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160 results for “endosymbiont”

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dryad36/100

Temperature perturbation of cellular host-microbe interactions explains continent-wide endosymbiont prevalence

Endosymbioses influence host physiology, reproduction, and fitness, but these relationships require efficient microbe transmission between host generations to persist. Maternally transmitted Wolbachia are the most common known endosymbionts, but their frequencies vary widely within and among host populations for unknown reasons. Here we integrate genomic, cellular, and phenotypic analyses with mathematical models to provide an unexpectedly simple explanation for global wMel Wolbachia prevalence in Drosophila melanogaster. Cooling temperatures decrease wMel cellular abundance at a key stage of host oogenesis, producing temperature-dependent variation in maternal transmission that plausibly explains latitudinal clines of wMel frequencies on multiple continents. wMel sampled from a temperate climate targets the germline more efficiently in the cold than a recently differentiated tropical variant (~2,200 years ago), indicative of rapid wMel adaptation to climate. Genomic analyses identify a very narrow list of wMel alleles—most notably, a derived stop codon in the major Wolbachia surface protein WspB—that underlie thermal sensitivity of cellularWolbachia abundance and covary with temperature globally. Decoupling temperate wMel and host genomes further reduces transmission in the cold, a pattern that is characteristic of host-microbe co-adaptation to a temperate climate. Complex interactions among Wolbachia, hosts, and the environment (GxGxE) mediate wMel cellular abundance and maternal transmission, implicating temperature as a key determinant of Wolbachia spread and equilibrium frequencies, in conjunction with Wolbachia effects on host fitness and reproduction. Our results motivate strategic use of locally selected wMel variants for Wolbachia-based biocontrol efforts, which currently protect millions of individuals from arboviruses that cause human disease.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

zenodo36/100

Physiological costs of facultative endosymbionts in aphids assessed from energy metabolism

Using the standard metabolic rate (SMR) as a measure of the energy cost of self-maintenance, we investigated whether two common facultative endosymbionts Hamiltonella defensa or Regiella insecticola increase the maintenance cost of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum and translate into host fitness reduction (‘compensation hypothesis’). In addition, we tested if there was a link between SMR and the aphid fitness and whether it depended on endosymbiont density and aphid energetic reserves. Finally, we measured SMR at different temperatures to assess the impact of suboptimal thermal conditions on physiological cost of endosymbionts.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

dryad36/100

Impact of host demography and evolutionary history on endosymbiont molecular evolution: a test in carpenter ants (Genus Camponotus) and their Blochmannia endosymbionts

Obligate endosymbioses are tight associations between symbionts and the hosts they live inside. Hosts and their associated obligate endosymbionts generally exhibit codiversification, which has been documented in taxonomically diverse insect lineages. Host demography (e.g., effective population sizes) may impact the demography of endosymbionts, which may lead to an association between host demography and the patterns and processes of endosymbiont molecular evolution. Here, we used whole-genome sequencing data for carpenter ants (Genus Camponotus; subgenera Camponotus and Tanaemyrmex) and their Blochmannia endosymbionts as our study system to address whether Camponotus demography shapes Blochmannia molecular evolution. Using whole-genome phylogenomics, we confirmed previous work identifying codiversification between carpenter ants and their Blochmannia endosymbionts. We found that Blochmannia genes have evolved at a pace ~30× faster than that of their hosts' molecular evolution and that these rates are positively associated with host rates of molecular evolution. Using multiple tests for selection in Blochmannia genes, we found signatures of positive selection and shifts in selection strength across the phylogeny. Host demography was associated with Blochmannia shifts toward increased selection strengths, but not associated with Blochmannia selection relaxation, positive selection, genetic drift rates, or genome size evolution. Mixed support for relationships between host effective population sizes and Blochmannia molecular evolution suggests weak or uncoupled relationships between host demography and Blochmannia population genomic processes. Finally, we found that Blochmannia genome size evolution was associated with genome-wide estimates of genetic drift and number of genes with relaxed selection pressures. --

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

dryad36/100

Data and scripts from: Microbiome composition is shaped by geography and population structure in the parasitic wasp Asobara japonica, but not in the presence of the endosymbiont Wolbachia

The microbial community composition is crucial for diverse life-history traits in many organisms. However, we still lack a sufficient understanding of how the host microbiome is acquired and maintained, a pressing issue in times of global environmental change. Here we investigated to what extent host genotype, environmental conditions, and the endosymbiont Wolbachia influence the bacterial communities in the parasitic wasp Asobara japonica. We sampled multiple wasp populations across ten locations in their natural distribution range in Japan and sequenced the host genome (whole genome sequencing) and microbiome (16S rRNA gene). We compared the host population structure and bacterial community composition of wasps that reproduce sexually and are uninfected with Wolbachia with wasps that reproduce asexually and carry Wolbachia. The bacterial communities in asexual wasps were highly similar due to a strong effect of Wolbachia rather than host genomic structure. In contrast, in sexual wasps, bacterial communities appear primarily shaped by a combination of population structure and environmental conditions. Our research highlights that multiple factors shape the bacterial communities of an organism and that the presence of a single endosymbiont can strongly alter their compositions. This information is crucial to understanding how organisms and their associated microbiome will react in the face of environmental change.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

zenodo36/100

Fig. 2 in Molecular detection of Wolbachia endosymbiont in reptiles and their ectoparasites

Fig. 2 Boa constrictor constrictor infested with Ophionyssus natricis (red arrows)

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

zenodo36/100

Fig. 1 in Molecular detection of Wolbachia endosymbiont in reptiles and their ectoparasites

Fig. 1 Lacerta bilineata infested with Ixodes ricinus

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

dryad36/100

The association of host and vector characteristics with Ctenocephalides felis pathogen and endosymbiont infection

Surveillance of the flea species and flea-borne pathogens infecting cats is important for both human and animal health. Multiple zoonotic Bartonella and Rickettsia species are known to infect the most common flea-infesting cats and dogs worldwide: Ctenocephalides felis, the cat flea. The ability of other flea species to transmit pathogens is relatively unexplored. We aimed to determine cat host and flea factors independently associated with flea infection with Bartonella and Rickettsia species. We also compared the presence and prevalence of cat host and flea pathogen infection by geographic location. To accomplish these aims, we performed qPCR for the detection of Bartonella, hemotropic Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, and Wolbachia DNA using paired cat and flea samples obtained from free-roaming cats presenting for spay or neuter across multiple geographic locations in the United States. A logistic regression model was employed to identify the effect of cat (sex, body weight, geographic location, and Bartonella, hemotropic Mycoplasma, and Rickettsia spp. infection) and flea (clade, pathogen infection, and Wolbachia infection) factors on C. felis Bartonella clarridgeiae infection. From 189 free-roaming cats, we collected 84 fleas from four flea species: Ctenocephalides felis (78/84, 92%), Cediopsylla simplex (4/84, 5%), Orchopeas howardi (1/84), and Nosopsyllus fasciatus (1/84). Ctenocephalides felis were phylogenetically assigned to Clades 1, 4, and 6 by cox1 gene amplification. Rickettsia asembonensis (52/84, 62%) and B. clarridgeiae (16/84, 19%) were the most common pathogenic bacteria detected in fleas. Our model identified host cat sex and body weight as independently associated with B. clarridgeiae infection in fleas. When controlling for cat sex, body weight, and number of fleas collected from each cat, flea infection with B. clarridgeiae was not associated with geographic location, flea infection with Rickettsia spp. or Wolbachia spp., or cat infection with B. clarridgeiae. Rickettsia asembonensis, Rickettsia felis (7/84, 8%), and Bartonella henselae (7/84, 8%) were only found in fleas from specific clades: R. felis was detected only in Clades 1 and 6, while B. henselae and R. asembonensis were detected only in Clade 4. Wolbachia spp. also displayed clade specificity with strains other than Wolbachia wCfeT only infecting fleas from Clade 6. There was poor flea and host agreement for Bartonella spp. infection; however, there was agreement in the Bartonella species detected in cats and fleas by geographic location. These findings reinforce the importance of considering reservoir host attributes and vector phylogenetic diversity in epidemiological studies of flea-borne pathogens. Furthermore, while flea pathogen infection was not indicative of infection in a specific host cat, it may provide insight into the pathogens present in specific geographic areas. Widespread sampling from across the United States is necessary to identify the geographic, host, and vector factors driving flea-borne pathogen presence and transmission.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Dataset: Floral presence and flower identity alter cereal aphid endosymbiont communities on adjacent crops

<ol> <li>Floral plantings adjacent to crop fields can recruit populations of natural enemies by providing flower nectar and non-crop prey to increase natural pest regulation. Observed variation in success rates might be due to changes in the unseen community of endosymbionts hosted by many herbivorous insects, of which some can confer resistance to natural enemies, e.g. parasitoid wasps. Reduced insect control may occur if highly protective symbiont combinations increase in frequency via selection effects, and this is expected to be stronger in lower diversity systems.</li> <li>We used a large-scale field trial to analyse the bacterial endosymbiont communities hosted by cereal aphids (Sitobion avenae) collected along transects into strip plots of barley plants managed by either conventional or integrated (including floral field margins and reduced inputs) methods. In addition, we conducted an outdoor pot experiment to analyse endosymbionts in S. avenae aphids collected on barley plants that were either grown alone or alongside one of three flowering plants, across three time points.</li> <li>In the field, aphids hosted up to four symbionts. The abundance of aphids and parasitoid wasps was reduced towards the middle of all fields while aphid symbiont species richness and diversity decreased into the field in conventional, but not integrated, field-strips. The proportion of aphids hosting different symbiont combinations varied across cropping systems, with distances into the fields, and was correlated with parasitoid wasp abundances.</li> <li>In the pot experiment, aphids hosted up to six symbionts. Flower presence increased natural enemy abundance and diversity, and decreased aphid abundance. The proportion of aphids hosting different symbiont combinations varied across the flower treatment and time and were correlated with varying abundances of the different specialist parasitoid wasp species recruited by different flowers.</li> <li> Synthesis and applications. Floral plantings and flower identity had community-wide impacts on the combinations of bacterial endosymbionts hosted by herbivorous insects, which correlated with natural enemy diversity and abundance. We recommend that integrated management practices incorporate floral resources within field areas to support a more functionally diverse and resilient natural enemy community to mitigate selection for symbiont-mediated pest resistance throughout the cropping area.</li> </ol>

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

dryad36/100