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FIGURE 3. A–E. Solanum sessilantherum. A. Fertile branch. B. Developing inflorescence. C. Developed inflorescence. D. Fruits. E in Two new species of the Solanum asterophorum species group (Solanum subg. Leptostemonum, Solanaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
FIGURE 3. A–E. Solanum sessilantherum. A. Fertile branch. B. Developing inflorescence. C. Developed inflorescence. D. Fruits. E. Detail of a dissected flower (stamens and corolla) (All from Gouvêa & Falcão 188, BHCB). Scale bars A= 10 cm; B= 1.5 cm; C= 2 cm; D= 1.5 cm; E= 1 cm.
FIGURE 3. Brunellia lobinii. A. Leaf with node. B. Female flower with developing fruits from above. C in Brunellia (Brunelliaceae) in Peru-distribution, a new species and a key
FIGURE 3. Brunellia lobinii. A. Leaf with node. B. Female flower with developing fruits from above. C. female flower with developing fruits from below.
FIGURE 1. Echeveria cerrograndensis. A. Inflorescence with last fresh flower. B. Inflorescence with developing fruits and shaft leaves. C–D. Flower variability. E–G in Echeveria cerrograndensis (Crassulaceae) a new species from eastern calcareous Sierra de Manantlán, Colima, Mexico
FIGURE 1. Echeveria cerrograndensis. A. Inflorescence with last fresh flower. B. Inflorescence with developing fruits and shaft leaves. C–D. Flower variability. E–G. Dissected flower showing corolla, one sepal (some sepals missing) pistils, stamens, pedicel, and dark nectaries. H. Panicle. I. Habit J. Habitat and stemmed rosettes. K. Rosette variability. Drawing by Daniel Barba.
Development under predation risk increases serotonin-signaling, variability of turning behavior and survival in adult fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster
<p>The development of high-throughput behavioral assays, where numerous individual animals can be analyzed in various experimental conditions, has facilitated the study of animal personality. Previous research showed that isogenic Drosophila melanogaster flies exhibit striking individual non-heritable locomotor handedness. The variability of this trait, i.e., the predictability of left-right turn biases, varies across genotypes and under the influence of neural activity in specific circuits. This suggests that the brain can dynamically regulate the extent of animal personality. It has been recently shown that predators can induce changes in prey phenotypes via lethal or nonlethal effects affecting the serotonergic signaling system. In this study, we tested whether fruit flies grown with predators exhibit higher variability/lower predictability in their turning behavior and higher survival than those grown with no predators in their environment. We confirmed these predictions and found that both effects were blocked when flies were fed an inhibitor (αMW) of serotonin synthesis. The results of this study demonstrate a negative association between the unpredictability of turning behavior of fruit flies and the hunting success of their predators. We also show that the neurotransmitter serotonin controls predator-induced changes in the turning variability of fruit flies, regulating the dynamic control of behavioral predictability.</p>
Fig. 8 in Development of an efficient transient expression system for Siraitia grosvenorii fruit and functional characterization of two NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases
Fig. 8. HPLC chromatogram of the mogrol standard and Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of fruit harbouring pTRV-SgCPRs and pTRV-0 at 24 h after agroinfiltration.
Fig. 9 in Development of an efficient transient expression system for Siraitia grosvenorii fruit and functional characterization of two NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases
Fig. 9. (A) Mogrol content in the S. grosvenorii fruit harbouring PBI121, PBI121-SgCPR1, and PBI121-SgCPR2. (B) MIIE content in the S. grosvenorii fruit harbouring PBI121, PBI121-SgCPR1, and PBI121-SgCPR2. (C) MIII content in the S. grosvenorii fruit harbouring PBI121, PBI121-SgCPR1, and PBI121-SgCPR2. (D) Accumulation of mogrol in the S. grosvenorii fruit harbouring pTRV, pTRV-SgCPR1, and pTRV-SgCPR2. (E) Accumulation of MII in the S. grosvenorii fruit harbouring pTRV, pTRV- SgCPR1, and pTRV-SgCPR2. (F) Accumulation of MIII in the S. grosvenorii fruit harbouring pTRV, pTRV-SgCPR1, and pTRV-SgCPR2. The values are the mean ± SD of three independent biological replicates.
Fig. 7 in Development of an efficient transient expression system for Siraitia grosvenorii fruit and functional characterization of two NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases
Fig. 7. HPLC chromatogram of the mogrol standard and Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of fruit harbouring PBI121-SgCPRs and PBI121 at 24 h after agroinfiltration.
Fig. 2 in Development of an efficient transient expression system for Siraitia grosvenorii fruit and functional characterization of two NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases
Fig. 2. (A) Cloning of full-length and specific fragments of the SgCPR1 and SgCPR2 genes from S. grosvenorii cDNA. M, marker (2000 bp). The fulllength SgCPR1 and SgCPR2 genes are shown in red brackets, whereas the blue arrow indicates the specific fragments of the SgCPR1 and SgCPR2 genes. (B) Vector map of PBI121. (C) Construction of PBI12- SgCPR recombinant plasmids with the GUS marker and CaMV35S promoter. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 5 in Development of an efficient transient expression system for Siraitia grosvenorii fruit and functional characterization of two NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases
Fig. 5. qRT-PCR analysis of SgCPR1 and SgCPR2 in fruit after infiltration (at t = 0 h). Relative expression levels were normalized to t = 0 h. (A) Relative transcript levels of SgCPR1 in fruit harbouring PBI121- SgCPR1 and PBI121. (B) SgCPR2 gene expression levels in fruit harbouring PBI121 and PBI121-SgCPR2. (C) Relative expression levels of SgCPR1 in fruit harbouring pTRV-SgCPR1 and pTRV-0. (D) Expression levels of SgCPR2 in fruit harbouring pTRV-SgCPR2 and pTRV-0. The relative expression levels normalized to the level of the SgUBQ gene. All the data are shown as means±SDs. * indicates significant differences at p <0.05 (LSD test).
Fig. 3 in Development of an efficient transient expression system for Siraitia grosvenorii fruit and functional characterization of two NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases
Fig. 3. (A) Selective nucleotide sequences for VIGS in S. grosvenorii, which were inserted into EcoRI and BamHI. (B) pTRV2-SgCPR recombinant plasmid construction.
Fig. 1 in Development of an efficient transient expression system for Siraitia grosvenorii fruit and functional characterization of two NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases
Fig. 1. The mogroside biosynthetic pathway in S. grosvenorii. The blue box on the left shows the generation of mogrol, which is a unique nonglycosylated tetra-hydroxycucurbitane in S. grosvenorii. The red box on the right represents a series of glycosylation reactions. The enzyme names are abbreviated as follows: SgSQE, squalene epoxidase; SgCS, cucurbitadienol synthase; SgEPH, epoxide hydrolase; SgCYP450, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase; SgCPR, NADPHcytochrome P450 reductase; SgUGT, UDP-glucosyltransferase. Among these, the candidate SgCPRs are highlighted in red. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 6 in Development of an efficient transient expression system for Siraitia grosvenorii fruit and functional characterization of two NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases
Fig. 6. Accumulation of MIII and MIIE. (A) Total ion chromatograms of ten standard mixtures determined by LC-MS/MS. Among these, the retention times of MIII and MIIE were 10.01 and 12.09 min, respectively. (B) Extracted ion chromatograms of the sample. The red arrow indicates the Q1/Q3 mass chromatograms of MIII, which are in the red box. The Q1/Q3 mass chromatograms of MIIE are shown in the blue box, as indicated by the blue arrow. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 4 in Development of an efficient transient expression system for Siraitia grosvenorii fruit and functional characterization of two NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductases
Fig. 4. Histochemical GUS assay of transient expression in S. grosvenorii. GUS expression was detected in fruit but not in CK or leaves.
Data from: Model-assisted analysis of sugar metabolism throughout tomato fruit development reveals enzyme and carrier properties in relation to vacuole expansion
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Data from: The distribution of fruit and seed toxicity during development for eleven Neotropical trees and vines in Central Panama
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Data from: Range-wide population genomics of the Mexican fruit fly: towards development of pathway analysis tools
Recurrently invading pests provide unique challenges for pest management, but also present opportunities to utilize genomics to understand invasion dynamics and inform regulatory management through pathway analysis. In the southern United States, the Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens is such a pest, and its incursions into Texas and California represent major threats to the agricultural systems of those regions. We developed a draft genome assembly for A. ludens, conducted range-wide population genomics using restriction-site associated DNA sequencing, and then developed and demonstrated a panel of highly-differentiated diagnostic SNPs for source determination of intercepted flies in this system. Using 2,081 genome-wide SNPs, we identified four populations across the range of A. ludens, corresponding to western Mexico, eastern Mexico/Texas, Guatemala/Belize/Honduras, and Costa Rica/Panama, with some intergradation present between clusters, particularly in Central America. From this population genomics framework, we developed a diagnostic panel of 28 highly-differentiated SNPs that were able to recreate the genome-wide population structure in this species. We demonstrated this panel on a set of test specimens, including specimens intercepted as part of regular trapping surveillance in Texas and California, and we were able to predict populations of origin for these specimens. This methodology presents a highly applied use of genomic techniques and can be implemented in any group of recurrently invading pests.
Supplementary material 1 from: Pieterse W, De Meyer M, Virgilio M, Addison P (2024) Development of a multi-entry identification key for economically important fruit fly larvae (Diptera, Tephritidae, Dacinae). ZooKeys 1197: 127-136. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1197.116887
Raw data of all measurements
Figure 3 from: Pieterse W, De Meyer M, Virgilio M, Addison P (2024) Development of a multi-entry identification key for economically important fruit fly larvae (Diptera, Tephritidae, Dacinae). ZooKeys 1197: 127-136. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1197.116887
Figure 3 Lateral view of the cephaloskeleton and anterior spiracles of Bactrocera correcta indicating the position of the front spiracles in relation to the cornua (left) and image of the anterior spiracle of Bactrocera dorsalis showing 9 tubules (right).
Figure 2 from: Pieterse W, De Meyer M, Virgilio M, Addison P (2024) Development of a multi-entry identification key for economically important fruit fly larvae (Diptera, Tephritidae, Dacinae). ZooKeys 1197: 127-136. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1197.116887
Figure 2 A, B Images of a typical tephritid mandible indicating the areas measured. Image (A) indicates the measurements for the mandibles without a preapical tooth and (B) indicates the measurements for the mandibles where the preapical tooth is present. Measurements are as follows for A: (a) the distance between the dorsal apodeme and the ventral apodeme; (b) the ventral angle between the apical tooth and the ventral apodeme; (c) the distance between the ventral apodeme and the apical tooth; (d) the distance between the dorsal apodeme and the apical tooth. Measurements are as follows for B: (a) the distance between the dorsal apodeme and the ventral apodeme; b) the distance between the ventral apodeme and the preapical tooth; (c) the distance between the apical tooth and the preapical tooth; (d) the distance between the ventral apodeme and the apical tooth; (e) the distance between the dorsal apodeme and the apical tooth. Measurements were recorded in µm (distances) and degrees (angles).
Figure 1 from: Pieterse W, De Meyer M, Virgilio M, Addison P (2024) Development of a multi-entry identification key for economically important fruit fly larvae (Diptera, Tephritidae, Dacinae). ZooKeys 1197: 127-136. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1197.116887
Figure 1 Cephalopharyngeal skeleton of 3rd instar larva, lateral view. Region of interest circled. Abbreviations used in LucID key: AT = Apical Tooth; DA = Dorsal Apodeme; DS = Dental Sclerite; MD = Mandible; MN = Mandibular Neck; PT = Preapical Tooth; VA = Ventral Apodeme (from: Frías et al. 2006).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.