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144 results for “ecosystem response”
Data from: Restoring marine ecosystems: spatial reef configuration triggers taxon-specific responses among early colonizers
<p>1. The longstanding debate in conservation biology on the importance of single large or several small (SLOSS) habitats for preserving biodiversity remains highly relevant, given the ongoing degradation and loss of natural habitats worldwide. Restoration efforts are often constrained by limited resources, and insights from SLOSS studies therefore have important implications if restoration efforts can be optimized by manipulating the spatial configuration of restored habitats. Yet, the relevance of SLOSS for habitat restoration remains largely unexplored.</p> <p>2. Here, we report the effects of spatial reef configuration on early colonization of marine organisms after restoring boulder reef habitats. Reefs were restored in single large (SL) and several small (SS) designs in the western Baltic Sea, where century-long boulder extraction has severely degraded large reef areas and likely exacerbated regional declines in commercially important gadoids (<i>Gadidae spp.</i>). We sampled the field sites using remote underwater video systems in a before-after control-impact (BACI) design and obtained probabilistic inferences on restoration and SLOSS effects from Bayesian hierarchical models.</p> <p>3. Probabilities of a positive restoration effect were high (>95%) for gadoids, labrids and demersal gobies, moderate (60-75%) for species richness and sand gobies, and low (<5%) for flatfish abundance. Notably, gadoid abundance increased 60-fold and 129-fold on average at SL and SS, respectively. The species composition at restored reefs deviated from control sites, mainly driven by large-bodied piscivores.</p> <p>4. Spatial reef configuration had the strongest effect on small-bodied mesopredators, including gobies, which were more abundant and driving a distinct species assemblage at SS. In addition to providing suitable conditions for reef species, results suggest that SS can also benefit soft-bottom taxa, possibly through a dispersed predator-mediated effect relative to SL. </p> <p><i>5. Synthesis and applications.</i> This study demonstrates that boulder reef restoration can strongly promote the abundance of exploited gadoids and is therefore a promising management tool to support top-down controls by predatory fishes in degraded marine systems. The higher abundance of mesopredators at SS reefs suggests that SLOSS could have long-term implications for trophic structure and resilience of restored habitats, and should therefore become an important facet within restoration strategies. </p>
Meteorological responses of carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of a subarctic landscape [Data set]
<p>The data set contains carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) fluxes of boreal subarctic landscape and its ecosystems and ecotones, and ancillary meteorological and environmental data, measured at Kaamanen, northern Finland (69°8’ N, 27°16’ E; 155 m a.s.l.), during June 2017 - June 2019. The studied ecosystems and ecotones include: upland pine forest, fen, treed pine bog, sparsely treed pine bog, lakes and string top fen plant community.</p> <p>C_fluxes1b_Heiskanen_et_al_2022.csv includes quality screened, u* filtered and gap-filled eddy covariance ecosystem flux data and modelled pine bog and string top time series utilising eddy covariance and manual flux chamber measurements.</p> <p>C_fluxes2_Heiskanen_et_al_2022.csv includes quality screened daily average lake fluxes from mineral and organic sediment lakes.</p> <p>environmental_data_Heiskanen_et_al_2022.xlsx includes ancillary meteorological and environmental data.</p>
Supporting biophysical data for "The ecosystem wilting point defines drought response and recovery of a Quercus-Carya forest"
<p>The data in this product support analyses in the paper titled "The ecosystem wilting point defines drought response and recovery of a Quercus-Carya forest".</p> <p>The data in this submission include leaf area index (LAI_MOFLUX_2008_2009_2012.csv) and soil water retention curves (MOFLUX_SWRC_data.csv).</p> <p><strong>Leaf area index</strong></p> <p>Each data record in LAI_MOFLUX_2008_2009_2012.csv consists of transect level mean single-sided leaf area index (LAI) values for 5 transects measured during the growing seasons of years 2008, 2009, and 2012. Records are uniquely identified by Year and DOY (day of year). Data were collected using a plant canopy analyzer (model LAI-2000). Data columns are defined by headers. Missing data are represented by values of -9999.</p> <p>Table 1. Header definitions of LAI_MOFLUX_2008_2009_2012.csv data file.</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>Column</td> <td>Header name</td> <td>Definition</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Year</td> <td>Year of observation</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>DOY</td> <td>Day of year of observation</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>LAI_SE</td> <td>Mean LAI of southeast transect</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>LAI_S</td> <td>Mean LAI of south transect</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>LAI_SW</td> <td>Mean LAI of southwest transect</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>LAI_W</td> <td>Mean LAI of west transect</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>LAI_NW</td> <td>Mean LAI of northwest transect</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Soil water retention curves</strong></p> <p>Soil water retention curves for two soil depth ranges (0-30 cm and >30 cm) are reported in MOFLUX_SWRC_data.csv. Soil samples were collected near the MOFLUX tower. Samples were evaluated periodically for soil water potential using a dewpoint potentiometer (Decagon Devices, Model WP4C) and a pressure plate as they dried over time.</p> <p>There are 4 columns of data in MOFLUX_SWRC_data.csv. The first two columns contain data for the 0-30 cm depth range, and the second columns contain data for the >30 cm depth range. Each curve is defined by volumetric water content (VWC, %) and soil water potential (SWP, MPa). Missing data are represented by values of -9999.</p> <p> </p>
Disentangling responses to natural stressor and human impact gradients in river ecosystems across Europe
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Risk response towards roads is consistent across multiple species in a temperate forest ecosystem
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Nitrogen availability determines ecosystem productivity in response to climate warming
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Data from: Quality versus quantity: Response of riparian bird communities to aquatic insect emergence in agro-ecosystems
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Data from: Restoring marine ecosystems: spatial reef configuration triggers taxon-specific responses among early colonizers
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Seagrass ecosystem metabolic carbon capture in response to green turtle grazing across Caribbean meadows, 2016 - 2018
This dataset contains ecosystem metabolism and seagrass meadow data from five locations in the Greater Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico regions at which green turtle populations had established foraging areas. Ecosystem metabolic rates were compared between grazed and adjacent ungrazed areas of seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) to investigate the effects of green turtle grazing on metabolic carbon capture rates in seagrass meadows across a wide geographic area. Seagrass data are provided for site descriptions and drivers of variation in metabolic rates. Ecosystem metabolic rates are also included for meadows of the invasive seagrass Halophila stipulacea from two locations for comparison to rates in the native seagrass meadows where this invasive seagrass is encroaching upon green turtle foraging areas. Data were collected from one location (Little Cayman) in 2016, and from the remaining four locations (Bonaire; St. Croix; Eleuthera, Bahamas; west coast of Florida) in 2018.
Plant and soil organic matter responses to ten years of nutrient enrichment in the Nutrient Network:Nutrient Network. A cross-site investigation of bottom-up control over herbaceous plant community dynamics and ecosystem function
This experiment is one implementation of a globally distributed experiment, known as the Nutrient Network. At Cedar Creek, as in over 70 other sites in grasslands around the world, the experiment aims to describe impacts of increased nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur and other metals) and decreased herbivory (removal of mammals by fencing). Two overarching questions are being explored with these manipulations: 1. To what extent are plant production and diversity co-limited by multiple nutrients in herbaceous-dominated communities? 2. Under what conditions do grazers or fertilization control plant biomass, diversity, and composition? By utilizing identical protocols at diverse grassland sites around the world, NutNet aims to uncover both the generalities in ecosystem functioning, and the contingencies or differences which can obscure those common mechanisms. In addition to the standard NutNet protocol, e247 includes an additional low Nitrogen gradient (1 gram Nitrogen per meter squared per year and 5 grams Nitrogen per meter squared per year in addition to the standard 10 grams Nitrogen per meter squared per year).
Gross primary production responses to warming, elevated CO2 , and irrigation: quantifying the drivers of ecosystem physiology in a semiarid grassland
<p>Determining whether the terrestrial biosphere will be a source or sink of carbon (C) under a future climate of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> (eCO<sub>2</sub>) and warming requires accurate quantification of gross primary production (GPP), the largest flux of C in the global C cycle. We evaluated 6 years (2007–2012) of flux‐derived GPP data from the Prairie Heating and CO<sub>2</sub> Enrichment (PHACE) experiment, situated in a grassland in Wyoming, USA. The GPP data were used to calibrate a light response model whose basic formulation has been successfully used in a variety of ecosystems. The model was extended by modeling maximum photosynthetic rate (<i>A</i><sub>max</sub>) and light‐use efficiency (<i>Q</i>) as functions of soil water, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit, vegetation greenness, and nitrogen at current and antecedent (past) timescales. The model fits the observed GPP well (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.79), which was confirmed by other model performance checks that compared different variants of the model (e.g. with and without antecedent effects). Stimulation of cumulative 6‐year GPP by warming (29%, <i>P</i> = 0.02) and eCO<sub>2</sub> (26%, <i>P</i> = 0.07) was primarily driven by enhanced C uptake during spring (129%, <i>P</i> = 0.001) and fall (124%, <i>P</i> = 0.001), respectively, which was consistent across years. Antecedent air temperature (Tair<sub>ant</sub>) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD<sub>ant</sub>) effects on <i>A</i><sub>max</sub> (over the past 3–4 days and 1–3 days, respectively) were the most significant predictors of temporal variability in GPP among most treatments. The importance of VPD<sub>ant</sub> suggests that atmospheric drought is important for predicting GPP under current and future climate; we highlight the need for experimental studies to identify the mechanisms underlying such antecedent effects. Finally, posterior estimates of cumulative GPP under control and eCO<sub>2</sub> treatments were tested as a benchmark against 12 terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs). The narrow uncertainties of these data‐driven GPP estimates suggest that they could be useful semi‐independent data streams for validating TBMs.</p>
Legacy effects of fish but not elevation influence lake ecosystem response to environmental change
<p>How communities reorganize during climate change depends on the distribution of diversity within ecosystems and across landscapes. Understanding how environmental and evolutionary history constrain community resilience is critical to predicting shifts in future ecosystem function. </p> <p>The goal of our study was to understand how communities with different histories respond to environmental change with regard to shifts in elevation (temperature, nutrients) and introduced predators. We hypothesized that community responses to the environment would differ in ways consistent with local adaptation and initial trait structure. </p> <p>We transplanted plankton communities from lakes at different elevations with and without fish in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California to mesocosms at different elevations with and without fish. We examined the relative importance of the historical and experimental environment on functional (size structure, effects on lower trophic levels), community (zooplankton composition, abundance, and biomass), and population (individual species abundance and biomass) responses.</p> <p>Communities originating from different elevations produced similar biomass at each elevation despite differences in species composition; that is, the experimental elevation, but not the elevation of origin, had a strong effect on biomass. Conversely, we detected a legacy effect of predators on plankton in the fishless environment. <em>Daphnia pulicaria</em> that historically coexisted with fish reached greater biomass under fishless conditions than those from fishless lakes, resulting in greater zooplankton community biomass and larger average size. </p> <p>Therefore, trait variation among lake populations determined the top-down effects of fish predators. In contrast, phenotypic plasticity and local diversity were sufficient to maintain food web structure in response to changing environmental conditions associated with elevation. </p>
Data from: Plant-bacteria-soil response to frequency of simulated nitrogen deposition has implications for global ecosystem change
<ol> <li><span>Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, generally, has been simulated through a single or relatively few N applications per year for its ecological effect study. Despite the importance of timing in ecosystem processes, ecological experiments with more realistic N addition frequencies are rare.</span></li> <li><span>We employed a novel design with typical twice (2X) vs. atypical monthly (12X) N applications per year to explore effects of N addition frequency on above- and below-ground biodiversity and function. </span></li> <li><span>Each year, several response variables from either belowground or aboveground growth, N status and cycling, or plant and bacterial diversity differed as a result of N addition frequency. BNPP showed a large frequency effect in the relatively moist year but not in the dry year. Nitrogen addition decreased root growth in the monthly relative to the biannual applications, which could be highly consequential for predicting changes in global carbon and nitrogen cycling. Simulated N deposition tended to perturb biodiversity, but it is noteworthy that 12X applications that spread N deposition more evenly through a year have much less negative impacts on plant and bacterial diversities than 2X amendments per year. Soil N mineralization rate in year 6 was much lower when N additions were monthly compared with a biannual amendment, especially when simulated N deposition was high. </span></li> <li><span>We have established that amendment frequency matters for understanding ecosystem response to N deposition. Experiments that more closely mimic the anthropogenic process of N deposition are needed to best assess ecosystem and potential global biogeochemical changes.</span></li> </ol>
Data from: Nitrogen cycling and export in California chaparral: the role of climate in shaping ecosystem responses to fire
Climate change models predict that interannual rainfall variability will increase in California over the next several decades; these changes will likely influence how frequently California ecosystems burn and how they respond to fire. Fires uncouple N mobilization from uptake by destroying plant biomass and increasing nitrification. Following fire, autumn and winter rains can leach N into streams from slopes that have been denuded. The amount of N exported depends on how rapidly soil microbes metabolize it into mobile forms such as NO3-, and the rate that recovering plants take up available N. However, the long-term effects of a changing climate on postfire N dynamics remain unknown. We used the ecohydrologic model RHESSys (regional hydro-ecologic simulation system) to evaluate how interannual climate variability may affect the magnitude of N mineralization, nitrification, N export, and plant recovery following fire. N export was highest when fire was followed by drought; even though there was less water moving through the system, dry conditions prolonged the period during which N mobilization was decoupled from plant uptake. We also found that the effects of drought on N export were magnified in stands dominated by obligate seeders, which initially recovered more slowly than resprouters. These findings suggest that climate may regulate N balance most powerfully by influencing how quickly plants "turn on" and begin to immobilize N.
Managing for ecosystem response to drought and wildfire on the Colorado Plateau
<p>These data are responses to survey questions (see below) given to staff associated with natural resource management on the Colorado Plateau, U.S.A. The survey was intended to understand how managers perceived: 1) the degree to which managed lands have experienced drought, wildfire, and related stressors; 2) the current and future responses of ecosystems to these stressors and associated changes to natural resource condition; 3) the role of natural resource management interventions in preparing for stressors and ecosystem response; 4) limitations and barriers to management interventions. The survey consisted of quantitative questions, including a combination of close-ended (yes or no) questions, select-all-that-apply questions, ranked choice questions, and 3-point, 5-point, and 11-point Likert-scale questions. The survey also included qualitative open-ended and fill-in-the-blank questions. The survey was implemented within the Qualtrics program hosted at Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff, Arizona. The numbered questions below (Q1, Q2, etc.) correspond to the columns in the spreadsheet, with possible answers chosen by survey participants indicated below each question. Each participant is a row in the spreadsheet. All identifying information of the participants has been removed to maintain their anonymity. </p>
Data from: Size matters: when resource accessibility by ecosystem engineering elicits wood-boring beetle demographic responses
<p>This data was used to investigate how the age and size of beaver disturbances act as predictors for primary wood-boring beetle abundance and species richness around beaver-altered habitat patches. To do so, we sampled beetles around 16 beaver-disturbed and unaltered watercourses within the Kouchibouguac National Park (Canada) and modeled beetle demographical responses to site conditions and their physical characteristics, distance from the watercourse, deadwood biomass, and the geographical location of the sites.</p>
Data from: Price equations for understanding the response of ecosystem function to community change
<p>Biodiversity-ecosystem function research in natural ecosystems would benefit from new theoretical and analytical tools that match common characteristics of observational community data. To this end, we developed a novel, abundance-based version of the ecological Price equation in both discrete and continuous forms. As part of the presentation of this new method, we conducted two demonstration analyses.</p> <p>The first analysis focuses on pollination of watermelon by wild bees. We net-collected wild pollinator specimens from standard areas of flowering watermelon crop at 16 replicated farms in 2012. We also measured how many pollen grains each bee species deposited per visit. These per-visit pollen deposition rates were estimated as a genus-level property, as is common for landscape pollination studies. To determine total pollination for each bee species at each site, we multiplied pollinator visitation rates and per-visit pollen deposition. The attached data includes site by species matrices for the abundance (watermelon_com.csv) and per-capita pollen deposition (watermelon_fun.csv) of bee species.</p> <p>The second analysis focuses on changes in total community biomass of stream invertebrates collected from 25 sites along a strong, continuous pollution gradient. These data were previously published by Pomeranz et al. (2019), accessible at the Dryad link given below. Specimens were individually measured and assigned to one of six functional groups. Finer taxonomic resolution is available in the original study, but we use functional groups here to get enough data to effectively model. The attached data includes site by functional group matrices for the abundance (stream_inverts.csv) and per-capita biomass (stream_invert_size.csv) of stream invertebrate functional groups, and a third .csv which describes the level of pollution at each site (steam_data.csv).</p> <p>The code is a single R code file which produces the results and figures found in the manuscript. We have also included a README and several .csv files (those described above) that need to be read in.</p> <p>These data may be useful for other analyses of variation in ecosystem function across sites. We stress that the stream invertebrate data were collected by Pomeranz et al. (2019) and they should be cited for any use those data. The relevant link to access their data is: https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.v6g985s</p>
The data for the article entitled "Nitrogen deposition drives response and recovery to precipitation change and its reversal in an arid ecosystem""
<p><strong>Title:</strong> Nitrogen deposition drives response and recovery to precipitation change and its reversal in an arid ecosystem</p> <p>Yu et al.</p> <p>Document 1: Data on plant community traits.</p> <p>Document 2: Data on soil features.</p>
Avian species richness and abundance shows stronger response to bison grazing intensity than to ecosystem productivity
Temperate grassland ecosystems are one of the most threatened ecosystems worldwide, and their loss endangers the grassland songbirds that rely upon them. This guild of birds has shown long-term declines in North America. At the same time, American bison (Bison bison) are becoming more common through reintroductions, and they may make significant modifications to grassland songbird habitat. To support conservation for this guild, we sought to understand the importance of bison grazing and ecosystem productivity to the species richness, occupancy, and abundance of this avian community. We conducted dependent double-observer bird counts, measured bison grazing intensity with patty counts, and used remote-sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data to measure ecosystem productivity. Our work took place in the National Bison Range near Moiese, Montana and in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. We found that species richness was positively correlated with patty counts, and had a weak negative correlation with NDVI. Occupancy probability for six of seven grassland songbird species was positively correlated with patty counts, and for six of seven species was negatively correlated with NDVI. Abundance of vesper sparrow (Pooecetes graminueus) and western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) were positively correlated with patty counts, although for western meadowlark, this trend became less positive with increasing patty counts. Our work suggests that managers may want to encourage a broad range of bison grazing intensities to ensure that vegetative conditions related to bison grazing are present for all species.
Ecosystem-wide responses to fire and large mammal herbivores in an African savanna
<p>Fire and large mammal herbivores (LMH) are the principal top-down forces maintaining savanna structure. Nonetheless, experiments designed to investigate interactions between fire and LMH are rare in savannas, and relationships between environmental variation and biodiversity in the context of fire and LMH are poorly understood. This study addresses these gaps by manipulating the presence of LMH and early and late dry season fires in a tropical African savanna. In addition, this work simultaneously explores environmental variables including soil and foliar quality, vegetation cover, and nearby water sources to more holistically describe factors affecting savanna functioning and biodiversity. </p> <p>After one year of experimental treatments, changes in vegetation were already apparent. Shrub abundance and richness and grass richness were higher in the absence of LMH, while grass biomass increased three-fold in burned plots as compared to unburned plots. Foliar nutrients tended to increase in open plots, while phenolics decreased. Amphibian abundance decreased with early burns and was higher with LMH. In contrast, small mammal abundance and richness increased without LMH and with time since fire. Richness and foraging of LMH were highest after late burns.</p> <p>These results demonstrate ecosystem-wide effects of LMH, illustrating the importance of considering multiple taxa when designing fire management programs. For example, burning negatively affected amphibians and small mammals and changed vegetation at the same time it increased LMH foraging. In the long-term, this experiment will shed light on interacting effects of fire and LMH on savanna biodiversity and function. </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.