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FIGURES 70–76 in Cribrilinids (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) associated with deep-water coral habitats at the Great Bahama Bank slope (NW Atlantic), with description of new taxa

FIGURES 70–76. Teresaspis lineata (Canu & Bassler, 1928) n. comb., Great Bahama Bank slope. Station GeoB16388-3, PMC-Rosso Bahama Collection Bah.HB43a, except for 73 Station GeoB16376-1, SMF-45.519. 70, 71. Large, costate-shielded kenozooid connecting autozooids belonging to different braches (70), and its close-up showing the shield with costae and pelmatidia (71). 72. Large costate-shielded kenozooids reparing a damaged colony portion, one (long arrowed) connecting two zooids and another (short allowed) intramurally budded within a broken zooid. 73. Large costate-shielded kenozooid terminating zooidal row. 74, 75. Small kenozooid with opesia connecting autozooids from different branches (74), and its close-up showing (75). 76. Close-up of the reparative kenozooid intramurally budded within a damaged autozooid in 72. Scale bars: 70, 73 = 500 µm; 71, 76 = 200 µm; 72, 74 = 1 mm; 75 = 100 µm.

FIGURES 65–69 in Cribrilinids (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) associated with deep-water coral habitats at the Great Bahama Bank slope (NW Atlantic), with description of new taxa

FIGURES 65–69. Teresaspis lineata (Canu & Bassler, 1928) n. comb., Great Bahama Bank slope. 65. Zooidal orifice showing indistinct blunt condyles, Station GeoB16382-1, SMF-45.523. 66. Zooidal orifice closed by a secondarily calcified operculum, Station GeoB16377-1, SMF-45.520. 67, 68. 67. Regenerated zooids in frontal view; the laminar orificial arch indicates the former presence of an ovicell, Station GeoB16382-1, SMF-45.523. 68. Distal part of a broken autozooid subsequently regenerated as an autozooid (see the nested orificial rim) and a kenozooid. 69. Unusual budding pattern showing two distal daughter zooids originating from a possibly teratologic autozooid proximally connected to the parental one through two porechambers, Station GeoB16377-1, SMF-45.520. Scale bars: 65, 66 = 100 µm; 67, 68 = 200 µm; 69 = 500 µm.

FIGURES 49–54 in Cribrilinids (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) associated with deep-water coral habitats at the Great Bahama Bank slope (NW Atlantic), with description of new taxa

FIGURES 49–54. Teresaspis lineata (Canu & Bassler, 1928) n. comb., Great Bahama Bank slope. 49. Autozooid with wellpreserved pair of distal oral costa-like processes and lateral oral costae meeting above the orifice. Station GeoB16382-1, SMF- 45.523. 50. Lateral view of an autozooid with unbroken orificial processes. Station GeoB16388-3, PMC-Rosso Bahama Collection Bah.HB43a. 51. Distal view of autozooid with broken cylindrical distal oral costae and lateral costae arching above the orifice, Station GeoB16375-1, SMF-45.503. 52. Lateral view of two autozooids with oral costa-like processes, Station GeoB16376-1, SMF-45.519. 53. Distolateral view of the orifice figured in 50 with tapering, upword directed distal oral processes. 54. Distal view of a different autozooid with compressed distal oral processes. Note the pelmatidia. Station GeoB16388-3, PMC-Rosso Bahama Collection Bah.HB43a. Scale bars: 49, 51, 52, 53 = 200 µm; 50 = 500 µm; 54 = 100 µm.

FIGURES 39–45 Glabrilaria polita Rosso n in Cribrilinids (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) associated with deep-water coral habitats at the Great Bahama Bank slope (NW Atlantic), with description of new taxa

FIGURES 39–45 Glabrilaria polita Rosso n. sp., Great Bahama Bank slope, Station GeoB16375-1, holotype SMF-45.514. 39. Live colony on a crab fragment. 40. Pauciserial lobe with autozooids laterally bounded by a row of kenozooids. 41. Ovicellate zooids with and without semi-erect avicularia associated to the ooecia (one broken). 42. Two autozooids with five oral spine bases and ovicellate zooid retaining four oral spines; note avicularia associated with both ovicellate and non-ovicellate autozooids. 43. Hyperstomial cleithral ovicell with a smooth ooecium formed by the distal kenozooid, and having a longitudinal median suture; note semi-erect avicularium to the left. 44. Semi-erect and pedunculate avicularia budded from ovicellate and non-ovicellate autozooids, respectively. 45. Close-up of zooidal orifice and pedunculate columnar avicularium with a slightly serrated rostrum. Scale bars: 39, 40 = 500 µm; 41, 42, 44 = 200 µm; 43, 45 = 100 µm.

FIGURES 46–48 in Cribrilinids (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) associated with deep-water coral habitats at the Great Bahama Bank slope (NW Atlantic), with description of new taxa

FIGURES 46–48. Teresaspis lineata (Canu & Bassler, 1928) n. comb., Great Bahama Bank slope. 46. Station GeoB16377-1, SMF-45.520. 47. Station GeoB16388-3, PMC-Rosso Bahama Collection Bah.HB43a. 46, 47. Colonies with long chains of zooids with prevailing distal budding. 48. Colony showing a relatively regular budding pattern alternating zooids with cruciform, distolateral and distal budding. Station GeoB16382-1, SMF-45.523. Scale bars: 46, 48 = 5 mm; 47 = 2 mm.

FIGURES 29–38. Glabrilaria hirsuta Rosso n in Cribrilinids (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) associated with deep-water coral habitats at the Great Bahama Bank slope (NW Atlantic), with description of new taxa

FIGURES 29–38. Glabrilaria hirsuta Rosso n. sp., Great Bahama Bank slope. 29. Kenozooids clustered within autozooids, Station GeoB16388-3, SMF-45.513. 30. Kenozooids marking the periphery of a lobe; note several pedunculate avicularia projecting above the substratum, Station GeoB16388-3, SMF-45.513. 31. Large kenozooid with extensive costate shields (arrowed), Station GeoB16367-2, SMF-45.506. 32. Group of small, particularly spiny kenozooids, GeoB16376-1, SMF- 45.509. 33. Very small irregularly-shaped kenozooids, some without a costate frontal shield, aligned between regenerated zooids, and possibly acting as reparative connections, GeoB16376-1, SMF-45.509. 34. Autozooid distally surrounded by kenozooids, GeoB16388-3, SMF-45.513. 35. Colony margin with ovicellate zooids, bounded by a series of kenozooids and a small reparative one located on the zooidal frontal surfacte (arrowed), several bearing pedunculate avicularia, GeoB16388-3, SMF-45.513. 36. Pair of pedunculate avicularia distal to an autozooid, Station GeoB16388-3, SMF-45.513. 37. Frontal view of pedunculate avicularium originating from a kenozooid, Station GeoB16388-3, SMF-45.513. 38. Damaged colony portion with teratologic zooidal morphology and including regenerated autozooids and kenozooids substituting autozooidal parts, Station GeoB16388-3, SMF-45.513. Scale bars: 29, 31, 33 = 500 µm; 30, 38 = 200 µm; 32, 34–36 = 100 µm; 37 = 50 µm.

FIGURES 19–25. Glabrilaria hirsuta Rosso n in Cribrilinids (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) associated with deep-water coral habitats at the Great Bahama Bank slope (NW Atlantic), with description of new taxa

FIGURES 19–25. Glabrilaria hirsuta Rosso n. sp., Great Bahama Bank slope, all figures from Station GeoB16388-3, SMF- 45.513, except for 24 from Station GeoB16382-1, SMF-45.512. 19. Several ovicellate zooids with a more triangular frontal area of ectooecium and transversal crests with two central prominent spiny processes. 20. Close-up of the ooecium without a spiny crest, ooecium-bearing distal kenozooid is well seen. 21. Group of autozooids with very wide ooecia. 22. Periancestrular area. 23. Ancestrula with four oral spines bases and nine opesial spine bases (all articulated). 24. Ancestrula with the intramural budding. 25. Close-up of costae with prominent peripheral spiny processes, intercostal bridges and pores. Scale bars: 19, 22–24 = 200 µm; 20 = 100 µm; 21 = 500 µm; 25 = 50 µm.

FIGURES 10, 11. Glabrilaria hirsuta Rosso n in Cribrilinids (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) associated with deep-water coral habitats at the Great Bahama Bank slope (NW Atlantic), with description of new taxa

FIGURES 10, 11. Glabrilaria hirsuta Rosso n. sp., Great Bahama Bank slope, Station GeoB16374-1, holotype SMF-45.505a. 10. Composed image of a colony forming an almost complete ring around a coral branch about 5 mm in diameter. Two relatively long pauciserial lobes diverge from the ancestrula (arrowed in the second and third part of the composite image). 11. Strongly inclined view of some autozooids to show their typical spiny appearance. Scale bars: 10 = 1 mm; 11 = 200 µm.

FIGURES 2–9 in Cribrilinids (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) associated with deep-water coral habitats at the Great Bahama Bank slope (NW Atlantic), with description of new taxa

FIGURES 2–9. Cribrilaria saginata (Winston, 2005) n. comb., Great Bahama Bank slope, Station GeoB16377-1. 2, 3. SMF- 45.503a. 4–9. SMF-45.503b. 2. Group of autozooids with flat, round to oval frontal shield, and avicularia. Note the large windows of the basal pore-chambers (arrowed). 3. Close-up of a single autozooid with five oral spines and an avicularium. 4. Group of autozooids including one ovicellate. 5. Slightly inclined view of the ovicellate zooid to show the frontal carina. 6. Autozooidal orifice and suboral bar. 7. Distal part of an ovicellate zooid with four oral spines. Note the large intercostal spaces between the first pair of suboral costae. 8. Interzoecial avicularium showing pointed pivotal denticles. 9. Group of autozooids, some showing intramural budding along the edge of a damaged colony. Scale bars: 2, 9 = 500 µm; 3–7 = 200 µm; 8 = 100 µm.

FIGURES 12–18. Glabrilaria hirsuta Rosso n in Cribrilinids (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) associated with deep-water coral habitats at the Great Bahama Bank slope (NW Atlantic), with description of new taxa

FIGURES 12–18. Glabrilaria hirsuta Rosso n. sp., Great Bahama Bank slope, Station GeoB16374-1, holotype SMF-45.505a. 12. Marginal autozooid with bases of six oral spines, surrounded by kenozooids. 13. Ovicellate zooid with bases of four oral spines and an avicularium on one side. Note the transversal spiny crest surrounding the crescent-shaped flat and steeply inclined proximal surface of ectooecium. 14. Slightly inclined view of a peripheral ovicellate zooid with two avicularia lateral to the orifice and very prominent spiny processes of the ovicell crest. 15, 16. Inclined distal views of two ovicells showing the spiny crests of the ooecia and the costate distal shields of the ooecium-bearing kenozooids. 17. Periancestrular area showing the asymmetrical budding pattern of autozooids and kenozooids only from one side of the ancestrula; note that some autozooids posses seven oral spines. 18. Ancestrula with the bases of six articulated oral spines, three pairs of more spaced opesial spines and one proximal spine. Scale bars: 12, 13, 14, 17 = 200 µm; 15, 16, 18 = 100 µm.

FIGURE 1 in Cribrilinids (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) associated with deep-water coral habitats at the Great Bahama Bank slope (NW Atlantic), with description of new taxa

FIGURE 1. Overview map with the study site (white asterisk) at the Great Bahama Bank slope. Bathymetry data from Ryan et al. (2009).

FIGURES 29–34 in Last snails standing since the Early Pleistocene, a tale of Calliostomatidae (Gastropoda) living in deep-water coral habitats in the north-eastern Atlantic

FIGURES 29–34. Calliostoma maurolici on various substrates. 29. Caracole/PL129-7 (ROV). Grazing on dead Lophelia pertusa framework. 30. M61-3/632 (GeoB 9285, ROV). Grazing on dead Lophelia pertusa framework portions. 31. POS 400/GeoB 14544 (ROV 3). Grazing on a Madrepora oculata colony. 32. POS400/GeoB 14548 (ROV5). Two specimens of different age grazing in close vicinity on dead coral framework. 33. POS400/GeoB 14543 (ROV2). Grazing on deep-sea anemone Phelliactis hertwigii. 34. POS400/GeoB 14548 (ROV5). Grazing on epiliths, grown on a hardground. [Fig. 29 was taken by ROV "VIC- TOR 6000", IFREMER, France. Fig. 30 was taken by ROV "QUEST 4000" and Figs 31–34 were taken via ROV "Cherokee", MARUM, Bremen University, Germany.]

FIGURES 21–28. Calliostoma maurolici, 21–24. Moundforce2004 in Last snails standing since the Early Pleistocene, a tale of Calliostomatidae (Gastropoda) living in deep-water coral habitats in the north-eastern Atlantic

FIGURES 21–28. Calliostoma maurolici, 21–24. Moundforce2004/37, Juvenile specimen, H 1.4 mm, W 1.5 mm, protoconch W 0.48 mm, T 0.36 mm, scale bar 0.1 mm. 25. Specimen from limestone outcrop, St. Paul's Bay, Rhodes, Mid-Pleistocene (private collection A. Freiwald). 26–28. M61-3/603, live-collected, H 16 mm, W 19 mm.

FIGURES 15–20 in Last snails standing since the Early Pleistocene, a tale of Calliostomatidae (Gastropoda) living in deep-water coral habitats in the north-eastern Atlantic

FIGURES 15–20. Calliostoma bullatum on substrates. 15. MSM16-3/GeoB 14871 (ROV5). Grazing on carnivorous sponge Cladorhiza corallophila; arrow indicating grazing effect. 16. MSM16-3/GeoB 14902 (ROV10). On framework encrusting sponge. 17. MSM16-3/GeoB 14902 (ROV10). Grazing on a valve of live Acesta excavata, which is colonised by epibionts; the two laser points are at a distance of 6 cm. 18. MSM16-3/GeoB 14902 (ROV10). Grazing on a valve of dead Acesta excavata (note in direct surrounding the free portions of epibionts on the valve and the white framework portions of Lophelia pertusa lacking any tissue). 19. MSM16-3/GeoB 14902 (ROV10). Grazing on a gastropod shell (Ranella olearium). 20. MSM16-3/ GeoB 14891 (ROV9). Grazing on dead hydroid axis in close vicinity to a Solenogastres.

FIGURE 1 in Last snails standing since the Early Pleistocene, a tale of Calliostomatidae (Gastropoda) living in deep-water coral habitats in the north-eastern Atlantic

FIGURE 1. Distribution maps of Calliostoma bullatum and Calliostoma leptophyma (left) and of Calliostoma maurolici (right). In the left map, empty shells of Calliostoma bullatum as red diagonal crosses, live observations as yellow triangles, empty shells of Calliostoma leptophyma as red normal crosses, live observations in this study as green triangles, live observations from literature as green diamonds. In the right map, empty shells of Calliostoma maurolici as red normal crosses, live observations as yellow triangles, live observations from literature as green diamonds. Bathymetry data source: GEBCO, depth contour intervals 500 m.

FIGURES 9–14 in Last snails standing since the Early Pleistocene, a tale of Calliostomatidae (Gastropoda) living in deep-water coral habitats in the north-eastern Atlantic

FIGURES 9–14. Calliostoma bullatum on various substrates. 9. MSM16-3/GeoB 14871 (ROV4). Grazing on hydroids. 10. MSM16-3/GeoB 14871 (ROV4). Elongated, muscular foot supports feeding on polyp tissue (Madrepora oculata). Operculum and dorsal groove on foot indicated by arrow. 11. MSM16-3/GeoB 14873 (ROV7). Muscular foot enables elevation of body above substrate (live Lophelia pertusa). Epipodial sense organs spread directly below the shell (arrow). 12. MSM16-3/GeoB 14871 (ROV4). Feeding on apical portions of a live Madrepora oculata. 13. MSM16-3/GeoB 14779 (ROV2). Two individuals feeding on Lophelia pertusa tissue; note the grazing tracks showing the bare, white coral skeleton devoid of polyp tissue in contrast to the orange to pale-pinkish live portions. 14. MSM16-3/GeoB 14891 (ROV9). Three individuals of different sizes all feeding on epibionts of Lophelia pertusa framework; note the grazing traces on adjacent live Lophelia pertusa portions (see arrow). [Figs 9-20 were taken by ROV "Sperre", Tomas Lundälv, Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Infrastructure, Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, Sweden].

FIGURES 35–43. Calliostoma leptophyma. 35–37. HERMES2006 in Last snails standing since the Early Pleistocene, a tale of Calliostomatidae (Gastropoda) living in deep-water coral habitats in the north-eastern Atlantic

FIGURES 35–43. Calliostoma leptophyma. 35–37. HERMES2006/12, 35–36. H 1.0 mm, W 1.1 mm. 37. Protoconch W 0.59 mm, T 0.45 mm, scale bar 0.1 mm. 38. Moundforce2004/37, H 2.2 mm, W 2.3 mm, protoconch W 0.56 mm, T 0.43 mm. 39. HERMES2006/23A, H 2.9 mm, W 2.9 mm, protoconch W 0.57 mm, T 0.43 mm. 40. M151/GeoB 23434-4, live-collected, H 13 mm, W 14 mm. 41–43. Moundforce2004/41C, H 22 mm, W 23 mm.

FIGURES 2–8. Calliostoma bullatum, 2–5. POS346 in Last snails standing since the Early Pleistocene, a tale of Calliostomatidae (Gastropoda) living in deep-water coral habitats in the north-eastern Atlantic

FIGURES 2–8. Calliostoma bullatum, 2–5. POS346/ GeoB 11579, 2–3. H 1.4 mm, W 1.7 mm. 4–5. W 2.0 mm, T 1.6 mm, protoconch W 0.47 mm, T 0.35 mm, scale bar 0.1 mm. 6–7. MSM16-3/ GeoB 14871, live-collected, scale bars 10 mm, 6. H 36 mm, W 36 mm. 7. H 31 mm, W 32 mm. 8. Trochus bullatus, original illustration by Philippi (1844), H 34 mm, W 34 mm.

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Data from: Early life history of deep-water gorgonian corals may limit their abundance

Deep-water gorgonian corals are long-lived organisms found worldwide off continental margins and seamounts, usually occurring at depths of ~200–1,000 m. Most corals undergo sexual reproduction by releasing a planktonic larval stage that disperses; however, recruitment rates and the environmental and biological factors influencing recruitment in deep-sea species are poorly known. Here, we present results from a 4-year field experiment conducted in the Gulf of Maine (northwest Atlantic) at depths of more than 650 m that document recruitment for 2 species of deep-water gorgonian corals, Primnoa resedaeformis and Paragorgia arborea. The abundance of P. resedaeformis recruits was high, and influenced by the structural complexity of the recipient habitat, but very few recruits of P. arborea were found. We suggest that divergent reproductive modes (P. resedaeformis as a broadcast spawner and P. arborea as a brooder) may explain this pattern. Despite the high recruitment of P. resedaeformis, severe mortality early on in the benthic stage of this species may limit the abundance of adult colonies. Most recruits of this species (more than 80%) were at the primary polyp stage, and less than 1% of recruits were at stage of 4 polyps or more. We propose that biological disturbance, possibly by the presence of suspension-feeding brittle stars, and limited food supply in the deep sea may cause this mortality. Our findings reinforce the vulnerability of these corals to anthropogenic disturbances, such as trawling with mobile gear, and the importance of incorporating knowledge on processes during the early life history stages in conservation decisions.