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Text-fig. 3. Distribution of main types of volcanoes in the NearShore Volcanic Belt of Eastern Sikhote-Alin' (Eocene–Neogene). 1 – Central volcanoes (partly preserved); 2 – Central volcanoes (destructed); 3 – Shield and gentle sloping volcanoes with a dolerite or trachy-basaltic neck on the top; 4 – Lava and scoria cones; 5 – Pyroclastic, tuffaceous coarse- and fine-grained terrigenous sedimentary rocks, partly with plant-bearing levels; 6 – Eruption centers of plateau-basalts and the direction of lava flows; 7 – Main Late Cenozoic basaltic plateaus; 8 – Fumarol fields; 9 – Hot springs. in Mid-Latitude Palaeogene Floras Of Eurasia Bound To Volcanic Settings And Palaeoclimatic Events - Experience Obtained From The Far East Of Russia (Sikhote-Alin') And Central Europe (Bohemian Massif)

Text-fig. 3. Distribution of main types of volcanoes in the NearShore Volcanic Belt of Eastern Sikhote-Alin' (Eocene–Neogene). 1 – Central volcanoes (partly preserved); 2 – Central volcanoes (destructed); 3 – Shield and gentle sloping volcanoes with a dolerite or trachy-basaltic neck on the top; 4 – Lava and scoria cones; 5 – Pyroclastic, tuffaceous coarse- and fine-grained terrigenous sedimentary rocks, partly with plant-bearing levels; 6 – Eruption centers of plateau-basalts and the direction of lava flows; 7 – Main Late Cenozoic basaltic plateaus; 8 – Fumarol fields; 9 – Hot springs.

FIGURE 2 in Non-destructive analysis of in situ ammonoid jaws by synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 2. Reconstructed tomographic images of the specimen (1) and its internal structure in median section (2). The lower and upper jaws are enlarged in (3) and (4), respectively.

FIGURE 5 in Non-destructive analysis of in situ ammonoid jaws by synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 5. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the upper and lower jaws preserved in the body chamber of the specimen. The reconstructed parts are inside the specimen (1). The jaws are preserved close to each other (2).

FIGURE 1 in Non-destructive analysis of in situ ammonoid jaws by synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 1. Left lateral (1), dorsal (2) and ventral (3) views of Phyllopachyceras ezoensis with preserved upper and lower jaws in situ within the body chamber. UMUT MM 27831 (modified from Tanabe et al., 2013).

FIGURE 7 in Non-destructive analysis of in situ ammonoid jaws by synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 7. Result of segmentation of the upper jaw of the specimen, from frontal (1), rear (2), left-lateral (3) views and the transverse section of the area (4) indicated as a square in (3). The three-dimensional reconstruction (5) shows areal distributions of the "chitinous" lamellae and the calcareous covering. The reconstruction of the transverse section (6), which corresponds to (4), shows the architecture of the outer lamella. The abbreviations are indicated in (5).

FIGURE 6 in Non-destructive analysis of in situ ammonoid jaws by synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 6. Result of segmentation of the lower jaw of the specimen, from lateral view which is restricted to its anterior and posterior portion (1). Three-dimensional reconstruction (2) suggests a wide distribution of calcareous material. The outer calcareous layer on the outer "chitinous" layer is partly taken off in (2). The transverse section of the area indicated as a square in (1) shows that the calcareous covering of the lower jaw also covers the internal surface of the "chitinous" lamella (3). The abbreviation is indicated in (2).

FIGURE 4 in Non-destructive analysis of in situ ammonoid jaws by synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 4. Linear absorption coefficient (LAC) of the internal portions of the specimen estimated by their mean luminance values in the tomographic images. The numbers (1)-(10) correspond to the materials in Table 1. The dashed lines indicate the known values for the materials (Chantler et al., 2005) that could be expected to be observed in the specimen. Note that glycine is the most dominant amino acid in jaws of Octopus vulgaris (Hunt and Nixon, 1981). The relationship between LAC values and luminance values is based on the assumption that the LAC values for the surrounding air are zero and that the crystals precipitated in the phragmocone are calcite.

FIGURE 3 in Non-destructive analysis of in situ ammonoid jaws by synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-computed tomography

FIGURE 3. Serial cross-sections of the body chamber portion of the specimen cut from the venter (1) to the dorsum (4), in which sectioned images of the upper jaw are shown. Note that the vertical stripes are due to the separated scanning.

FIGURE 2 in Imaging of the inner structure of cave bear teeth by novel non-destructive techniques

FIGURE 2. Specimen GS 26-1. Root of a right lower M1 of a senile individual of Ursus ingressus from Gamssulzen cave (Lower Austria). 2.1. Comparison between 3D volume rendering of µ-CT and OCT (ƛc=850 nm) data. 2.2. - 2.4. Axial cross sections of the mesial root by µ-CT at position i)-iii) as depicted in 2.1. The regions marked in red show the area scanned by OCT presented in Figure 3.

FIGURE 1 in Imaging of the inner structure of cave bear teeth by novel non-destructive techniques

FIGURE 1. Orientation of measurement planes with respect to the tooth. The red area signifies the surface area scanned by OCT.

FIGURE 7 in Imaging of the inner structure of cave bear teeth by novel non-destructive techniques

FIGURE 7. Specimen GS 108-2, right lower m1 of a young adult individual of Ursus ingressus from Gamssulzen cave (Lower Austria). Comparison between 7.1. transmitted pulse amplitude, 7.2. time delay of THz measurement and 7.3. µ-CT.

FIGURE 4 in Imaging of the inner structure of cave bear teeth by novel non-destructive techniques

FIGURE 4. Specimen GS 26-1. 4.1. Volume rendering of the 3D µ-CT. The red area marks the region scanned by OCT. 4.2. Sectional view of 3D OCT data. Quicktime format video file of animated OCT scan. 4.3. µ-CT axial crosssectional scans and 4.4. µ-CT en-face scan. Quicktime format video file of animated µ-CT scan.

FIGURE 3 in Imaging of the inner structure of cave bear teeth by novel non-destructive techniques

FIGURE 3. Specimen GS 26-1.Comparison between axial cross-sectional µ-CT and OCT (ƛc=850 nm) images on the distal root at position i-iii, as depicted in Figure 1. 3.1. The cross section close to the collum dentis shows enamel but no annuli. 3.2.-3.3. The cross-sectional images ii) and iii) show annuli.

FIGURE 5 in Imaging of the inner structure of cave bear teeth by novel non-destructive techniques

FIGURE 5. Axial cross-sectional OCT image (ƛc=1300 nm) in the lower third of the tooth radix of specimen. 5.1. GS 26-1 (distal). 5.2. GS 108-1 (mesial). 5.3. GS 108-2 (mesial). The camera images on the left show the OCT scanning region. The OCT images have a lateral dimension of 4 mm. The depth scale bar is stretched according to a refractive index of 1.6, leading to an image depth of about 1mm. The microscope images are 1x1 mm² in true aspect ratio. The depth scale of OCT images and microscope image is identical.

FIGURE 6. 6.1-2 in Imaging of the inner structure of cave bear teeth by novel non-destructive techniques

FIGURE 6. 6.1-2: Comparison between the commercial system at 1300 nm (6.1) and the Lab system at 800 nm (6.2), exemplified by cross-sectional images of the specimen GS 26-1. The arrow in 6.2 indicates a fine structure that cannot be resolved by the 1300 nm system. 6.3-4: Comparison between the commercial system (6.3) and the PS-OCT system at 1500 nm, exemplified by by cross-sectional images of the specimen GS 108-2. 6.4. shows the reflectivity image, and 6.5. the retardation image. The arrow in 6.3 indicates an annual ring, while the arrows in 6.5 indicate birefringence of the tooth.

Figure 8 in Neutron imaging investigation of fossil woods: non-destructive characterization of microstructure and detection of in situ changes as occurring in museum cabinets

Figure 8. Evolution of I(q) vs. q upon drying for (a) Rivecourt and (b) Angeac. The inset is a close-up of the area between 0.01 and 0.07 µm−1.

Figure 5 in Neutron imaging investigation of fossil woods: non-destructive characterization of microstructure and detection of in situ changes as occurring in museum cabinets

Figure 5. Evolution of I(q) vs. q upon wetting for (a) Rivecourt and (b) Angeac. The inset is a close-up of the area between 0.01 and 0.07 µm−1.

Figure 3 in Neutron imaging investigation of fossil woods: non-destructive characterization of microstructure and detection of in situ changes as occurring in museum cabinets

Figure 3. Evolution with time of average grey levels in the wetting experiment for (a) Rivecourt and (b) Angeac. (c) Evolution with time of normalized grey levels. Blue: Rivecourt sample. Red: Angeac sample (see text for details).

Figure 2 in Neutron imaging investigation of fossil woods: non-destructive characterization of microstructure and detection of in situ changes as occurring in museum cabinets

Figure 2. Radiographic images of sample upon sorption experiments. The three pictures on the top are from the Angeac sample, while the four on the bottom are that of Rivecourt. The scale represents 1 cm. The marked areas correspond to the zones used for measuring average grey levels.

Figure 1 in Neutron imaging investigation of fossil woods: non-destructive characterization of microstructure and detection of in situ changes as occurring in museum cabinets

Figure 1. (a) Picture of neutron guide through experimental chamber. (b) Sorption experiment setup and radiographic image obtained. Wood samples were placed in an aluminum cup filled with water. Water appears dark, while aluminum is transparent to neutrons. (c) Desorption experiment setup and radiographic image obtained. Wood samples were wrapped in aluminum foils and placed in a tube, with direct air input (plastic tube, on top).