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FIGURES 21–25 in Comparative morphology of leaf epidermis in 34 species of Maianthemum (Asparagaceae, Polygonateae) and their systematic significance

FIGURES 21–25. Micrographs of either the abaxial or adaxial leaf epidermis of Maianthemum species. 21. M. oleraceum; 22. M. paludicolum; 23. M. paniculatum; 24. M. purpureum (Sichuan); 25. M. purpureum (Yunnan). In each species, a: adaxial surface (LM), b: abaxial surface (LM), c: abaxial surface × 300 (SEM), d: abaxial surface × 2000 (SEM). Scale bar = 100μm (a & b), 10μm (c), 2μm (d).

FIGURES 6–10 in Comparative morphology of leaf epidermis in 34 species of Maianthemum (Asparagaceae, Polygonateae) and their systematic significance

FIGURES 6–10. Micrographs of either the abaxial or adaxial leaf epidermis of Maianthemum species. 6. M. dilatatum; 7. M. flexuosum; 8. M. formosanum; 9. M. forrestii; 10. M. fusciduliflorum. In each species, a: adaxial surface (LM), b: abaxial surface (LM), c: abaxial surface × 300 (SEM), d: abaxial surface × 2000 (SEM). Scale bar = 100μm (a & b), 10μm (c), 2μm (d).

FIGURES 1–5 in Comparative morphology of leaf epidermis in 34 species of Maianthemum (Asparagaceae, Polygonateae) and their systematic significance

FIGURES 1–5. Micrographs of either the abaxial or adaxial leaf epidermis of Maianthemum species. 1. M. amoenum; 2. M. atropurpureum; 3. M. bifolium; 4. M. canadense; 5. M. dahuricum. In each species, a: adaxial surface (LM), b: abaxial surface (LM), c: abaxial surface × 300 (SEM), d: abaxial surface × 2000 (SEM). Scale bar = 100μm (a & b), 10μm (c), 2μm (d).

FIGURES 16–20 in Comparative morphology of leaf epidermis in 34 species of Maianthemum (Asparagaceae, Polygonateae) and their systematic significance

FIGURES 16–20. Micrographs of either the abaxial or adaxial leaf epidermis of Maianthemum species. 16. M. japonicum; 17. M. lichiangense; 18. M. macrophyllum; 19. M. monteverdense; 20. M. nanchuanense. In each species, a: adaxial surface (LM), b: abaxial surface (LM), c: abaxial surface × 300 (SEM), d: abaxial surface × 2000 (SEM). Scale bar = 100μm (a & b), 10μm (c), 2μm (d).

FIGURES 11–15 in Comparative morphology of leaf epidermis in 34 species of Maianthemum (Asparagaceae, Polygonateae) and their systematic significance

FIGURES 11–15. Micrographs of either the abaxial or adaxial leaf epidermis of Maianthemum species. 11. M. fucsum var. cordatum; 12. M. fuscum var. fuscum; 13. M. gigas; 14. M. gongshanense; 15. M henryi. In each species, a: adaxial surface (LM), b: abaxial surface (LM), c: abaxial surface × 300 (SEM), d: abaxial surface × 2000 (SEM). Scale bar = 100μm (a & b), 10μm (c), 2μm (d).

FIGURES 36–37 in Comparative morphology of leaf epidermis in 34 species of Maianthemum (Asparagaceae, Polygonateae) and their systematic significance

FIGURES 36–37. Micrographs of either the abaxial or adaxial leaf epidermis of Maianthemum species. 36. M. tubiferum; 37. M. yesoense. In each species, a: adaxial surface (LM), b: abaxial surface (LM), c: abaxial surface × 300 (SEM), d: abaxial surface × 2000 (SEM). Scale bar = 100μm (a & b), 10μm (c), 2μm (d).

FIGURES 31–35 in Comparative morphology of leaf epidermis in 34 species of Maianthemum (Asparagaceae, Polygonateae) and their systematic significance

FIGURES 31–35. Micrographs of either the abaxial or adaxial leaf epidermis of Maianthemum species. 31. M. stellatum; 32. M. stenolobum; 33. M. szechuanicum; 34. M. tatsienense; 35. M. trifolium. In each species, a: adaxial surface (LM), b: abaxial surface (LM), c: abaxial surface × 300 (SEM), d: abaxial surface × 2000 (SEM). Scale bar = 100μm (a & b), 10μm (c), 2μm (d).

opennotspecifiedMay 2013View details →

FIGURE 5. Anthoceros subtilis Steph. A. Capsule epidermis with thin walls and stomata. B. SEM micrograph showing sporophyte fragment with tetrads and pseudoelaters. C in A revision of the genus Anthoceros (Anthocerotaceae, Anthocerotophyta) in China

FIGURE 5. Anthoceros subtilis Steph. A. Capsule epidermis with thin walls and stomata. B. SEM micrograph showing sporophyte fragment with tetrads and pseudoelaters. C. Pseudoelaters with thin-walls and irregular thickenings. D. SEM micrograph showing proximal face of spore which is spinulose and has distinct trilete mark. E. SEM micrograph showing distal spore face which is papillate to spinulose with spines often united at the base. All from R.-H. Dai PX95106 (GACP). Scale bars: A, C=50 µm; B, D, E=10 µm.

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FIGURE 2. Notothylas yunnanensis T.Peng & R.L.Zhu 1. Thalli with mature orange-red sporophytes. 2. Dorsal thallus epidermis, showing each cell containing a single chloroplast with central pyrenoid. 3 in A revision of the genus Notothylas (Notothyladaceae, Anthocerotophyta) in China

FIGURE 2. Notothylas yunnanensis T.Peng & R.L.Zhu 1. Thalli with mature orange-red sporophytes. 2. Dorsal thallus epidermis, showing each cell containing a single chloroplast with central pyrenoid. 3. Two Nostoc colonies within ventral side of solid thallus in transverse section. 4. Four antheridia with orange chromoplasts in irregularly arranged jacket cells. 5. Transverse section of capsule wall. 6. Dehiscing sporophyte with yellowish spores and columella. 7. Epidermis of capsule wall. 8. Three spores and a pseudoelater. 9. Capsule wall showing slightly thick-walled, sub-quadrate to sub-rectangular, irregularly arranged epidermal cells. All from T. Peng et al. 20120715-7 (holotype HSNU).

opennotspecifiedSep 2008View details →

FIGURES 87 & 88. Euloxia fugitivaria. 87. Second instar, abdominal epidermis. Scale bar 1 in Characterisation of the Larvae of Australian Nacophorini

FIGURES 87 & 88. Euloxia fugitivaria. 87. Second instar, abdominal epidermis. Scale bar 1 mm, 88. Fifth instar on Pimelea humilis. Scale bar 10 mm.

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FIGURE 3. Mycosphaerella gleicheniae, microscopic details. a–b. Sections through ascomata rupturing the upper epidermis. a in Mycosphaerellaceous fungi and new species of Venustosynnema and Zasmidium on ferns and fern allies in Taiwan

FIGURE 3. Mycosphaerella gleicheniae, microscopic details. a–b. Sections through ascomata rupturing the upper epidermis. a. Typical ascoma wall (R. Kirschner 3613). b. Ascoma being atypical by basal stroma-like cells probably surrounding a vascular bundle (R. Kirschner 3945). c, d. Fresh asci and ascospores (R. Kirschner 3613). e. Ascospores germinating after 1 day on malt extract agar (R. Kirschner 3613). Scale bars: a, b, e = 40 µm, c, d = 10 µm.

Figure 9 in Five invaginations and shedding of the larval epidermis during development of the hoplonemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

Figure 9. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA)-stained late rudiment stage larva of Pantinonemertes californiensis in the act of shedding cells of the larval epidermis. (A) Bright-field view; (B) a confocal projection of 21 1-µm sections of the same larva, showing the brightly- uorescent FDA-labelled cells of the transitory epidermis. Anterior is to the right. The larva was trapped on a slide, fixed by owing formaldehyde in seawater under the coverslip, and the image was collected immediately. Arrows highlight the same shedding cells in both images, which are brightly labelled with FDA.

Figure 8 in Five invaginations and shedding of the larval epidermis during development of the hoplonemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

Figure 8. Roll-out epidermal map of phalloidin-labelled early invagination embryo (23.5-hour-old at 15–16◦C) of Pantinonemertes californiensis, showing cell outlines (a total of 80 large cells).

Figure 7 in Five invaginations and shedding of the larval epidermis during development of the hoplonemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

Figure 7. Confocal projections of phalloidin-labelled larvae of Pantinonemertes californiensis showing surface cell outlines in the early invagination stage (A), early rudiment stage (B), late rudiment stage, which is contemporary with shedding of the larval epidermis (C), and the vermicular stage (D, E). At 15–16◦C these stages correspond to 23.5 hours (A), 2 days (B), 3 days (C) and 4 days (D, E) of development; ventral view, apical up. (E) An 11.5-µm sub-stack from the same stack as (D) shows the cell outlines without the interference of body wall muscles. (A) Mounted in Vectashield and scanned using 60 × Oil lens (NA 1.4); (B–E) mounted in phosphate-buffered saline and scanned using 60 × water lens (NA 1.2). Apical plate (ap), proboscis (pb), stomodeum (st), anterior invaginations (ai), remnants of posterior invaginations (pi∗), muscles (ms). Asterisks mark several provisional larval epidermis cells.

Figure 5 in Five invaginations and shedding of the larval epidermis during development of the hoplonemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

Figure 5. Confocal micrographs of the late rudiment stage larvae of Pantinonemertes californiensis (3-day-old at 15–16◦C) labelled with phalloidin. This is the stage at which the larvae shed larval epidermal cells; apical is up. (A) A 10-µm sub-stack of frontal sections showing well-developed body wall muscles, the bipartite proboscis (pb) equipped with a muscle retractor (prm) and the dorsal commissure of the brain (dc); (B) a 5-µm sub-stack of frontal sections of a different larva showing the ventral commissure of the brain (vc), the lateral nerve cords (lnc) with the associated nerve cord muscles (nm), and proboscis insertion muscles (pim); (C) a 6.5-µm sub-stack of frontal sections of yet another larva showing the fused foregut (fgt) and midgut (mgt), and the proboscis pore (pp).

Figure 6 in Five invaginations and shedding of the larval epidermis during development of the hoplonemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

Figure 6. Confocal micrographs of phalloidin-labelled vermicular stage larvae of Pantinonemertes californiensis; anterior is to the left. (A–C) Five-day-old larvae (12–13◦C). (A) An 8-µm sub-stack of frontal sections, showing cerebral ganglia (cg), lateral nerve cords (lnc) and nerve cord muscles (nm); (B) a 1-µm sagittal section, showing the proboscis (pb), foregut (fgt) and stomodeal opening (st). The position of the original proboscis pore (which is no longer apparent) is marked with an asterisk; (C) a 10-µm sub-stack of sagittal sections, illustrating the relative position of the dorsal commissure (dc) and lateral nerve cords with respect to proboscis; (D) confocal Z-projection (ventral view) of a 13-day-old larva, showing the well-developed circular, longitudinal and diagonal muscles of the body wall as well as the small cells that surround the stomodeum.

Figure 4 in Five invaginations and shedding of the larval epidermis during development of the hoplonemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

Figure 4. Confocal micrographs of phalloidin-labelled early rudiment stage Pantinonemertes californiensis larvae. (A, C, D) Three-day-old larvae (12–13◦C); (B) 2-day-old larva (15–16◦C); apical pole up, ventral to the left in (A, C, D). (A) Lateral view, showing apical plate (ap) and the two shallow dimples at the anterior end – remnants of one of the anterior invaginations (ai1 and ai2); (B) a 15-µm frontal sub-stack showing the two forks of anterior invaginations (ai1 and ai2), the remnants of posterior invaginations (pi∗), posterior cirrus (pc) and midgut lumen (arrowhead); (C) a single sagittal 1-µm section showing the cerebral ganglia (cg) and lateral nerve cord (lnc); (D) same embryo as in (C), different 1-µm section showing the proboscis (pb), dorsal commissure (dc), and ventral commissure (vc) of the brain.

Figure 3 in Five invaginations and shedding of the larval epidermis during development of the hoplonemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

Figure 3. Confocal micrographs of phalloidin-labelled early (A, B) and late (C, D) invagination stage larvae of Pantinonemertes californiensis. (A, B) A 28.5-hour-old prehatched embryo (12–13◦C); (C, D) a 46-hour-old (12–13◦C) larva; apical pole marked by the apical plate (ap) is up or upper right. (A) Confocal Z-projection (ventral view) showing stomodeum (st), proboscis rudiment (pb), paired anterior (ai) and posterior (pi) invaginations; (B) a 30-µm thick sub-stack of frontal sections showing the posterior cirrus (pc), paired anterior and posterior invaginations, proboscis and midgut lumen (arrowhead); (C) confocal Z-projection (ventral view), showing bifurcated anterior and posterior invaginations and the stomodeum (st); (D) a 29-µm thick sub-stack of frontal sections showing the five invaginations and midgut lumen (arrowhead).

Figure 1 in Five invaginations and shedding of the larval epidermis during development of the hoplonemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

Figure 1. Cleavage in Pantinonemertes californiensis. (A) Fertilized egg in egg envelopes; (B) first polar body formation; (C) second polar body formation; (D) two-cell stage; (E) four-cell stage; (F) eight-cell stage; (G) 16-cell stage; (H) 32-cell stage. Scale bar 100 µm.

Figure 2 in Five invaginations and shedding of the larval epidermis during development of the hoplonemertean Pantinonemertes californiensis (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

Figure 2. Planuliform larva of Pantinonemertes californiensis. (A) Newly-hatched invagination stage larva of P. californiensis is uniformly ciliated, has an apical tuft (ap) and posterior cirrus (pc); (B) late rudiment stage larva (3 days old at 15–16◦C) has a distinct proboscis rudiment (pb) and two ocelli; (C) late rudiment stage larva in the process of shedding ciliated cells of its larval epidermis from around the mouth (m); (D) a chain of ciliated larval epidermal cells shed and left behind by a larva of P. californiensis. Scale bars 50 µm.