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opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Figure 2. Ischnacanthiform acanthodian dermal elements. A in Acanthodian fauna from the Early Devonian (Emsian) of Death Valley, California

Figure 2. Ischnacanthiform acanthodian dermal elements. A, fin spine FMNH-PF14560; B, fin spine fragment FMNH-PF14561. C, D, dentigerous jaw bone FMNH-PF14562, labial view; boxed area in C is enlarged in D. Scale bars=0.5 mm in A–C, 0.1 mm in D. Arrow indicates rostral direction.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

Digital Phase Contrast on Primary Dermal Human Fibroblasts cells

Name: Digital Phase Contrast on Primary Dermal Human Fibroblasts cells  Data type: Paired microscopy images (Digital Phase Contrast, square rooted) and corresponding labels/masks used for cellpose training (the corresponding Brightfield images are also present), organized as recommended by <a href="https://cellpose.readthedocs.io/en/latest/train.html">cellpose documentation</a>. Microscopy data type: Light microscopy (Digital Phase Contrast and Brighfield ) Manual annotations: Labels/masks obtained via manual segmentation. For each region, all cells were annotated manually. Uncertain objects (Dust, fused cells) were left unannotated, so that the cellpose model (10.5281/zenodo.6023317) may mimic the same user bias during prediction. This was particularly necessary due to the accumulation of floating debris in the center of the well. Microscope: Perkin Elmer Operetta microscope with a 10x 0.35 NA objective Cell type: Primary Dermal Human Fibroblasts cells File format: .tif (16-bit for DPC and 16-bit for the masks) Image size: 1024x1024 (Pixel size: 634 nm) NOTE : This dataset was used to train cellpose model ( 10.5281/zenodo.6023317 )

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2013View details →

Text-fig. 3. Progyrolepis speciosus (FRIČ, 1875). Reconstruction of the dermal skull in lateral view, x 0.7. After Štamberg (1991). Ang – angular; cl – cleithrum; Dent – dentalosplenial; Epi – epipreoperculum; Fr – frontal; Gul – gular lateral; La – lacrimal; Mx – maxilla; Na – nasal; Op – operculum; Pop - preoperculum; Pt – posttemporal; Ptr – postrostral; Rbr – branchiostegal rays; Rpm – rostropremaxillar; Sbo – suborbital; Scl – supracleithrum; Sop – suboperculum. in Knowledge Of The Carboniferous And Permian Actinopterygian Fishes Of The Bohemian Massif - 100 Years After Antonín Frič

Text-fig. 3. Progyrolepis speciosus (FRIČ, 1875). Reconstruction of the dermal skull in lateral view, x 0.7. After Štamberg (1991). Ang – angular; cl – cleithrum; Dent – dentalosplenial; Epi – epipreoperculum; Fr – frontal; Gul – gular lateral; La – lacrimal; Mx – maxilla; Na – nasal; Op – operculum; Pop - preoperculum; Pt – posttemporal; Ptr – postrostral; Rbr – branchiostegal rays; Rpm – rostropremaxillar; Sbo – suborbital; Scl – supracleithrum; Sop – suboperculum.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2013View details →

Text-fig. 1. Letovichthys tuberculatus ŠTAMBERG, 2007. Reconstruction of the dermal skull in lateral view, x 3. After Štamberg (2007). Dent – dentalosplenial; Dhy – dermohyal; dlac – dorso-lateral-anterior sensory canal; Dpt – dermopterotic; Dsph – dermosphenotic; Ext.l – extrascapular lateral; Ext.m – extrascapular medial; Fr – frontal; Gu.l – gular lateral; ifc – infraorbital canal; Io.s – infraorbital superior; mdc – mandibular canal; Na – nasal; Op – operculum; Pa – parietal; Pmx – premaxillar; Pop - preoperculum; Pscs – postspiracular; Pt – posttemporal; Ptr – postrostral; Rbr – branchiostegal rays; Sbo – suborbital; Scl – supracleithrum; Sop – suboperculum; stc – supratemporal commisural sensory canal. in Knowledge Of The Carboniferous And Permian Actinopterygian Fishes Of The Bohemian Massif - 100 Years After Antonín Frič

Text-fig. 1. Letovichthys tuberculatus ŠTAMBERG, 2007. Reconstruction of the dermal skull in lateral view, x 3. After Štamberg (2007). Dent – dentalosplenial; Dhy – dermohyal; dlac – dorso-lateral-anterior sensory canal; Dpt – dermopterotic; Dsph – dermosphenotic; Ext.l – extrascapular lateral; Ext.m – extrascapular medial; Fr – frontal; Gu.l – gular lateral; ifc – infraorbital canal; Io.s – infraorbital superior; mdc – mandibular canal; Na – nasal; Op – operculum; Pa – parietal; Pmx – premaxillar; Pop - preoperculum; Pscs – postspiracular; Pt – posttemporal; Ptr – postrostral; Rbr – branchiostegal rays; Sbo – suborbital; Scl – supracleithrum; Sop – suboperculum; stc – supratemporal commisural sensory canal.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2015View details →

Fig. 3 in A microanatomical and histological study of the postcranial dermal skeleton of the Devonian actinopterygian Cheirolepis canadensis

Fig. 3. Lepidotrichia of the Devonian actinopterygian Cheirolepis canadensis Whiteaves, 1881 from Miguasha, Canada; sample MHNM 05-132, photographed in transmitted natural light. A. Fragment IV (see Fig. 1A). Transversal section of the very distal part of lepidotrichia showing two opposite hemisegments. B. Enlargement of the same area as in A, showing ganoine (arrow) covering odontodes. C. Fragment I (see Fig. 1A). Longitudinal ground section showing hemisegments covered by several layers of ganoine, the dentine layers, and the bony basal plate; arrowheads point to vascular canal of the dentine. D. Fragment IV (see Fig. 1A). Transversal ground section showing several hemisegments; arrows point to the apophyses between two adjacent hemisegments. E. Fragment IV. Transversal ground section showing a hemisegment with several layers of ganoine separated by the dentine layers and the bony basal plate; arrows point to the zone where Sharpey's fibers cross the bony plate. F. Fragment III (see Fig. 1A). Longitudinal ground section illustrating a basal segment with ganoine covering the dentine layer and vascular canals (arrowheads). G. Fragment I (see Fig. 1A). Longitudinal ground section of a terminal segment showing the ganoine with the underlying dentine layer and vascular canals (arrowheads); distal is to the right. H. Fragment IV (see Fig. 1A). Transversal ground section, detail of the superimposed ganoine layers separated by dentine. I. Enlargement of H showing odontoblastic canalicles in the dentine layer (arrow). J. Detail of the same area as H, ganoine layers showing erosion bays (arrowheads).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2015View details →

Fig. 1. The Devonian actinopterygian Cheirolepis canadensis Whiteaves, 1881 from Miguasha, Canada. A. MHNM 05-132 in A microanatomical and histological study of the postcranial dermal skeleton of the Devonian actinopterygian Cheirolepis canadensis

Fig. 1. The Devonian actinopterygian Cheirolepis canadensis Whiteaves, 1881 from Miguasha, Canada. A. MHNM 05-132, general view of the right side of the caudal fin (A1), showing the dorsal fulcra (detail in A2) and the numerous ventral segmented and ramified lepidotrichia and the basal fringing fulcra (detail in A3). The double-arrows indicate the caudal fin fragments (I–V), sectioned in the planes indicated by the doted lines to obtain ground sections of fulcra and lepidotrichia (I), transversal sections of fulcra and scales and longitudinal sections of the basal segment of lepidotrichia (II), longitudinal sections of the lepidotrichia (III), transversal sections of lepidotrichia and fulcra (IV), and the very distal part of lepidotrichia (V). Dorsal fulcra of the dorsal margin of the caudal fin (A2). Basal fringing fulcra and segments of lepidotrichia (A3). B. MHNM 05-142, fossilised skin showing the scales organised in parallel rows. The double-arrows indicate fragments (VI–VIII), sectioned in the planes indicated by the doted lines to obtain ground sections of scales: tangential (VI), longitudinal (VII), transversal (VIII).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2015View details →

Fig. 4 in A microanatomical and histological study of the postcranial dermal skeleton of the Devonian actinopterygian Cheirolepis canadensis

Fig. 4. Dorsal fulcra of the Devonian actinopterygian Cheirolepis canadensis Whiteaves, 1881 from Miguasha, Canada; sample MHNM 05-132, photographed in transmitted natural light. A. Fragment I (see Fig. 1A). Longitudinal section showing the organisation of a basal paired fulcrum, a layer of ganoine overlays the vascularised dentine and the bony base. B. Fragment I (see Fig. 1A). Longitudinal section of a dorsal fulcrum showing several superimposed layers of ganoine covering the vascularised dentine (arrow indicates a vascular canal) and the bony basal part; osteocyte lacunae are indicated by arrowheads. C. Fragment IV (see Fig. 1A). Cross-section of a fulcrum. Superimposed ganoine layers cover the dentine and the bony basal part is crossed by bundles of Sharpey's fibers (arrows). Arrowhead shows an osteocyte lacuna. D. Fragment II (see Fig. 1A). Cross-section showing the superimposed layers of ganoine organised around a central vascular canal. E. Fragment II (see Fig. 1A), showing superimposed layers of ganoine; each odontode is organised around a vascular canal. F. Fragment II. Cross section showing detail of the dentine layer and odontoblastic canalicles (arrow) that originate from a vascular canal. G. Fragment II. Cross section showing detail of the ganoine layers with erosion bays (arrowheads).

Fig. 4 in A microanatomical and histological study of the postcranial dermal skeleton in the Devonian sarcopterygian Eusthenopteron foordi

Fig. 4. Scale ultrastructure of the sarcopterygian Eusthenopteron foordi Whiteaves, 1881 (MNHM 06−615A) from the Late Devonian, Escumenac Bay, Quebec, Canada. A. Transmitted natural light, semi−thin section. Toluidine blue staining showing three vertically−sectioned scales. The organic matrix is stained in the external layer; in the basal plate, the mineral remnants are black (arrow). B. Nomarski interference optical micrograph. Semi−thin vertical section of a demineralised scale. Fractures are abundant, but the general organisation of the scale is still preserved. C. Transmitted natural light, semi−thin section, toluidine blue staining. Detail of the outer layer where a fuzzy material forms intensively stained stratified lines (arrow). D. Nomarski interference optical micrograph. Semi−thin vertical section. The surface of the basal plate shows parallel ripples. Micro−organisms, probably bacteria, are attached to the side of the basal plate (arrow). E. TEM. Demineralised basal plate of scale. The closely packed fibrils, roughly oriented in the same direction, are connected by bridges. F. TEM. Basal plate. Detail showing the regularly spaced bridges connecting two adjacent fibrils (arrows). G. TEM. Partially demineralised scale. Regularly distributed mineral crystals remain attached to the fibrils (arrowheads). Some fibrils show a discernible periodic structure (arrows). Abbreviations: bp, basal plate; el, external section.

Fig. 2 in A microanatomical and histological study of the postcranial dermal skeleton in the Devonian sarcopterygian Eusthenopteron foordi

Fig. 2. Enlarged scales of the sarcopterygian Eusthenopteron foordi Whiteaves, 1881 (MNHM 06−342) from the Late Devonian, Escumenac Bay, Quebec, Canada. A. SEM. Ornamentation of the outer surface of an enlarged dermal scale. B. SEM. Detail of the ornamentation of the outer surface of an enlarged dermal scale. The holes (arrows) correspond with the aperture of vascular canals. C. Vertical section of an enlarged dermal scale in transmitted natural light (C1) and in polarised light (C2). The outer layer composed of superficial parallel−fibered bone covers a discontinuous layer of woven−fibered bone containing primary and secondary osteons. Sharpey's fibres (white arrows) cross the superficial parallel−fibered bone. The basal plate is characterised by the presence of lamellar bone. D. Transmitted natural light (detail of C). The outer layer of an enlarged dermal scale. The secondary osteon is separated by a resorption line (black arrowhead) from the surrounding primary bone where Sharpey's fibres (white arrow) are abundant. Insert: the primary osteon, showing the absence of a resorption line (black arrowheads). Abbreviations: lb, lamellar bone; pf, parallel−fibered bone; post, primary osteon; sost, secondary osteon; vc, vascular canal; wf, woven−fibered bone.

Fig. 8 in Function and evolution of ankylosaur dermal armor

Fig. 8. An osteoderm from an indeterminate ankylosaurid (probably Euoplocephalus), TMP 85.36.218/1, from the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta. This specimen was previously described by Scheyer and Sander (2004). A. Photograph of the external surface of the specimen. B. Thin−section of an osteoderm, cut along indicated by dashed lines in A. The thin−section was cut parallel to the ridge of the osteoderms. The bone histology is similar to that of the tail club (TMP 2000.57.03). This osteoderm exhibits a remarkably thin cortex (gray) and a thick cancellous bone (white). Photograph (B1) and interpretive drawing (B2). C, D. Cortical bone tissue of the osteoderm. Detail of the cortex and inner trabecular bone in normal (C) and polarized (D) light; external surface is to the top. The cortex consists of a woven or structural fiber bone with extensive remodeling. Structural fibers are oriented perpendicular in the cortex, but are randomly oriented in the cancellous bone (D).

Fig. 4 in Function and evolution of ankylosaur dermal armor

Fig. 4. An osteoderm from the nodosaurid Edmontonia (DMNH 2452) from the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota. A. Photograph of the external surface of the specimen. B. Section and thin−section of an osteoderm, cut along indicated by dashed line in A. The thin−section was cut parallel to the ridge of the osteoderm. Pipe−like large vascular canals are extensively developed in the cancellous bone. An external cortex layer (dark gray) and an internal region (white) of cancellous bone can be seen. Photographs (B1, B2) and interpretive drawing (B3). C, D. Cortical bone tissue of the osteoderm. Detail of the cortex and inner trabecular bone in normal (C) and polarized (D) light; external surface is to the top. Many structural fiber bundles oriented perpendicular and parallel to the osteoderm surface occur within the cortex.

Fig. 3 in Function and evolution of ankylosaur dermal armor

Fig. 3. An osteoderm from the polacanthid Gargoyleosaurus parkpini (DMNH 27726) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Utah. A. Photograph of the external surface of the specimen. B. Thin−section of an osteoderm, cut along indicated by dashed line in A. The thin−section was cut parallel to the ridge of the osteoderm; photograph (B1) and interpretive drawing (B2). The cortex in the section completely surrounds the inner cancellous bone; dark gray, cortical bone consisting of woven or structural fiber bone; white, cancellous bone. C, D. Cortical bone tissue of the osteoderm. Detail of the cortex and inner trabecular bone in normal (C) and polarized (D) light; external surface is to the top. Many structural fiber bundles occur within the cortex.

Fig. 2. A in Function and evolution of ankylosaur dermal armor

Fig. 2. A spike from the polacanthid Gastonia (DMNH 49754−4) from the Lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah. A. External surface photograph of specimen. B–D. Thin−section of a spike, dashed lines in A indicate cutting planes. The cortex in the sections is relatively thin. Note that cavities between trabeculae in the cancellous bone are proportionally larger than those of ankylosaurid and nodosaurid cancellous bone: dark gray, cortical bone showing woven or structural fiber bone; white, cancellous bone built up of bone trabeculae that show primary bone tissue in most parts; photograps (B1–D1), interpretive drawings (B2–D2). E, F. Cortical bone tissue of the spike. Detail of the cortex and inner trabecular bone of Gastonia spike in normal (E) and polarized (F) light; external surface is to the top. Many structural fiber bundles are oriented perpendicular to the bone surface within the cortex.

Fig. 6 in Function and evolution of ankylosaur dermal armor

Fig. 6. Osteoderms from the nodosaurid Sauropelta (DMNH 18206) from the Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of Wyoming. A, B. External surface photograph of a large DMNH 18206−1 (A) and small DMNH 18206−2 (B) osteoderms. C, D. Thin−sections of osteoderms, cut along indicated by dashed lines C (in A) and D (in B). The thin−section was cut parallel to the ridge of the osteoderms. Dark gray, cortical bone consisting of woven or structural fiber bone; white, cancellous bone. Photographs (C1, D1) and interpretive drawings (C2, D2). E–H. Cortical bone tissue of osteoderms. E, F. Detail of the cortex and inner trabecular bone of large osteoderm (DMNH 18206−1) in normal light (E) and in polarized (F) light. G, H. Detail of the cortex and inner trabecular bone of small osteoderm (DMNH 18206−2) in normal (G) and polarized (H) light. External surface is to the top. Both osteoderms share identical histological features, despite the difference in size. Many structural fiber bundles occur within the cortex.

Fig. 1 in Function and evolution of ankylosaur dermal armor

Fig. 1. An osteoderm from the polacanthid Gastonia (DMNH 49754−1) from the Lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah. A. Photograph of the external surface of the specimen. B. Thin−section, cut along plane indicated by dashed line in A. The thin−section was cut parallel to the ridge of the osteoderm; photograph (B1) and interpretive drawing (B2). The cortex completely surrounds the inner cancellous bone: dark gray, cortical bone consisting of woven or structural fiber bone; white, cancellous bone built up of bone trabeculae which show primary bone tissue in most parts. C, D. Cortical bone tissue of the osteoderm. Detail of the cortex and inner trabecular bone in normal (C) and polarized light (D); external surface is to the top. Many structural fiber bundles occur within the cortex.

Fig. 5. A in Function and evolution of ankylosaur dermal armor

Fig. 5. A spike from the nodosaurid Edmontonia (TMP 1979.147.94) from the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta. A. External surface photograph of specimen. B–E. Thin−sections of a spike, dashed lines in A indicate cutting planes. The cortex in the sections surrounds the inner cancellous bone; dark gray: cortical bone consisting of woven or structural fiber bone with many structural fiber bundles; white: cancellous bone. Pipe−like large vascular canals can be seen in the apical and basal part (B, E). Photographs (B1–E1) and interpretive drawings (B2–E2). F, G. Cortical bone tissue of the osteoderm. Detail of the cortex and inner trabecular bone in normal (F) and polarized (G) light; bone surface is to the top. Bone histology of the spike is identical to that of a small osteoderm (DMNH 2452). Structural fiber bundles oriented both perpendicular and parallel to the osteoderm surface occur within the cortex.

Fig. 9. A in Function and evolution of ankylosaur dermal armor

Fig. 9. A tail club from an indeterminate ankylosaurid (probably Euoplocephalus), TMP 2000.57.03, from the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta. A. External surface photograph of specimen. The sketch in panel A is from Carpenter (2004). B–I. CT images of a terminal osteoderm of the tail club of an indeterminate ankylosaurid (TMP 2000.57.03) from the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta; see also Fig. 7. The tail club has a complex vascular network. Dashed lines in A indicate cutting planes.

Fig. 4 in Dermal armor histology of Saltasaurus loricatus, an Upper Cretaceous sauropod dinosaur from Northwest Argentina

Fig. 4. Microanatomy and histology of Saltasaurus loricatus Bonaparte and Powell, 1980 dermal ossicles from El Brete locality (Late Cretaceous,?late Campanian–Maastrichtian, Salta Province, Argentina). A. Transverse section showing the position and arrangement of vascular canals (PVPLh 001−III) in normal (A1) and polarized (A2) light. Note the vertical and horizontal system of structural fiber bundles. B. Detail of the three orthogonal systems of structural fibers. Horizontal systems of fiber bundles are visible in longitudinal and cross section. C. Dermal ossicle in longitudinal section (PVLPh 002−II). Polarized light. D. Detail of the fibrous matrix showing the small cell lacunae. E. Lines of arrested growth in the lateral region in transversal section (PVLPh 009). Structural fibers give a striate appearance to the sample. Polarized light. Abbreviations: cl, bone cell lacuna; hf, horizontal fiber bundle; LAG, line of arrested growth; lhf, longitudinally sectioned horizontal fiber bundle; thf, transversely sectioned horizontal fiber bundle; vc, vascular canal; vf, vertical fiber bundle.

Fig. 1 in Dermal armor histology of Saltasaurus loricatus, an Upper Cretaceous sauropod dinosaur from Northwest Argentina

Fig. 1. Saltasaurus loricatus Bonaparte and Powell, 1980 bony plate (PVL 4017−113) from El Brete locality (Late Cretaceous,?late Campanian– Maastrichtian, Salta Province, Argentina) in external (A) and lateral (B, C) views. Dashed lines show the location and orientation of the thin sections.

Fig. 5 in Dermal armor histology of Saltasaurus loricatus, an Upper Cretaceous sauropod dinosaur from Northwest Argentina

Fig. 5. Schematic sketch of dermal ossicles of Saltasaurus loricatus Bonaparte and Powell, 1980 based on the tissue types and growth marks described in the main text. The growing ossicles are embedded in the dermis (for simplification, only horizontal systems of fiber bundles are showed), which contains layers of perpendicularly oriented fiber (lines and points). Horizontal fibers of the ossicle are shown as being continuous with the surrounding dermis. The distance between successive LAGs decreases from the center to the periphery of the element but the space between two successive lines is always greater at the lateral portion of the ossicles.