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Figs 15–24. Artema atlanta. 15 in Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 15–24. Artema atlanta. 15. Epigynum (MRAC 215041, Benin). 16–18. Male left pedipalp (MRAC 120766, Sudan), prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 19–21. Male left bulb and procursus, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views, arrows in Fig. 20 show notches on distal margin of procursus. 22–24. Male chelicerae (same specimen), lateral and frontal views. Scale lines: 15, 19–24 = 0.5 mm; 16–18 = 1 mm.

Figs 3–8. Live specimens and habitats. 3. Artema atlanta Walckenaer, 1837 from Thailand, Ratchaburi. 4–5. A in Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 3–8. Live specimens and habitats. 3. Artema atlanta Walckenaer, 1837 from Thailand, Ratchaburi. 4–5. A. nephilit sp. nov. from Israel. 6. Typical Artema web mass, in a cave in Petra, Jordan. 7–8. Caves populated by Artema nephilit sp. nov.: Oren Cave, Mount Karmel (7) and caves in the Eilat Mountains (8), Israel. Photos: BAH (3–4, 6–8), SA (5).

Figs 45–54 in Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 45–54. Artema nephilit sp. nov. 45–50. Epigyna, ventral views, females from Berniki caves (45, 49: HUJ Ara 15996-7),'En Tamar (46: HUJ Ara 16019), Samar (47: HUJ Ara 16020), Petra (48: ZFMK Ar 15227) and HaTanur Waterfall (50: CSZ). 51–54. Female abdomens, dorsal and lateral views, from Petra (51–52: ZFMK Ar 15227), and 'En Tamar (53–54: HUJ Ara 16019). Figs 45-47, 49-50, 53-54 Israel; 48, 51-52 Jordan. Scale lines: 45–50, 54 = 1 mm; 51–53 = 2 mm.

Figs 55–66 in Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 55–66. Artema nephilit sp. nov., ZFMK Ar 15225-27 (♂) and HUJ Ara 15997 (♀). 55–56. Combhairs on left male tarsus 4, prolateral views. 57. Right male tarsus 2, showing absence of comb-hairs. 58–59. Comb-hairs on left female tarsus 4, prolateral (-distal) views. 60. Right female tarsus 2, showing absence of comb-hairs. 61. Detail of male comb-hair on tarsus 4. 62. Trichobothrium base, female palpal tibia. 63. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 64–65. Male bulbal processes. 66. Modified area between processes b and c on male genital bulb. Scale lines: 55, 58 = 0.08 mm; 56–57, 59, 63 = 0.1 mm; 60, 64–65 = 0.2 mm; 61–62 = 0.01 mm; 66 = 0.03 mm.

Figs 1–2. 1 in Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 1–2. 1. Known distributions of species of Artema except A. atlanta Walckenaer, 1837. The Japanese record of A. doriae Thorell, 1881 is not shown as it is based on a single introduced specimen. 2. Known distribution of Artema atlanta. Green dots: specimens examined; black dots: specimens not examined (data from: Banks 1898; Beatty et al. 2008; Blackwell 1958; Bösenberg & Lenz 1895; Brignoli 1981; Bryant 1940, 1948; Caporiacco 1928, 1948, 1949; Chamberlin 1924; Chrysanthus 1967; Colmenares 2008; Denis 1953; Doleschall 1857; Dyal 1935; Franganillo 1926a; Gao & Li 2010; Gertsch & Davis 1942; Gonzalez-Sponga 2005; Karsch 1879, 1892; Leardi in Airaghi 1902; Lessert 1936; Majumder & Biswas 1993; Marples 1955; Mello-Leitão 1942; Millot 1946; Moenkhaus 1898; F.O.Pickard-Cambridge 1902; Petrunkevitch 1925, 1929; Pocock 1900; Saaristo 2001; Simon 1885, 1894; Taczanowsky 1874; Thorell 1895, 1898; Vinson 1863; Yaginuma 1970). Records from Israel, Belgium, and Britain are not shown as they are based on single introduced specimens.

Figs 9–14 in Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 9–14. Mating sequence of Artema nephilit sp. nov. 9. Male (on the right) approaches female and touches female legs. 10. Male lowers palps below body for final approach. 11. Male searches for correct position on female, female abdomen is pushed backwards. 12. Male rotates palps into final mating position (180° around longitudinal axis; note that the bulb is visible). 13. Asymmetric insertion of palps (note that the male's left palp is more deeply inserted than the right palp). 14. Male cleans palps. Photos BAH.

Figs 35–44 in Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 35–44. Artema nephilit sp. nov. 35. Male habitus (ZFMK Ar 15225, Israel, Mount Karmel, Oren Cave). 36–38. Male left pedipalp (ZFMK Ar 15227, Jordan, Petra): prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 39–41. Male left bulb and procursus: prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 42–44. Male chelicerae (ZFMK Ar 15227, Jordan, Petra and HUJ Ara 16000, Israel, Mount Berniki): lateral and frontal views. Scale lines: 36–38, 42–43 = 1 mm; 39–41, 44 = 0.25 mm.

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Linked collectors and determiners for: Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae).

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae)". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/4298f5cf-d85e-48fb-afe8-f12c99ad65b3">https://bionomia.net/dataset/4298f5cf-d85e-48fb-afe8-f12c99ad65b3</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/4298f5cf-d85e-48fb-afe8-f12c99ad65b3">https://gbif.org/dataset/4298f5cf-d85e-48fb-afe8-f12c99ad65b3</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Fig. 57. Tolteca Huber, 2000 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Fig. 57. Tolteca Huber, 2000, karyotypes and sex chromosome behaviour in male germline; stained by Giemsa. A. T. hesperia (Gertsch, 1982), diploid karyotype (2n♂ = 15, X1X2 Y), based on two fused sister prometaphases II. X chromosomes are probably metacentric, morphology of Y chromosome is unresolved. Note positive heteropycnosis of X chromosomes. B–G. T. oaxaca Huber sp. nov. B. Haploid karyotype (n♂ = 8, X 1 X 2 Y), based on metaphase II. Note positive heteropycnosis of X chromosomes. C. Spermatogonial prometaphase. Note metacentric morphology of tiny Y chromosome. D. Premeiotic interphase. Sex chromosomes form an overcondensed body on the periphery of the nucleus. E. Late diffuse stage. Sex chromosomes are positively heteropycnotic; bivalents are considerably decondensed. F. Diplotene. Note five bivalents and sex chromosome body exhibiting a positive heteropycnosis. G. Metaphase I containing five bivalents and sex chromosome body. H. T. hesperia, metaphase II consisting of seven chromosomes. Note tiny Y chromosome. Abbreviations: SCB = sex chromosome body; X1 = X1 chromosome; X2 = X2 chromosome; Y = Y chromosome. Scale bars= 10 µm.

Fig. 54 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Fig. 54. Tolteca oaxaca Huber sp. nov., female from Mexico, Oaxaca, 3 km N of San Pedro Totolapa (ZFMK Mex362). A. Epigynum, ventral view (arrow: knob-shaped structure). B. Knob-shaped structure between epigynum and pedicel. C. ALS and PMS. D. Prolateral trichobothrium on tibia 3. E. Palpal tarsal organ. F. Tarsal organ on tarsus 2. G. Tip of left tarsus 2, retrolateral view. H. Tip of right tarsus 4, prolateral view, showing comb hair (arrow). Abbreviations: ep = epigynum (main epigynal plate); pep = posterior epigynal plate. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B–D, G–H = 10 µm; E–F = 2 µm.

Fig. 56 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Fig. 56. Representative sample of habitats of Tolteca Huber, 2000 in Mexico. A. Sinaloa, 3 km S of Rosario (T. hesperia (Gertsch, 1982)). B. Colima, 17 km E of Manzanillo (type locality of T. manzanillo Huber sp. nov.; showing collection method). C–D. Oaxaca, 3 km N of San Pedro Totolapa (type locality of P. oaxaca Huber sp. nov.; overview and spot with high abundance of specimens).

Fig. 59 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Fig. 59. Environmental niche comparisons between non-Caribbean ('true')Pholcophora Banks, 1896and Tolteca Huber, 2000. Red lines in similarity and equivalency graphs indicate the observed niche overlap (D-metric), while grey bars show the distribution of the D-metric for 100 simulated comparisons. Note that the similarity and equivalency of the environmental niche between non-Caribbean Pholcophora and Tolteca was higher than randomly expected. The distribution of Pholcophora includes areas with high temperature annual range (bio7 in C) and seasonality (bio4 in C) not occupied by Tolteca. The two taxa exhibit a relatively high niche overlap (D = 0.40; bluish area in D). Climatic variables in the PCA: bio1 = annual mean temperature; bio2 = mean diurnal range; bio3 = isothermality; bio4 = temperature seasonality; bio5 = max temperature of warmest month; bio6 = min temperature of coldest month; bio7 = temperature annual range; bio8 = mean temperature of wettest quarter; bio9 = mean temperature of driest quarter; bio10 = mean temperature of warmest quarter; bio11 = mean temperature of coldest quarter; bio12 = annual precipitation; bio13 = precipitation of wettest month; bio14 = precipitation of driest month; bio15 = precipitation seasonality; bio16 = precipitation of wettest quarter; bio17 = precipitation of driest quarter; bio18 = precipitation of warmest quarter; bio19 = precipitation of coldest quarter.

Fig. 53 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Fig. 53. Tolteca oaxaca Huber sp. nov., females from Mexico, Oaxaca, N of San Pedro Totolapa (ZFMK Ar 23961). A–B, D–E. Cleared female genitalia, ventral (A, D) and dorsal (B, E) views. C, F. Detail of median internal structures. Scale bars: A–B, D–E = 0.1 mm; C, F = 0.05 mm.

Fig. 52 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Fig. 52. Tolteca oaxaca Huber sp. nov., females from Mexico, Oaxaca, N of San Pedro Totolapa (ZFMK Ar 23961), epigyna. A, C. Ventral views. B, D. Lateral views. Arrows: knob-shaped structure. Scale bar = 0.2 mm (all at same scale).

Fig. 51 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Fig. 51. Tolteca oaxaca Huber sp. nov., male paratype from Mexico, Oaxaca, N of San Pedro Totolapa (ZFMK Ar 23961). A–B. Chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. C. Left palpal tarsus and procursus, retrolateral view. D–F. Left genital bulb, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 48 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Fig. 48. Tolteca sinnombre Huber sp. nov., female from Mexico, Colima, S of Coquimatlán (ZFMK Ar 23960), cleared female genitalia. A. Ventral view. B. Dorsal view. C–D. Detail of median internal structures. Arrows point at membranous sacs (cf. Fig. 55F). Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 49 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Fig. 49. Tolteca huahua Huber sp. nov., females from Mexico, Michoacán, W of Huahua (ZFMK Ar 23957). A–D. Epigyna, ventral (A, C) and lateral (B, D) views. E–G. Cleared female genitalia, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views, and detail of median internal structures (G). Arrows point at knobshaped structure. Asterisk: membranous sac (cf. Fig. 55D). Abbreviation: gp = genital plug. Scale bars: A–D = 0.2 mm; E–F = 0.1 mm; G = 0.05 mm.

Fig. 47 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Fig. 47. Tolteca sinnombre Huber sp. nov., females from Mexico, Colima, S of Coquimatlán (ZFMK Ar 23940), epigyna. A, C. Ventral views. B, D. Lateral views. Abbreviations: ep = epigynum (main epigynal plate); pep = posterior epigynal plate. Scale bar = 0.2 mm (all at same scale).

Fig. 46 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Fig. 46. Tolteca manzanillo Huber sp. nov.; male from Mexico, Colima, 17 km E of Manzanillo (ZFMK Ar 23958). A. Right palp, retrolateral-distal view. B. Left palp, retrolateral-dorsal view. C–D. Palpal tarsal organ. E. Tarsal organ on tarsus 2. F. Lateral face of right chelicera, showing absence of stridulatory file. G. Gonopore. H. ALS. Abbreviations: b = genital bulb; p = procursus. Scale bars: A–B, F = 20 µm; C–D = 2 µm; E = 1 µm; G–H = 10 µm.

Fig. 45 in Short-legged daddy-long-leg spiders in North America: the genera Pholcophora and Tolteca (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Fig. 45. Tolteca manzanillo Huber sp. nov., females from Mexico, Colima, E of Manzanillo (ZFMK Ar 23958). A–D. Epigyna, ventral (A, C) and lateral (B, D) views. E–G. Cleared female genitalia, ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views, and detail of median internal structures (G). Arrows point at anterior epigynal knob. Asterisk: membranous sac (cf. Fig. 55E). Scale bars: A–D = 0.2 mm; E, F = 0.1 mm; G = 0.05 mm.