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FIGURE 4 in Methods for isolation and quantification of microfossil fish teeth and elasmobranch dermal denticles (ichthyoliths) from marine sediments

FIGURE 4. Examples of select taxonomically identifiable fossil ichthyoliths and modern counterparts. All modern ichthyoliths were isolated from specimens in the Scripps Marine Vertebrate Collection. The fossil Myctophidae and Triakidae specimens are from ODP Site 1262, and are 62 million years old. The Scaridae modern teeth are from Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History's Fish Collection and subfossil teeth are from coral reef sediment cores taken off of the coast of Bocas del Toro, Panama, and are approximately 1200 years old.

FIGURE 3. Paleocene-aged ichthyoliths from ODP Site 1262, stained with Alizarin Red S in Methods for isolation and quantification of microfossil fish teeth and elasmobranch dermal denticles (ichthyoliths) from marine sediments

FIGURE 3. Paleocene-aged ichthyoliths from ODP Site 1262, stained with Alizarin Red S. The scale bar is 500 μm, with teeth>106 μm in the upper row and teeth <106 μm in the lower. Note that in the coloring effect is present in all teeth, however, the degree of staining varies.

FIGURE 2. A flowchart showing the steps for sediment processing for efficient and effective ichthyolith isolation from a in Methods for isolation and quantification of microfossil fish teeth and elasmobranch dermal denticles (ichthyoliths) from marine sediments

FIGURE 2. A flowchart showing the steps for sediment processing for efficient and effective ichthyolith isolation from a variety of sediment types. Sediment types are in boxes, while processing steps are shown in ovals.

FIGURE 1 in Methods for isolation and quantification of microfossil fish teeth and elasmobranch dermal denticles (ichthyoliths) from marine sediments

FIGURE 1. An assortment of large (>106 μm fraction) denticles (elasmobranch scales; left) and fish teeth (right) from DSDP Site 596, a red clay core in the South Pacific. These ichthyoliths are approximately 52 million years old. Image was taken on the Hull Lab Imaging System, Yale University. Scale bar is 500 μm.

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Text-fig. 3. Dorsal view of endocranium of armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus); some dermal allostoses from the right side are included. Derivatives of the teniform cartilage blue. co: orbitoparietal commissure; con: sphenethmoidal (orbitonasal) commissure; ctn: cartilago tecti nasi; lp: parietal lamina; oc: orbital cartilage (ala orbitalis); po: parieto-occipital commissure. (Modified from Reinbach 1952.) in Cartilago Teniformis And Its Derivatives: Additional Information On The Basic Composition And Evolution Of The Skull

Text-fig. 3. Dorsal view of endocranium of armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus); some dermal allostoses from the right side are included. Derivatives of the teniform cartilage blue. co: orbitoparietal commissure; con: sphenethmoidal (orbitonasal) commissure; ctn: cartilago tecti nasi; lp: parietal lamina; oc: orbital cartilage (ala orbitalis); po: parieto-occipital commissure. (Modified from Reinbach 1952.)

Fig. 7 in Dermal lip protuberances associated with aquatic surface respiration in juveniles of the piscivorous characid Salminus brasiliensis (Actinopterygii: Characidae)

Fig. 7. Relative position of the mouth corner in the water column during ASR in an individual of S. brasiliensis with typical lip (a) and another with lip protuberances (b). The drawing represents individuals with smaller mouth opening than those of Fig. 1, so that lateral lobes of the protuberance come in contact to cover the sides of the mouth.

Fig. 6 in Dermal lip protuberances associated with aquatic surface respiration in juveniles of the piscivorous characid Salminus brasiliensis (Actinopterygii: Characidae)

Fig. 6. Relationship between MLW (maximum lip width) and water dissolved oxygen. Values of lip size are expressed as proportions of standard length of the body.

Fig. 4 in Dermal lip protuberances associated with aquatic surface respiration in juveniles of the piscivorous characid Salminus brasiliensis (Actinopterygii: Characidae)

Fig. 4. Transversal cross-section of the lateral portion of lower lip from an individual of Salminus brasiliensis, (a) with typical lip and (b) with dermal lip protuberance. EP = epidermis, SS = stratum spongiosum, LE = lateral edge, arrow indicates the lateral lobe of the dermal lip protuberance. Scale bar = 0.25 mm.

Fig. 2 in Dermal lip protuberances associated with aquatic surface respiration in juveniles of the piscivorous characid Salminus brasiliensis (Actinopterygii: Characidae)

Fig. 2. Measurements taken in the lower jaw of S. brasiliensis. LW: Median lip width, MLW: Maximum lip with.

Fig. 1 in Dermal lip protuberances associated with aquatic surface respiration in juveniles of the piscivorous characid Salminus brasiliensis (Actinopterygii: Characidae)

Fig. 1. Map showing the location of Salado River in Santa Fe Province (Argentina) (left) and inset showing the study region (right). Shaded sectors indicate floodplain areas containing the sampled lakes.

Figure 11 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 11. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Amphisbaena fuliginosa Linnaeus (1758), ventral view; B, A. fuliginosa, transverse cutaway slice 118; C, Rhineura floridana, ventral view; D, R. floridana, transverse cutaway slice 169. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 12 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 12. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Acontias percivali, ventral view; B, A. percivali, transverse cutaway slice 107; C, Dibamus novaeguineae, ventral view; D, D. novaeguineae, transverse cutaway slice 081; E, Anniella pulchra, ventral view; F, A. pulchra, transverse cutaway slice 152. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 8 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 8. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Varanus exanthematicus (Bosc, 1792), ventral view; B, V. exanthematicus, transverse cutaway slice 106; C, Feylinia polylepis, ventral view; D, F. polylepis, transverse cutaway slice 100. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Figure 5 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 5. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Rhacodactylus auriculatus, ventral view; B, R. auriculatus, transverse cutaway slice 038; C, Saltuarius cornutus, sagittal cutaway slice 176; D, R. auriculatus, sagittal cutaway slice 184. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 4 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 4. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Uromastyx aegyptia, ventral view; B, U. aegyptia, transverse cutaway slice 047; C, Plica plica, sagittal cutaway slice 148; D, Morunasaurus annularis, sagittal cutaway slice 163. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 3 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 3. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions of Sphenodon punctatus. A, ventral view; B, transverse cutaway slice 024. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Figure 10 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 10. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Typhlops jamaicensis, transverse cutaway slice 146; B, Lampropeltis getula (Linnaeus, 1766), transverse cutaway slice 089; C, Dibamus novaeguineae, transverse cutaway slice 113; D, T. jamaicensis, transverse cutaway slice 186; E, Homalopsis buccata (Linnaeus, 1758), transverse cutaway slice 081; F, Xenodermus javanicus, transverse cutaway slice 070. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Figure 2 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 2. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Morunasaurus annularis, ventral view; B, M. annularis, transverse cutaway slice 151; C, Tiliqua scincoides (White, 1790), ventral view; D, T. scincoides, transverse cutaway slice 150. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 9 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 9. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Heloderma horridum (Wiegmann, 1829), ventral view; B, H. horridum, sagittal cutaway slice 160; C, Lanthanotus borneensis, ventral view; D, L. borneensis, transverse cutaway slice 067. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 6 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications

Figure 6. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Lacerta viridis (Laurenti, 1768), ventral view; B, L. viridis, transverse cutaway slice 066; C, L. viridis, sagittal cutaway slice 173; D, L. viridis, transverse cutaway slice 087; E, Cordylus mossambicus (Fitzsimons, 1958), transverse cutaway slice 107. Scale bars = 5 mm.