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opencc-zeroJun 2017View details →

Actionable Information During a Disaster (Self-organize Relief Efforts via #PorteOuverte)

Abstract (our paper) Web-based social and communication technologies enable citizens to self-organize relief efforts in response to crises. This work focuses on a question fundamental to the concept of collective intelligence: how effective are such self-organized channels, ungoverned by any central authority, in conforming to their intended function? In this study we examine the hashtag #PorteOuverte ("#OpenDoor") introduced during the 2015 Paris terrorist attacks, as an "improvised logistical channel" (ILC) to help individuals to find a safe shelter near the attack sites. We analyze the dynamics and effectiveness of #PorteOuverte by comparing its proportion of relevant logistical messages -- individuals requesting or offering shelter -- to other messages such as those offering emotional consolation or commenting on the hashtag itself. Our results reveal that the vast majority of messages are not relevant, however the crowd senses and spreads relevant messages more than others. We further demonstrate that relevant messages can be automatically detected and thus algorithmic promotion may be possible. Data The #PorteOuverte hashtag ("opendoor" in English), created right after the 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris, was used by individuals to offer shelter to strangers stranded by the attacks and by individuals in need of shelter to request help and post their whereabouts. The file #PorteOuverte _tweet_ids.txt contains all the original tweet ids that used this hashtag. The first tweet was posted on Friday, 13 Nov 2015 21:34:06 GMT. Duration: 2015-11-13 to 2015-11-16 (retweets not included). Total number of tweets: 75547 Publication This data set was created for our study. If you make use of this data set, please cite: He, X., Lu, D., Margolin, D., Wang, M., Idrissi, S., Lin, Y.-R. (2017). "The Signals and Noise: Actionable Information in Improvised Social Media Channels During a Disaster," Proceedings of Web Science 2017 (WebSci 2017), 2017. doi:10.1145/3091478.3091501

opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Experimental evolution under varying sex ratio and behavioral plasticity in response to perceived competitive environment independently affect calling effort in male crickets

The operational sex ratio (OSR) is a key component influencing the magnitude of sexual selection driving the evolution of male sexual traits, but males often also retain the ability to plastically modulate trait expression depending on the current environment. Here we employed an experimental evolution approach to determine whether the OSR affects the evolution of male calling effort in decorated crickets, a costly sexual trait, and whether plasticity in calling effort is altered by the OSR under which males have evolved. Calling effort of males from two selection regimes maintained at different OSRs over 18–20 generations (male- versus female-biased) was recorded at two different levels of perceived competition, in the absence of rivals or in the presence of an experimentally muted competitor. The effect of the OSR on the evolution of male calling effort was modest and in the opposite direction predicted by theory. Instead, the immediate competitive environment strongly influenced male calling effort as males called more in the presence of a rival, revealing considerable plasticity in this trait. This increased calling effort came at a cost, however, as males confined with a muted rival experienced significantly higher mortality.

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Energetic trade-offs in migration decision-making, reproductive effort, and subsequent parental care in a long-distance migratory bird

Migratory species trade-off long-distance movement with survival and reproduction, but the spatiotemporal scales at which these decisions occur is relatively unknown. Technological and statistical advances allow fine-scale study of animal decision-making, improving our understanding of possible causes and therefore conservation management. We quantified effects of reproductive preparation during spring migration on subsequent breeding outcomes, breeding outcomes on autumn migration characteristics, and autumn migration characteristics on subsequent parental survival in Greenland white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons flavirostris). These are long-distance migratory birds with a ~50% population decline from 1999 to 2022. We deployed GPS-acceleration devices on adult females to quantify up to five years of individual decision-making throughout the annual cycle. Weather and habitat-use affected time spent feeding and overall dynamic body acceleration (i.e., energy expenditure) during spring and autumn. Geese that expended less energy and fed longer during spring were more likely to successfully reproduce. Geese with offspring expended more energy and fed for less time during autumn, potentially representing adverse fitness consequences of breeding. These behavioural comparisons among Greenland white-fronted geese improve our understanding of fitness trade-offs underlying abundance. We provide a reproducible framework for full annual cycle modelling using location and behaviour data, applicable to similarly studied migratory animals.

Figure 3 in Ecological and reproductive parameters of the seabob shrimp, Xiphopenaeus spp. (Heller, 1862) on the southern coast of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil: potential use of less sampling effort

Figure 3. Principal component analysis (PCA) for Xiphopenaeus spp. abundance and environmental variables in Anchieta region. The samples were collected between February/2013 and February/2015. Ab: Abundance; Gr: Granulometry; O.M: Organic Matter; Sal: Salinity: Temp: Temperature.

Figure 2 in Ecological and reproductive parameters of the seabob shrimp, Xiphopenaeus spp. (Heller, 1862) on the southern coast of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil: potential use of less sampling effort

Figure 2. Boxplot of Xiphopenaeus spp. abundance at each collection point = transects, (A) and season (B) between February/2013 and February/2015. p1: Point 1; p2: Point 2; p3: Point 3. *Statistically significant difference.

Figure 6 in Ecological and reproductive parameters of the seabob shrimp, Xiphopenaeus spp. (Heller, 1862) on the southern coast of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil: potential use of less sampling effort

Figure 6. Percentage values of gonadal development stages of Xiphopenaeus spp. at sampling points = transects, (A and B) and sampling period (C and D). Males (A and C) and females (B and D). Immature (IM), rudimentary (RU), developing (ED) and developed (DE) at each sampling point from February/2013 to February/2015. P1: Point 1, P2: Point 2, P3: Point 3.

Figure 1 in Ecological and reproductive parameters of the seabob shrimp, Xiphopenaeus spp. (Heller, 1862) on the southern coast of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil: potential use of less sampling effort

Figure 1. Map of Brazil highlighting the state of Espírito Santo and the fishing port of Anchieta, indicating the sampling points of the seabob shrimp. (P1 = Point 1: 2m; P2 = Point 2: 5m; P3 = Point 3: 10m; blue line = Benevente River).

Figure 5 in Ecological and reproductive parameters of the seabob shrimp, Xiphopenaeus spp. (Heller, 1862) on the southern coast of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil: potential use of less sampling effort

Figure 5. Frequency of the carapace size of the Xiphopenaeus spp. shrimp collected from February/2013 to February/2015. M: Male, F: Female, J: Juvenile. The dashed line indicates the LC50 as reference.

Figure 4 in Ecological and reproductive parameters of the seabob shrimp, Xiphopenaeus spp. (Heller, 1862) on the southern coast of the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil: potential use of less sampling effort

Figure 4. Carapace length (LC) of males (A) and females (B) upon reaching sexual maturity estimated by logistic regression based on the absence (0) or presence (1) of specific morphological sexual characters plotted as a function of carapace length (mm) of Xiphopenaeus spp. in Anchieta, southern coast of Espírito Santo, Brazil (LC50 = Length that 50% of individuals reach in adult size).

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

Piecewise continuous sampling: a method for minimizing bias and sampling effort for estimated metrics of animal behavior

Capturing qualitative features of animal behavior requires recording occurrences of behavior over time. Continuous sampling is best for capturing brief behaviors, but can be very time consuming. Instantaneous sampling can reduce the amount of labor required, but can miss short-duration behaviors. We therefore synthesized these techniques by continuously sampling during randomly scattered time intervals; a technique we call piecewise continuous sampling. To optimize and test the efficacy of this technique, we collected a continuous behavioral dataset of harvester ant workers, and then we developed a protocol to estimate the amount of sampling time necessary to reconstruct the proportion of time animals spend in different behavioral states. This protocol finds the sample size needed for the variance of the sample to converge on the variation of the population. We then divided this estimated time into equal-duration intervals that were randomly distributed across the entire continuous dataset. Finally, we calculated both time-dependent and time-independent error from this sample. We found that 4 to 16 sampling intervals minimize both types of error simultaneously. This finding was robust to differences in underlying behavior and was validated with simulations, implying that this method could be used for many types of organisms.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

SSP: An R package to estimate sampling effort in studies of ecological communities

SSP (simulation-based sampling protocol) is an R package that uses simulations of ecological data and dissimilarity-based multivariate standard error (MultSE) as an estimator of precision to evaluate the adequacy of different sampling efforts for studies that will test hypothesis using permutational multivariate analysis of variance. The procedure consists in simulating several extensive data matrixes that mimic some of the relevant ecological features of the community of interest using a pilot data set. For each simulated data, several sampling efforts are repeatedly executed and MultSE calculated. The mean value, 0.025 and 0.975 quantiles of MultSE for each sampling effort across all simulated data are then estimated and standardized regarding the lowest sampling effort. The optimal sampling effort is identified as that in which the increase in sampling effort does not improve the highest MultSE beyond a threshold value (e.g. 2.5 %). The performance of SSP was validated using real data. In all three cases, the simulated data mimicked the real data and allowed to evaluate the relationship MultSE – n beyond the sampling size of the pilot studies. SSP can be used to estimate sample size in a wide variety of situations, ranging from simple (e.g. single site) to more complex (e.g. several sites for different habitats) experimental designs. The latter constitutes an important advantage in the context of multi-scale studies in ecology. An online version of SSP is available for users without an R background.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

JOSSE: A Software Development Effort Dataset Annotated with Expert Estimates

The JIRA Open-Source Software Effort (JOSSE) dataset consists of software development and maintenance tasks collected from the JIRA issue tracking system for Apache, JBoss, And Spring open-source projects. All the issues were annotated with actual effort and 19% of them were annotated with expert estimates. JOSSE is a task-based dataset with a textual attribute represented as a task description for each data point. This paper explains how the data were collected and details six data quality refinement procedures of the data points.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2017View details →

Data and R script for 'Early-life begging effort reduces adult body mass but strengthens behavioural defence of the rate of energy intake in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)'

Data files and R script for Dunn et al. "Early-life begging effort reduces adult body mass but strengthens behavioural defence of the rate of energy intake in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)" Includes a single R script that produces all the analyses in the paper. The script makes use of three different .csv data files.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2015View details →

Figure 3. Traditional Approach and Process Management System Approach – Effort Percentage Comparison-Business Process Management – A Traditional Approach versus a Knowledge Based Approach

Comparing the results obtained in using the two approaches (Figure 3), it is possible to note a significant reduction in terms of both effort and working hours in correspondence of design and development phases.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Figure 3 in How many species of Mollusca are there in Brazil? A collective taxonomic effort to reveal this still unknown diversity

Figure 3. Distribution of 3,552 valid species of Mollusca and malacologists (=taxonomists) by region of Brazil and the possible correlation with socioeconomic indicators. Only the authors of this paper were counted (international authors excluded). (GDP) Gross Domestic Product, (HEI) Higher Education Institutions.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Figure 2. A in How many species of Mollusca are there in Brazil? A collective taxonomic effort to reveal this still unknown diversity

Figure 2. A small fraction of the diversity of shapes and colours of the Brazilian malacofauna: (A) Obeliscus agassizi Pilsbry, 1906, photo by L. Charles, ~4 cm long, terrestrial gastropod, Achatinidae; (B) Ischnochiton striolatus (Gray, 1828), 3 cm long, polyplacophoran, Ischnochitonidae; (C) Phidiana lynceus Bergh, 1867, 17 mm long, marine gastropod, Nudibranchia; (D) Octoporia octoporosa (Allen & Morgan, 1981, ~3 mm long, SEM image, marine bivalve, Cuspidariidae; (E) Eurytellina punicea (Born, 1778), ~70 mm long, marine bivalve, Tellinidae; (F) Hyperaulax ramagei (Smith, 1980), ~4.2 mm long, terrestrial gastropod, Odontostomidae; (G) Anatoma campense Pimenta & Geiger, 2015, ~3 mm long, SEM image; marine gastropod, Anatomidae; (H) Phyllocaulis boraceiensis Thomé, 1972, ~16 cm long, terrestrial gastropod, Veronicellidae; (I) Anodontites trapesialis (Lamarck, 1819), 20 cm long, freshwater bivalve, Mycetopodidae; (J) Anadara chemnitzi (Philippi, 1851), ~5 cm long, marine bivalve, Arcidae; (K) Neritina zebra (Bruguière, 1792), 22 mm long, marine gastropod, Neritidae; (L) Rhinus heterotrichus (S. Moricand, 1836), ~2.2 cm long, terrestrial gastropod, Simpulopsidae.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Figure 1. A in How many species of Mollusca are there in Brazil? A collective taxonomic effort to reveal this still unknown diversity

Figure 1. A small fraction of the diversity of shapes and colours of the Brazilian malacofauna: (A) Gaza compta Simone & Cunha, 2006, 19 mm long, marine gastropod, Margaritidae; (B) Pomacea maculata Perry, 1810, ~45 mm long, freshwater gastropod, Ampullariidae; (C) Omalonyx convexus (Heynemann, 1868), 2 cm long, terrestrial gastropod, Succineidae; (D) Gadila pandionis (Verrill & Smith, 1880), 11 mm long, scaphopod, Gadilidae; (E) Eulima bifasciata d'Orbigny, 1841, 8.1 mm long – marine gastropod, Eulimidae; (F) Eucallista purpurata (Lamarck, 1818), ~45 mm long, marine bivalve, Veneridae; (G) Mactrella janeiroensis (E.A. Smith, 1915), 27.7 mm long, marine bivalve, Mactridae; (H) Octopus insularis Leite & Haimovici, 2008, photo by C. Sampaio, ~80 mm long – cephalopod, Octopodidae; (I) Megalobulimus oblongus (Müller, 1774), ~118 mm long, terrestrial gastropod, Strophocheilidae; (J) Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818), ~15 mm long, freshwater gastropod, Planorbidae; (K) Cardiomya minerva Lima, Oliveira & Absalão, 2020, 4.3 mm long, SEM image, marine bivalve, Cuspidariidae; (L) Corbula patagonica d'Orbigny, 1846, ~14 mm long, marine bivalve, Corbulidae; (M) Scutopus variabilis Passos, Corrêa & Miranda, 2021, ~12 mm long, aplacophoran, Caudofoveata; (N) Chicoreus brevifrons (Lamarck, 1822), ~40 mm long, marine gastropod, Muricidae.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Figure 1 in sOilFauna - a global synthesis effort on the drivers of soil macrofauna communities and functioning

Figure 1. Location of the transects in the present version of the MACROFAUNA database (A) Map of the data (B) Location of the data in relation to the biomes.