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Text-fig. 8. Bivariate diagram of length and width of the lower dentition (m1 and m2) of Pseudarctos, Ictiocyon and Dehmicyon species. a: m2; b: m1; c: length m1 and m2. Data from Schlosser (1904), Helbing (1937), Thenius (1949), Dehm (1950), Crusafont et al. (1950), Ginsburg (1992). Abbreviations: L – length; W – width; Ba – Baigneaux; LRM – Pellecahus. in The Amphicyoninae (Amphicyonidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) Of The Early Miocene From Tuchořice, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 8. Bivariate diagram of length and width of the lower dentition (m1 and m2) of Pseudarctos, Ictiocyon and Dehmicyon species. a: m2; b: m1; c: length m1 and m2. Data from Schlosser (1904), Helbing (1937), Thenius (1949), Dehm (1950), Crusafont et al. (1950), Ginsburg (1992). Abbreviations: L – length; W – width; Ba – Baigneaux; LRM – Pellecahus.
Text-fig. 1. Bivariate diagram of length and width of the upper dentition of selected European small and middle size Amphicyoninae compared with the Tuchořice specimens. a: P4; b: M1; c: M2; d: m1; e: m2. Data from Schlosser (1899, 1904), Thenius (1949), Dehm (1950), Heizmann (1973), Ginsburg (1977, 1989), Peigné (2012). Dotted line – ranges of maximum and minimum values from the average of teeth of Cynelos lemanensis from Ulm (Peigné and Heizmann 2003). Abbreviations: L – length; W – width. in The Amphicyoninae (Amphicyonidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) Of The Early Miocene From Tuchořice, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 1. Bivariate diagram of length and width of the upper dentition of selected European small and middle size Amphicyoninae compared with the Tuchořice specimens. a: P4; b: M1; c: M2; d: m1; e: m2. Data from Schlosser (1899, 1904), Thenius (1949), Dehm (1950), Heizmann (1973), Ginsburg (1977, 1989), Peigné (2012). Dotted line – ranges of maximum and minimum values from the average of teeth of Cynelos lemanensis from Ulm (Peigné and Heizmann 2003). Abbreviations: L – length; W – width.
Figure 2 in The upper dentition and relationships of the enigmatic Australian Cretaceous mammal Kollikodon ritchiei
Figure 2. Kollikodon ritchiei right maxillary fragment and molar row preserving Px, M1, M2, M3 and M4. (A) Stereopair oblique-occlusal view. (B) Stereopair lingual view. (C) Stereopair buccal view. ant, anterior.
Figure 1 in The upper dentition and relationships of the enigmatic Australian Cretaceous mammal Kollikodon ritchiei
Figure 1. Kollikodon ritchiei right maxillary fragment and molar row preserving Px, M1, M2, M3 and RM4. Stereopair occlusal view. ant, anterior; bucc, buccal.
Figure 3 in The upper dentition and relationships of the enigmatic Australian Cretaceous mammal Kollikodon ritchiei
Figure 3. Results of phylogenetic analyses of 104 taxa and 438 characters, including 62 ordered characters. Kollikodon ritchiei is highlighted in bold, Australosphenida is indicated by blue shading. 68 taxa are collapsed in the clade Trechnotheria. (A) Maximum parsimony analysis 50% majority-rule consensus. Dashed lines indicate nodes that collapse under strict consensus of 6048 most parsimonious trees, each with a tree length of 2336 and consistency index (CI) of 0.35. Numbers below branches indicate bootstrap values (only those above 50% reported). (B) Bayesian analysis 50% majority-rule consensus of the post burn-in trees. Nodal support values indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities above 50%.
FIGURE 8 in Body length estimation of Neogene macrophagous lamniform sharks (Carcharodon and Otodus) derived from associated fossil dentitions
FIGURE 8. Correlation between summed crown width and total body length in 17 modern Carcharodon carcharias individuals, comparing the upper versus lower dentition. (A) linear function (upper dentition: R2 = 0.93); (B) power function (upper dentition: R2 = 0.97); (C) linear function (lower dentition: R2 = 0.90); and (D) power function (lower dentition: R2 = 0.95).
FIGURE 3 in Body length estimation of Neogene macrophagous lamniform sharks (Carcharodon and Otodus) derived from associated fossil dentitions
FIGURE 3. Associated dentitions of Otodus megalodon in lingual view. (A) UF-VP-311000; (B) GHC 1; (C) CH-31- 46P; and (D) UF-VP-460000. Scale bars equal 5 cm.
FIGURE 4 in Body length estimation of Neogene macrophagous lamniform sharks (Carcharodon and Otodus) derived from associated fossil dentitions
FIGURE 4. Associated dentitions of Otodus chubutensis in lingual view. (A) USNM 411881 (adapted from Perez et al., 2019; fig. 5); (B) USNM 299832; (C) GHC 3; and (D) UF-VP-312864. Scale bars equal 5 cm.
FIGURE 1 in Body length estimation of Neogene macrophagous lamniform sharks (Carcharodon and Otodus) derived from associated fossil dentitions
FIGURE 1. Premise of summed crown width method. (A) Carcharodon carcharias dentition in lingual view, with applicable terminology. The right half is an illustration of the typical dental formula for C. carcharias. The left half is from a 5.18 m female with one less posterior tooth in the lower tooth series (originally figured in Hubbell, 1996; figure 5). Scale bar equals 5 cm. (B) The most complete known associated dentition of Otodus megalodon (CH-31-46P) in lingual view. Scale bar equals 5 cm. (C) Body length of fossil taxa is calculated under the assumption that the ratio of summed crown width to total body length (TL) is proportional in ecologically and taxonomically related species. Silhouette proportions for O. megalodon are based on Cooper et al. (2020). A/a = anterior, I = intermediate, and L/l = lateral. Uppercase letters denote upper teeth and lowercase letters denote lower teeth.
Figure 1 in Malformed pedipalp finger dentition of the scorpion Superstitionia donensis (Scorpiones: Superstitioniidae)
Figure 1: Dorsal aspect of adult male Superstitionia donensis with aberrant pedipalp finger dentition.
◂Fig.15 Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) showing transverse rows of dentition on Dinaride Zospeum and Iberozospeum radulae; (a) Z. pretneri, (NMBE 553290), Gornja Cerovačka pećina, Croatia, transverse rows of teeth on long, slender basal plates (bp), rachidian (r) and lateral teeth (l), arrows indicate medial grooves on mesocones of individual teeth; (b) Z. isselianum, NMBE 553389, Turjeva jama, Slovenia, ibid.; (c) Iberozospeum sp. (RMNH.MOL.234,116), Cueva a Sul, straight transverse rows of small, seemingly bi-cuspid lateral teeth (l) with reduced mesocones on compact basal plates; (d) ibid., close up view of rachidian teeth (r), lateral fang-like teeth (l) and transitional teeth (t); (e) I. vasconicum, (AJC 1848), Cueva Ermita de Sandaili, rachidian teeth (r) flanked by 4-cuspid lateral teeth (l), C. ibazoricum-like in form; (f) Iberozospeum sp. (RMNH. MOL.234108), Cueva la Torcona, lateral teeth showing reduced mesocones (me) flanked by long, fang-like endo- and ectocones (e), rachidian tooth (r) (flipped over in upper righthand corner of image); (g) I. zaldivarae (AJC 1876a), Cueva de Las Paúles, transverse rows of teeth showing varying cusp lengths; (h) ibid., close up view (left to right) of marginal (m) and transitional teeth (t) on short, compact basal plates (bp). — Magnification varies for each perspective, see scale bars; all Figs taken by M. Ruppel, (ret.) Goethe University Frankfurt am Main in Molecular investigation and description of Iberozospeum n. gen., including the description of one new species (Eupulmonata, Ellobioidea, Carychiidae)
◂Fig.15 Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) showing transverse rows of dentition on Dinaride Zospeum and Iberozospeum radulae; (a) Z. pretneri, (NMBE 553290), Gornja Cerovačka pećina, Croatia, transverse rows of teeth on long, slender basal plates (bp), rachidian (r) and lateral teeth (l), arrows indicate medial grooves on mesocones of individual teeth; (b) Z. isselianum, NMBE 553389, Turjeva jama, Slovenia, ibid.; (c) Iberozospeum sp. (RMNH.MOL.234,116), Cueva a Sul, straight transverse rows of small, seemingly bi-cuspid lateral teeth (l) with reduced mesocones on compact basal plates; (d) ibid., close up view of rachidian teeth (r), lateral fang-like teeth (l) and transitional teeth (t); (e) I. vasconicum, (AJC 1848), Cueva Ermita de Sandaili, rachidian teeth (r) flanked by 4-cuspid lateral teeth (l), C. ibazoricum-like in form; (f) Iberozospeum sp. (RMNH. MOL.234108), Cueva la Torcona, lateral teeth showing reduced mesocones (me) flanked by long, fang-like endo- and ectocones (e), rachidian tooth (r) (flipped over in upper righthand corner of image); (g) I. zaldivarae (AJC 1876a), Cueva de Las Paúles, transverse rows of teeth showing varying cusp lengths; (h) ibid., close up view (left to right) of marginal (m) and transitional teeth (t) on short, compact basal plates (bp). — Magnification varies for each perspective, see scale bars; all Figs taken by M. Ruppel, (ret.) Goethe University Frankfurt am Main
◂Fig. 14 Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) showing radular ribbon form, middle adhesive zone (az) and rows of dentition (rd) of Dinaride and Iberian individuals (notation denotes aspects on one Dinaride Zospeum and one Iberozospeum ribbon); (a) Z. exiguum (NMBE 553384), Križna jama, Slovenia (45.7452, 14.4673), long and narrow, tapered anterior end (tae), short adhesive zone (az), bottom furled with narrow obtuse or straight base (nosb); (b) Z. pretneri, (NMBE 553290), Gornja Cerovačka pećina, Croatia (44.2701, 15.8855), ibid., with straight base; (c) I. vasconicum, (AJC 1848), Cueva Ermita de Sandaili (42.9994, -2.4381), moderately long and broad, tapered anterior end (tae), prominent adhesive zone (az), straight base (sb); (d) I. zaldivarae, (AJC 1876), Cueva de Las Paúles (43.1282, -2.7362), ibid.; (e) Iberozospeum sp. (RMNH.MOL. 234,109), Cueva de la Foz, long and broad, ibid; (f) Iberozospeum sp., (RMNH.MOL. 234,144), Cueva de Rales, very long and broad, ibid; (g) Iberozospeum sp., (RMNH.MOL. 234,116), Cueva a Sul, long and broad, ibid; (h) Iberozospeum sp., (RMNH.MOL. 234,108), Cueva de Torcona, very long and broad, ibid. — Magnification varies for each perspective, see scale bars; all Figs imaged by M. Ruppel, (ret.) Goethe University Frankfurt am Main in Molecular investigation and description of Iberozospeum n. gen., including the description of one new species (Eupulmonata, Ellobioidea, Carychiidae)
◂Fig. 14 Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) showing radular ribbon form, middle adhesive zone (az) and rows of dentition (rd) of Dinaride and Iberian individuals (notation denotes aspects on one Dinaride Zospeum and one Iberozospeum ribbon); (a) Z. exiguum (NMBE 553384), Križna jama, Slovenia (45.7452, 14.4673), long and narrow, tapered anterior end (tae), short adhesive zone (az), bottom furled with narrow obtuse or straight base (nosb); (b) Z. pretneri, (NMBE 553290), Gornja Cerovačka pećina, Croatia (44.2701, 15.8855), ibid., with straight base; (c) I. vasconicum, (AJC 1848), Cueva Ermita de Sandaili (42.9994, -2.4381), moderately long and broad, tapered anterior end (tae), prominent adhesive zone (az), straight base (sb); (d) I. zaldivarae, (AJC 1876), Cueva de Las Paúles (43.1282, -2.7362), ibid.; (e) Iberozospeum sp. (RMNH.MOL. 234,109), Cueva de la Foz, long and broad, ibid; (f) Iberozospeum sp., (RMNH.MOL. 234,144), Cueva de Rales, very long and broad, ibid; (g) Iberozospeum sp., (RMNH.MOL. 234,116), Cueva a Sul, long and broad, ibid; (h) Iberozospeum sp., (RMNH.MOL. 234,108), Cueva de Torcona, very long and broad, ibid. — Magnification varies for each perspective, see scale bars; all Figs imaged by M. Ruppel, (ret.) Goethe University Frankfurt am Main
Fig. 4 in Age determination of the Mongolian wild ass (Equus hemionus Pallas, 1775) by the dentition patterns and annual lines in the tooth cementum
Fig. 4. The times of eruption, development of cementum and formation of the annual lines in the first upper incisor (I1) at the labial (left) and lingual side (right).
Text-fig. Fig. 8. Cercidiphyllaceae. Archeampelos acerifolia (NEWBERRY) MCIVER et BASINGER. 1, 2 Lectotype, from Fort Union, North Dakota. 1. The leaf originally figured as plate 28, fig. 5 by Newberry (1878). USNM 551. 2. Detail of marginal dentition, showing a small gland at each tooth apex (arrows). Scale = 1 cm in 1; 0.5 cm in 2. in Revisions To Roland Brown'S North American Paleocene Flora
Text-fig. Fig. 8. Cercidiphyllaceae. Archeampelos acerifolia (NEWBERRY) MCIVER et BASINGER. 1, 2 Lectotype, from Fort Union, North Dakota. 1. The leaf originally figured as plate 28, fig. 5 by Newberry (1878). USNM 551. 2. Detail of marginal dentition, showing a small gland at each tooth apex (arrows). Scale = 1 cm in 1; 0.5 cm in 2.
Fig. 10 in The dentition of a eugeneodontiform shark from the Lower Pennsylvanian of Derbyshire, UK
Fig. 10. Cast of a symphyseal tooth whorl (NHMUK P.9673) of the eugeneodontiform shark "Campodus variabilis" sensu Eastman (1902–1903) from the Coal Measures (Pennsylvanian) of Cedar Creek, Nebraska, USA. A. Lateral view. B. Oral view.
Fig. 9 in The dentition of a eugeneodontiform shark from the Lower Pennsylvanian of Derbyshire, UK
Fig. 9. Fragment of the mandibular dentition of "Agassizodus variabilis" from the Coal Measures (Pennsylvanian) of Osage County, Kansas, USA; from St. John and Worthen (1875: pl. 8: 1).
Fig. 7 in The dentition of a eugeneodontiform shark from the Lower Pennsylvanian of Derbyshire, UK
Fig. 7. Teeth of Campodus agassizianus De Koninck, 1844, from the Chokierian of Belgium, near Liège. A–C. Specimens whereabouts unknown, from Lohest (1884). D. Holotype (left part NHMUK P.28754, see Fig. 8 herein; right part whereabouts uncertain), from De Koninck (1844). Not to scale.
Fig. 2 in The dentition of a eugeneodontiform shark from the Lower Pennsylvanian of Derbyshire, UK
Fig. 2. Schematic taphonomic model for the shark-ostracod association illustrating the key stages in its development; after Wilby et al. (2006).
Fig. 8 in The dentition of a eugeneodontiform shark from the Lower Pennsylvanian of Derbyshire, UK
Fig. 8. Left part of the holotype, NHMUK P.28754 (right part, see Fig. 7D, whereabouts uncertain, probably in France) of the eugeneodontiform shark Campodus agassizianus De Koninck, 1844, from the Chokierian of Belgium, near Liège. A. General view. B. Close-up of a group of teeth.
Fig. 6 in The dentition of a eugeneodontiform shark from the Lower Pennsylvanian of Derbyshire, UK
Fig. 6. Teeth of the eugeneodontiform shark Campodus agassizianus De Koninck, 1844, in the fragments of nodule from the Kinderscoutian of Derbyshire, UK. A. A half of horizontal section of a large tooth (GSM 105471a). B. Lingual view of a half of a medium-sized tooth with well preserved surface (GSM 105471b). C. Close-up of long teeth (GSM 105524). D. Two cusps (mamelons) of a large tooth with abraded surface and uncovered tubular dentine canals; at the bottom part (arrows): aboral views of bases of two teeth (GSM 105471c). E. A half of a section of a large tooth (specimen not located in the collection during the second investigation). F. The upper part of a crown with a relatively high median cusp (GSM 105471d). Scale bars 5 mm apart from E where it is unknown.
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