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Fig. 1 in Messor erwini sp. n., a hitherto cryptic harvester ant in the Iberian Peninsula

Fig. 1. Sampling sites. (A) Iberian peninsula; (B) Catalonia. Occurrences of Messor barbarus (yellow, subclades 1 and 2 as defined by Romiguier et al., 2017), M. bouvieri (red), M. capitatus (blue), and the hitherto unidentified M. erwini sp. n. (green) depicted; at the focal study area Castellbell i el Vilar, M. barbarus, M. bouvieri, and the unidentified Messor co-occur (Google Earth Pro 2019, Data SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO, Image Landsat/Copernicus).

Fig. 6 in Messor erwini sp. n., a hitherto cryptic harvester ant in the Iberian Peninsula

Fig. 6. Phylogenetic analysis based on COI of Messor barbarus, M. bouvieri, M. capitatus, and the hitherto unidentified M. erwini sp. n. with Aphaenogaster iberica, M. lobognathus, and M. chamberlini as outgroups, using the Maximum Likelihood method based on the General Time Reversible model. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (1000 replicates) are shown next to the branches. The analysis was conducted in MEGA 7.0.26 (Nei and Kumar 2000; Kumar et al., 2016).

Fig. 3 in Messor erwini sp. n., a hitherto cryptic harvester ant in the Iberian Peninsula

Fig. 3. Method of Evanno et al. (2005) implemented on the STRUCTURE output data. L(K): mean ± standard deviation (SD) (left) and DeltaK (right). The analysis was conducted in STRUCTURE Harvester (Earl and von Holdt 2012).

Fig. 9 in Messor erwini sp. n., a hitherto cryptic harvester ant in the Iberian Peninsula

Fig. 9. Messor bouvieri major (A, C, E, G, H; collection code #19624) and minor (B, D, F, I, J; collection code #19620) workers. Lateral view of body (A, B); dorsal view of body (C, D); head in full-face view (E, F); frontal triangle in larger magnification (G, I); lateral view of petiole in larger magnification (H, J).

Fig. 4 in Messor erwini sp. n., a hitherto cryptic harvester ant in the Iberian Peninsula

Fig. 4. Bar plot of the Bayesian cluster analysis based on microsatellites genotyped in 286 individuals. The number of clusters is 4: Messor barbarus (yellow cluster), M. bouvieri (red), M. capitatus (blue), and the hitherto unidentified M. erwini sp. n. (green). The y axis shows the percentage of assignment to a certain cluster. The analysis was conducted in STRUCTURE 2.3.4 (Pritchard et al., 2000).

Fig. 8 in Messor erwini sp. n., a hitherto cryptic harvester ant in the Iberian Peninsula

Fig. 8. Messor barbarus major (A, C, E, G, H; collection code #19610) and minor (B, D, F, I, J; collection code #19612) workers. Lateral view of body (A, B); dorsal view of body (C, D); head in full-face view (E, F); frontal triangle in larger magnification (G, I); lateral view of petiole in larger magnification (H, J).

Fig. 2 in Messor erwini sp. n., a hitherto cryptic harvester ant in the Iberian Peninsula

Fig. 2. Position of morphometric characters on head in frontal view, including scape and frontal triangle, and on mesosoma in lateral and dorsal view; see Table 4 for definition of abbreviations and measurement of characters.

Fig. 11 in Messor erwini sp. n., a hitherto cryptic harvester ant in the Iberian Peninsula

Fig. 11. Messor erwini sp. n. major (A, C, E, G, H; holotype; collection code #19603e) and minor (B, D, F, I, J; paratype; collection code #19603d) workers. Lateral view of body (A, B); dorsal view of body (C, D); head in full-face view (E, F); frontal triangle in larger magnification (G, I); lateral view of petiole in larger magnification (H, J).

Fig. 9 in Uncovering cryptic diversity in the enigmatic ant genus Overbeckia and insights into the phylogeny of Camponotini (Hymenoptera:Formicidae:Formicinae)

Fig. 9. Time-calibrated phylogeny of Camponotini including all eight extant genera. The chronogram has been inferred using the fossilised birth–death model with 21 vetted fossil records and the constrained approach (Table 1), where we used a secondary calibration point (normal distribution, M = 51 and S = 5) for the most recent common ancestor of extant Camponotini lineages. The numbers at nodes reflect the posterior probabilities (support values). The generic images placed along the tree were taken for the specimens of the representative species collected in Klimes et al. (2015) or retrieved from AntWeb (Dinomyrmex, Opisthopsis).

Fig. 7 in Uncovering cryptic diversity in the enigmatic ant genus Overbeckia and insights into the phylogeny of Camponotini (Hymenoptera:Formicidae:Formicinae)

Fig. 7. Distribution map of Overbeckia species records. In total, 17 records of the genus are mapped and revised to the species level of which 12 are reported here for the first time (see Results and Supplementary Table S2). Distribution by countries is coloured in pink, with the Singapore record of the types of O. subclavata scaled up to Malaysia. In Indonesia and Queensland, respectively nine and three sites are relatively nearby and hence appear clumped.

Fig. 5 in Uncovering cryptic diversity in the enigmatic ant genus Overbeckia and insights into the phylogeny of Camponotini (Hymenoptera:Formicidae:Formicinae)

Fig. 5. Overbeckia papuana sp. nov. holotype (worker) and its lateral (a), frontal (b) and dorsal (c) views. Detail of head sculpture and shape of frontal carinae (d).

Fig. 4 in Uncovering cryptic diversity in the enigmatic ant genus Overbeckia and insights into the phylogeny of Camponotini (Hymenoptera:Formicidae:Formicinae)

Fig. 4. Overbeckia jambiensis sp. nov. holotype (worker) and lateral (a), frontal (b) and dorsal (c) views. Detail of head sculpture and shape of frontal carinae (d). Note that the right antenna has been glued into the antennal socket.

Fig. 8 in Uncovering cryptic diversity in the enigmatic ant genus Overbeckia and insights into the phylogeny of Camponotini (Hymenoptera:Formicidae:Formicinae)

Fig. 8. Variation in Overbeckia species occurrence across four vegetation types and two seasons in the EFForTS project (dry season, bars in red; wet season, bars in blue). Values on the y-axis show the number of cases in which the species occurred at least once in a subplot. In total, 19 individuals and 14 occurrences were found across 192 subplots sampled during dry and wet seasons (0.07% occupancy). At the level of different sites (forest plots), only 9 of 32 sampled here by canopy fogging were occupied by the genus.

Fig. 1 in Uncovering cryptic diversity in the enigmatic ant genus Overbeckia and insights into the phylogeny of Camponotini (Hymenoptera:Formicidae:Formicinae)

Fig. 1. Overbeckia subclavata, non-type. Worker from Indonesia (specimen HJ.3.1) displaying the lateral (a), frontal (b) and dorsal (c) views. Detail of head sculpture and shape of frontal carinae (d). Note hind leg tibia and tarsi are missing (damaged).

Fig. 6 in Uncovering cryptic diversity in the enigmatic ant genus Overbeckia and insights into the phylogeny of Camponotini (Hymenoptera:Formicidae:Formicinae)

Fig. 6. Overbeckia papuana sp. nov. paratypes (alates). Queen: lateral (a), dorsal (c) and frontal (e) views; male: lateral (b), dorsal (d) and frontal (f) views. Note that the petiole in queen (a) looks wider and blunter due to being bent to the right site (c).

Fig. 3 in Uncovering cryptic diversity in the enigmatic ant genus Overbeckia and insights into the phylogeny of Camponotini (Hymenoptera:Formicidae:Formicinae)

Fig. 3. Proventriculus of the ant genera Overbeckia (a), Calomyrmex (b), Echinopla (c) and Colobopsis (d). The darker flanges are sepals that are attached anteriorly to the tissues of the ant gut, whereas the convex light structure represents proventricular bulb that connects posteriorly to the stomodeal valve of the worker midgut. Note the posterior connection is broken here due to the removal of the structure from the gut of ant worker. The patterns reflect natural colouring of the structures.

opencc-zeroJul 2024View details →

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Data from: Phylogenomic inference and demographic model selection suggest peripatric separation of the cryptic steppe ant species Plagiolepis pyrenaica stat. rev.

The ant Plagiolepis taurica Santschi, 1920 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) is a typical species of the Eurasian steppes, a large grassland-dominated biome that stretches continuously from Central Asia to Eastern Europe and is represented by disjunct outposts also in Central and Western Europe. The extent of this biome has been influenced by the Pleistocene climate, and steppes expanded recurrently during cold stages and contracted in warm stages. Consequently, stenotopic steppe species such as P. taurica repeatedly went through periods of demographic expansion and severe isolation. Here, we explore the impact of these dynamics on the genetic diversification within P. taurica. Delimitation of P. taurica from other Plagiolepis species has been unclear since its initial description, which raised questions on both its classification and its spatiotemporal diversification early on. We re‐evaluate species limits and explore underlying mechanisms driving speciation by using an integrative approach based on genomic and morphometric data. We found large intraspecific divergence within P. taurica and resolved geographically coherent western and eastern genetic groups, which likewise differed morphologically. A morphometric survey of type material showed that Plagiolepis from the western group were more similar to P. barbara pyrenaica Emery, 1921 than to P. taurica; we thus lift the former from synonymy and establish it as separate species, P. pyrenaica stat. rev. Explicit evolutionary model testing based on genomic data supported a peripatric speciation for the species pair, probably as a consequence of steppe contraction and isolation during the mid‐Pleistocene. We speculate that this scenario could be exemplary for many stenotopic steppe species, given the emphasized dynamics of Eurasian steppes.

opennotspecifiedMay 2015View details →

Fig. 2 in Biogeography, cryptic diversity, and queen dimorphism evolution of the Neotropical ant genus Ectatomma Smith, 1958 (Formicidae, Ectatomminae)

Fig. 2 Ultrametric tree of Ectatomma ants obtained from BEAST Bayesian relaxed molecular clock analysis of two mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene. Ninety-five per cent highest posterior density divergence time estimates are presented as bars. Numbers on the scale at the foot of the figure represent millions of years. Corresponding geological epochs and their subdivisions are represented with differential

opennotspecifiedMay 2015View details →

Fig. 3 in Biogeography, cryptic diversity, and queen dimorphism evolution of the Neotropical ant genus Ectatomma Smith, 1958 (Formicidae, Ectatomminae)

Fig. 3 Ancestral area reconstruction results from RASP Bayesian analyses of Ectatomma ants based on biogeographic regions of Morrone (2006). Pie chart colours correspond to the posterior probability frequencies for each node. Letters in parenthesis correspond