest that potential prey can actively choose specific backgrounds to enhance and maintain crypsis, providing insights into how behavior interacts with morphological traits to avoid predator detection.
FIGURE 4 in Attack on crypsis: Molecular and morphological study of Dendrodoris Ehrenberg 1831 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from the Mediterranean Sea and Northern Atlantic Ocean reinstates Dendrodoris temarana Pruvot-Fol, 1953
FIGURE 4. Internal anatomy of a 27 mm preserved, mature specimen of Dendrodoris temarana (CRBA-92728). A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral views. Abbreviations: ampulla; b: pharyngeal bulb; c: central nervous system; d: deferent duct; f: female gland; g: gill; ga: bursa copulatrix gp: genital pore; h: heart; hg: hermaphrodite gland; hp: digestive gland; i: intestine; o: esophagus; pr: prostate; s: blood gland; sr: seminal receptacle; t: ptyalin gland; v: vagina.
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