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1,186 results for “defensiveness”
Data from: Evidence for reductions in physical and chemical plant defense traits in island flora
<p>Reduced defense against large herbivores has been suggested to be part of the "island syndrome" in plants. However, empirical evidence for this pattern is mixed. In this paper, we present two studies that compare putative physical and chemical defense traits from plants on the California Channel Islands and nearby mainland based on sampling of both field and common garden plants. In the first study, we focus on five pairs of woody shrubs from three island and three mainland locations and find evidence for increased leaf area, decreased marginal leaf spines, and decreased concentrations of cyanogenic glycosides in island plants. We observed similar increases in leaf area and decreases in defense traits when comparing island and mainland genotypes grown together in botanic gardens, suggesting that trait differences are not solely driven by abiotic differences between island and mainland sites. In the second study, we conducted a common garden experiment with a perennial herb—<em>Stachys bullata </em>(Lamiaceae)—collected from two island and four mainland locations. Compared to their mainland relatives, island genotypes show highly reduced glandular trichomes and a nearly 100-fold reduction in mono- and sesquiterpene compounds from leaf surfaces. Island genotypes also had significantly higher specific leaf area, somewhat lower rates of gas exchange, and greater aboveground biomass than mainland genotypes across two years of study, potentially reflecting a broader shift in growth habit. Together, our results provide evidence for reduced expression of putative defense traits in island plants, though these results may reflect adaptation to both biotic (i.e., the historical absence of large herbivores) and climatic conditions on islands.</p>
Transcription factors in moss development and defenses against abiotic and biotic stress_dataset
<p>Lists of <em>P. patens</em> genes encoding transcription factors belonging to AP2/ERF, bHLH, GRAS, MYB, NAC and WRKY families differentially expressed in transcriptomes related to response to biotic interactions, abiotic stress, and hormones.</p>
Complex plant quality - microbiota - population interactions modulate the response of a specialist herbivore to the defense of its host plant.
<p>1. Many specialist herbivores have evolved strategies to cope with plant defenses, with gut microbiota potentially participating to such adaptations.</p> <p>2. In this study we assessed whether the history of plant use (population origin) and microbiota may interact with plant defense adaptation.</p> <p>3. We tested whether microbiota enhance the performance of <em>Melitaea cinxia </em>larvae on their host plant, <em>Plantago lanceolata</em> and increase their ability to cope the defensive compounds, iridoid glycosides (IGs).</p> <p>3. The gut microbiota was significantly affected by both larval population origin and host plant IG level. Contrary to our prediction, impoverishing the microbiota with antibiotic treatment did not reduce larval performance.</p> <p>5. As expected for this specialized insect herbivore, sequestration of one of IGs was higher in larvae fed with plants producing higher concentration of IGs. These larvae also showed metabolic signature of intoxication (<em>i.e. </em>decrease in Lysine levels). However, intoxication on highly defended plants was only observed when larvae with history of poorly defended plants were simultaneously treated with antibiotics.</p> <p>6. Our results suggest that both adaptation and microbiota contribute to the metabolic response of herbivores to plant defense though complex interactions.</p>
Low water availability enhances volatile-mediated direct defenses but disturbs indirect defenses against herbivores
<p>1. Interactions between plants and natural enemies of insect herbivores influence plant productivity and survival by reducing herbivory. Plants attract natural enemies via herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), but how water availability (WA) influences HIPV-mediated defenses is unclear. </p> <p>2. We use tomato (<em>Solanum lycopersicum</em>), tomato fruitworm (<em>Helicoverpa zea</em>), and two natural enemies, the parasitoid wasp (<em>Microplitis croceipes</em>) and the predator spined soldier bug (<em>Podisus maculiventris</em>), to investigate the effect of WA on HIPV emission dynamics and associated plant defense. </p> <p>3. We show that low WA initially increases total HIPV emission by tomatoes on the first day of herbivore exposure and, in contrast, reduces HIPV emission on the second day. Low WA enhances HIPVs that are mostly found in tomato trichomes. Notably, some volatiles inhibited by low WA are known attractants of natural enemies. Evidence from Y-tube and in-cage behavioral assays indicates that changes in HIPV emissions by low WA compromise the ability of tomato plants to attract natural enemies. </p> <p>4. Synthesis: Based on our results, we propose a hypothesis where plants respond to low WA by enhancing repellent HIPV emissions and reducing the emission of HIPVs that attract natural enemies, which disrupts natural enemy-mediated plant indirect defenses but enhances plant direct defense against herbivores.</p>
Pest defenses under weak selection exert a limited influence on the evolution of height growth and drought avoidance in marginal pine populations
<p>Whilst droughts, intensified by climate change, have been affecting forests worldwide, pest epidemics are a major source of uncertainty for assessing drought impacts on forest trees. Thus far, little information has documented the adaptability and evolvability of traits related to drought and pests simultaneously. We conducted common-garden experiments to investigate how several phenotypic traits (i.e., height growth, drought avoidance based on water-use efficiency inferred from δ<sup>13</sup>C, and pest resistance based on defense traits) interact in five mature lodgepole pine populations established in four progeny trials in western Canada. The relevance of interpopulation variation in climate sensitivity highlighted that seed-source warm populations had greater adaptive capability than cold populations. In test sites, warming generated taller trees with higher δ<sup>13</sup>C and increased the evolutionary potential of height growth and δ<sup>13</sup>C across populations. We found, however, no pronounced gradient in defenses and their evolutionary potential along populations or test sites. Response to selection was weak in defenses across test sites, but high for height growth, particularly at warm test sites. Response to selection of δ<sup>13</sup>C varied depending on its selective strength relative to height growth. We conclude that warming could promote the adaptability and evolvability of growth response and drought avoidance with limited evolutionary influence from pest (biotic) pressures.</p>
Data from: Genome-wide association mapping within a local Arabidopsis thaliana population more fully reveals the genetic architecture for defensive metabolite diversity
<p>A paradoxical finding from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in plants is that variation in metabolite profiles typically maps to a small number of loci, despite the complexity of underlying biosynthetic pathways. This discrepancy may partially arise from limitations presented by geographically diverse mapping panels. Properties of metabolic pathways that impede GWAS by diluting the additive effect of a causal variant, such as allelic and genic heterogeneity and epistasis, would be expected to increase in severity with the geographic range of the mapping panel. We hypothesized that a population from a single locality would reveal an expanded set of associated loci. We tested this in a French <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> population (< 1 km transect) by profiling and conducting GWAS for glucosinolates, a suite of defensive metabolites that have been studied in depth through functional and genetic mapping approaches. For two distinct classes of glucosinolates, we discovered more associations at biosynthetic loci than previous GWAS with continental-scale mapping panels. Candidate genes underlying novel associations were supported by concordance between their observed effects in the TOU-A population and previous functional genetic and biochemical characterization. Local populations complement geographically diverse mapping panels to reveal a more complete genetic architecture for metabolic traits.</p>
Dataset: Kratos Defense & Security Solutions, Inc. (KTOS) Stock Performance
This dataset provides historical stock market performance data for specific companies. It enables users to analyze and understand the past trends and fluctuations in stock prices over time. This information can be utilized for various purposes such as investment analysis, financial research, and market trend forecasting.
Fig. 1 Catapotia laevissima Thomson, adult morphology. a Dorsal habitus. b in The debris-cloaking larva of Catapotia laevissima and the origin of defensive strategies in Anamorphidae and other Coccinelloidea (Coleoptera)
Fig. 1 Catapotia laevissima Thomson, adult morphology. a Dorsal habitus. b Ventral habitus of female. c Antenna. d Frontal view of head. e Ventral view of head. f Abdominal apex of male. g Mesotarsus. h Metatarsal claws
Data from: Defensive fruit metabolites obstruct seed dispersal by altering bat behavior and physiology at multiple temporal scales.
<p>These data support the publication "Defensive fruit metabolites obstruct seed dispersal by altering bat behavior and physiology at multiple temporal scales".</p>
Figure 2 in Antioxidant defenses in three vesper bats(Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) during hibernation
Figure 2. The activity of catalase in the bats' tissues. Results (in IU/mg protein) are expressed as mean ± SEM. ◊ Significant difference from P. auritus in the same tissue. ◊ P <0.05.
Figure 1 in Antioxidant defenses in three vesper bats(Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) during hibernation
Figure 1. The activity of SOD in the bats' tissues. Results (in U/mg protein) are expressed as mean ± SEM. ♦ Significant difference from M. brandtii, ◊ from P. auritus in the same tissue. ♦, ◊ P <0.05.
Fig. 6 in Multiple infestations induce direct defense of maize to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Fig. 6. Number (mean ± SE) of live females (A, C2 = 7.39; df = 37; P <0.001), immature individuals (B, C2 = 2.14; df = 36; P <0.001), eggs (C, C2 = 2.14; df = 36; P <0.001), and dead females (D, C2 = 7.7; df = 36; P <0.001) of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on conspecific plus Spodoptera frugiperda infested conventional (white bars) and Bt (gray bars) maize plants. M = mite, C = caterpillar. *** = statistically significant (P <0.01).
Fig. 5 in Multiple infestations induce direct defense of maize to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Fig. 5. Number (mean ± SE) of live females (A, C2 = 29.5; df =37; P = 0.195), immature individuals (B, C2 = 39.1; df = 36; P = 0.670), eggs (C, C2 = 31.7; df = 36; P = 0.326), and dead females (D, C2 = 22.0; df = 37; P = 0.024) of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on conspecific (white bars) and conspecific plus Spodoptera frugiperda infested (gray bars) Bt maize plants. M = mite, C = caterpillar. ns = statistically insignificant, * = statistically significant (P <0.05).
Fig. 4 in Multiple infestations induce direct defense of maize to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Fig. 4. Number (mean ± SE) of live females (A, C2 = 7.65; df = 37; P <0.001), immature individuals (B, C2 = 2.60; df = 36; P <0.001), eggs (C, C2 = 2.14; df = 36; P <0.001), and dead females (D, C2 = 5.38; df = 37; P <0.001) of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on conspecific (white bars) and conspecific plus Spodoptera frugiperda infested (gray bars) conventional maize plants. M = mite, C = caterpillar. *** = statistically significant (P <0.01).
Fig. 3 in Multiple infestations induce direct defense of maize to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Fig. 3. Number (mean ± SE) of live females (A, C2 = 31.11; df = 37; P = 0.259), immature individuals (B, C2 = 27.67; df = 37; P = 0.133), eggs (C, C2 = 27.67; df = 36; P = 0.240), and dead females (D, C2 = 23.58; df = 37; P = 0.042) of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on infested conventional (30F35) (white bars) and Bt (30F35Hx) (gray bars) maize plants. ns = statistically insignificant, * = statistically significant (P <0.05).
Fig. 1 in Multiple infestations induce direct defense of maize to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Fig. 1. Number (mean ± SE) of live females (A, C2 = 45.2; df = 36; P = 0.861), immature individuals (B, C2 = 38.7; df = 37; P = 0.608), eggs (C, C2 = 38.1; df = 36; P = 0.624), and dead females (D, C2 = 29.7; df = 37; P = 0.203) of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on clean (white bars) and co-specific re-infested (gray bars) conventional maize plants (30F35). ns = statistically insignificant.
Fig. 7 in Multiple infestations induce direct defense of maize to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Fig. 7. Projection to principal component analysis based on the ions detected by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of uninfested (C = o) and infested with Tetranychus urticae (C + Tu = ●) conventional maize; uninfested (Bt = Z) and infested with T. urticae (Bt + Tu = ■) Bt maize; infested with T. urticae and Spodoptera frungiperda (C + Tu + Sf = Δ) conventional maize; and infested with T. urticae and S. frungiperda (Bt + Tu + Sf = ▲) Bt maize, using the first 2 principal components (Dim) with explained variance in brackets
Fig. 2 in Multiple infestations induce direct defense of maize to Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Fig. 2. Number (mean ± SE) of live females (A, C2 = 21.9; df = 37; P = 0.02), immature individuals (B, C2 = 40.9; df = 37; P = 0.698), eggs (C, C2 = 30.5; df = 37; P = 0.235), and dead females (D, C2 = 21.9; df = 37; P = 0.383) of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, on clean (light gray bars) and co-specific re-infested (dark gray bars) Bt maize plants (30F35Hx). ns = statistically insignificant, * = statistically significant (P <0.05).
Fig. 1 in Defensive warning behavior expressed by three species of polistine wasps
Fig. 1. Diagram of foraging area, nest yard, and sting threshold point. Foraging territory is the area surrounding the nest in which colony workers scout for and obtain their prey, paper, and other resources. Outside the nest yard, they remain non-defensive unless they are subjected to personal threat. The nest yard includes the area around the nest but outside of the sting threshold point in which warning behaviors are expressed. An intruder who approaches the nest in the area within the sting threshold point is likely to experience stinging behavior.
Fig. 2 in Defensive warning behavior expressed by three species of polistine wasps
Fig. 2. Flow chart of defensive behavior expressed by polistine wasp workers toward vertebrate intrusion, as determined in this research and other investigations (Hermann 2017; Hermann & Dirks 1974). As initial lines of defense, aposematic coloration and pattern, along with nest location, offer some degree of colony protection. Once an intruder enters the nest yard, warning expressions are displayed by workers. Size of the nest yard and the stinging threshold point generally are species specific. Following the initial pretarsal twitching and the more obvious antennal raising and wing spreading, a wide array of defensive expressions ensue, terminating in stinging flights. There also are some interspecific differences in the display of certain warning expressions, as discussed in the text.
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