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39 results for “cynipoid wasp”
Fig. 18 in Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea)
Fig. 18. Holotype male of Tanaoknemus ecarinatus Liu and Engel, new genus and species (CAS-78).
Fig. 8 in Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea)
Fig. 8. Holotype female of Goerania petiolata Liu and Engel, new genus and species (CAS).
Fig. 10 in Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea)
Fig. 10. Holotype male of Micropresbyteria caputipressa Liu and Engel, new genus and species (RTMP-
Fig. 16 in Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea)
Fig. 16. Holotype female of Syneucoila magnifica Liu and Engel, new genus and species (NJ-1075).
Fig. 6 in Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea)
Fig. 6. Holotype female of Proliopteron redactus Liu and Engel, new genus and species (CAS-409).
Comprehensive phylogenomic analyses re-write the evolution of parasitism within cynipoid wasps
Background Parasitoidism, a specialized life strategy in which a parasite eventually kills its host, is frequently found within the insect order Hymenoptera (wasps, ants and bees). A parasitoid lifestyle is one of two dominant life strategies within the hymenopteran superfamily Cynipoidea, with the other being an unusual plant-feeding behavior known as galling. Less commonly cynipoid wasps exhibit inquilinism, a strategy where some species have adapted to usurp other species' galls instead of inducing their own. Using a phylogenomic data set of ultraconserved elements from nearly all lineages of Cynipoidea, we here generate a robust phylogenetic framework and timescale to understand cynipoid systematics and the evolution of these life histories. Results Our reconstructed evolutionary history for Cynipoidea differs considerably from previous hypotheses. Rooting our analyses with non-cynipoid outgroups, the Paralaucini, a group of inquilines, emerged as sister-group to the rest of Cynipoidea, rendering the gall wasp family Cynipidae paraphyletic. The families Ibaliidae and Liopteridae, long considered archaic and early-branching parasitoid lineages, were found nested well within the Cynipoidea as sister-group to the parasitoid Figitidae. Cynipoidea originated in the early Jurassic around 190 Ma. Either inquilinism or parasitoidism is suggested as the ancestral and dominant strategy throughout the early evolution of cynipoids, depending on whether a simple (three states: parasitoidism, inquilinism and galling) or more complex (seven states: parasitoidism, inquilinism and galling split by host use) model is employed. Conclusions Our study has significant impact on understanding cynipoid evolution and highlights the importance of adequate outgroup sampling. We discuss the evolutionary timescale of the superfamily in relation to their insect hosts and host plants, and outline how phytophagous galling behavior may have evolved from entomophagous, parasitoid cynipoids. We hypothesize these seemingly diverging life strategies may be considered as specializations of a similar underlying molecular toolkit between which switches are possible. Our study has established the framework for further physiological and comparative genomic work between gall-making, inquiline and parasitoid lineages, which could also have significant implications for the evolution of diverse life histories in other Hymenoptera.
FIGURE 9. A–C in Adding another piece to the cynipoid puzzle: the description of a new tribe, genus and species of gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) endemic to The Republic of South Africa
FIGURE 9. A–C) Cecinothofagus gallaelenga: A) head anterior view. B) mesosoma lateral view. C) scutellar foveae. D–E) Pediaspis aceris: D) bisex. gen., mesosoma dorsal view. E) parth. gen. mesosoma lateral view. F–G) Eschatocerus acaciae Mayr: F) mesosoma lateral view. G) scutellum. H) Diplolepis rosae, mesosopleuron. I) scutellar foveae of Plagiotrochus razeti Barbotin parth. gen. J–K) Pediaspis aceris: J) antenna male. K) antenna female. L–M) Cecinothofagus gallaelenga: L) antenna female. M) first flagellomeres of male antenna. N) profemur. O) head lateral view, showing vertical carinae on gena.
FIGURE 6 in Adding another piece to the cynipoid puzzle: the description of a new tribe, genus and species of gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) endemic to The Republic of South Africa
FIGURE 6. Qwaqwaia scolopiae, final-instar larva and pupa: A–B) larval body, lateral view (LM). C) pupa, lateral view inside a gall. D) pupa, ventral view.
FIGURE 3 in Adding another piece to the cynipoid puzzle: the description of a new tribe, genus and species of gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) endemic to The Republic of South Africa
FIGURE 3. Qwaqwaia scolopiae, adult female: A) habitus. B) forewing. C) mesosoma, ventral view. D) ovipositor.
FIGURE 11 in Adding another piece to the cynipoid puzzle: the description of a new tribe, genus and species of gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) endemic to The Republic of South Africa
FIGURE 11. Forewings: A) Eschatocerus acaciae. B) Diplolepis fructuum (Rübsaamen). C) Plagiotrochus razeti parth. gen. D) Synergus ibericus.
FIGURE 8 in Adding another piece to the cynipoid puzzle: the description of a new tribe, genus and species of gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) endemic to The Republic of South Africa
FIGURE 8. Pronotum, anterior view of Cynipidae: A) Cecinothofagus gallaelenga Nieves-Aldrey & Liljeblad. B) Pediaspis aceris (Gmelin) bisex. gen. C) Aulacidea martae Nieves-Aldrey. D) Phanacis caulicola (Hedicke). E) Barbotinia oraniensis (Barbotin). F) Diastrophus rubi. G) Xestophanes potentillae (Retzius in De Geer). H) Liposthenes glechomae (Linnaeus). I) Ceroptres clavicornis Hartig. J) Synergus crassicornis (Curtis). K) Rhoophilus loewi Mayr. L) Periclistus brandtii (Ratzeburg). M) Diplolepis rosae (Linnaeus). N) Andricus pseudoinflator Tavares bisex. gen. O) Cynips divisa Hartig parth. gen.
FIGURE 2 in Adding another piece to the cynipoid puzzle: the description of a new tribe, genus and species of gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) endemic to The Republic of South Africa
FIGURE 2. Qwaqwaia scolopiae, adult female: A) mesosoma, lateral view. B) propodeum. C) metasoma, lateral view. D) metasoma, ventral view. E) detail of hypopigium. F) metatarsal claw.
FIGURE 1 in Adding another piece to the cynipoid puzzle: the description of a new tribe, genus and species of gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) endemic to The Republic of South Africa
FIGURE 1. Qwaqwaia scolopiae, adult female: A) head, anterior view. B) head, posterior view. C) antenna. D) detail of last flagellomeres of antenna. E) detail of the placodeal sensillae on last flagellomeres. F) mesosoma, dorsal view. G) pronotum.
FIGURE 7 in Adding another piece to the cynipoid puzzle: the description of a new tribe, genus and species of gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) endemic to The Republic of South Africa
FIGURE 7. Galls induced by Qwaqwaia scolopiae on Scolopia mundii: A) young galls. B–D) mature galls, some showing exit holes. E–F) sections of galls containing live larvae.
FIGURE 10. A in Adding another piece to the cynipoid puzzle: the description of a new tribe, genus and species of gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) endemic to The Republic of South Africa
FIGURE 10. A) Head anterior view of Ceroptres clavicornis. B) head anterior view of Synergus crassicornis. C) head posterior view of Synergus ibericus Tavares. D) head posterior view of Xestophanes potentillae. E) mesosoma lateral view of Trigonaspis synaspis (Hartig) bisex. gen. F–G) metasoma lateral view: F) Diplolepis rosae. G) Phanacis helminthiae (Stefani). H) Synergus gabrieli Nieves-Aldrey & Medianero. I) Ceroptres clavicornis. J) Callirhytis glandium (Giraud) parth. gen. K–O) hypopygium ventral view: K) Aulacidea martae (lateral view); L) Synergus ibericus. M) Amphibolips castroviejoi Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey bisex. gen. N) Andricus grossulariae Giraud parth. gen. O) Cynips divisa parth. gen.
Comprehensive phylogenomic analyses re-write the evolution of parasitism within cynipoid wasps
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FIGURE 5 in Adding another piece to the cynipoid puzzle: the description of a new tribe, genus and species of gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) endemic to The Republic of South Africa
FIGURE 5. Qwaqwaia scolopiae, final-instar larva: A) left mandible. B) right mandible.
Fig. 1 in Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea)
Fig. 1. Photomicrograph of holotype female of Protimaspis costalis Kinsey (ROM) in Canadian amber from Cedar Lake.
Fig. 4 in Phylogeny and Geological History of the Cynipoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea)
Fig. 4. Holotype female of Stolamissus mirabilis Liu and Engel, new genus and species (NJ-709).
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