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Fig. 1 in Outcome of within-host competition demonstrates that parasite virulence doesn't equal success in a myxozoan model system
Fig. 1. Experimental schematic and timeline. Timeline begins at t-3 when density of parasites in polychaete cultures (inset a) was estimated in replicate water samples to calculate dose administered on t0 and t6. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) well water ("W") was used as a negative control and a mock exposure t0 and t6 in treatments that received no parasites on those exposure dates "W"- denotes water, "I: denotes genotype-I and "II" denotes genotype-II (inset b). * denote treatments used for cytokine and immunoglobulin assays (b).
Fig. 1 in Equal contributions of feline immunodeficiency virus and coinfections to morbidity in African lions
Fig. 1. FIV infection is common in lions of Kruger National Park. Within the sample population, 72.8% (142/195) of lions were infected with FIV. Prevalence of FIV infection was similar between males and females (75.6% versus 70.2%; n = 74 and 121, respectively), but increased with host age (a). For ease of visualization, age has been broken up by life stage into cubs (0–2yrs), subadults (2.1–4yrs), young adults (4.1–6yrs), prime adults (6.1–8yrs), and seniors (>8yrs) based on previous age classifications (Schaller, 1976). Regional prevalence of FIV was highest in the central region and lowest in the north (b). The map to the right shows locations where lion prides were sampled.
Fig. 4 in Equal contributions of feline immunodeficiency virus and coinfections to morbidity in African lions
Fig. 4. FIV has strong direct and indirect effects on overall health. The final path model (a) shows only statistically significant relationships between manifest variables (rectangles) and latent variables (circles) for FIV infection, immune response (IMM), coinfections with hemoparasites (Hemoparasites), co-infections with gastrointestinal parasites (Helminths), and morbidity (Morbidity). Note that the parameter βx,z between each variable of interest represents the path coefficient obtained from least squares regression examining the relationship between one latent variable and the next (for example, FIV to IMM). Blue arrows represent positive relationships, whereas red arrows denote negative relationships. Final sample size was 106 lions.
Fig. 3 in Equal contributions of feline immunodeficiency virus and coinfections to morbidity in African lions
Fig. 3. FIV significantly increases the prevalence of select gastrointestinal and hemoparasitic coinfections, as well as overall parasite richness for both groups. Graph (a) shows the prevalence of coinfecting parasites isolated in lions from this study. Sample size for the parasite groups included is as follows: n = 114 for gastrointestinal parasites; n = 190 for hemoparasites; and n = 195 for viral parasites. Coinfections are broken down by FIV status (positive versus negative). The two additional graphs illustrate the relationship between FIV status and gastrointestinal parasite richness (b) and hemoparasite richness (c).
Fig. 2 in Equal contributions of feline immunodeficiency virus and coinfections to morbidity in African lions
Fig. 2. FIV has broad effects on lion health and is associated with progressive immune impairment. Box (2a) above provides a complete list of the health metrics measured for the purposes of this study. Arrows to the right of each variable summarize the directionality of statistically significant changes with FIV infection. Descriptive statistics and reference values can be found in Table 2. Complete model output can be found in supplementary tables S1–S4. For ease of visualization, each parameter has been broken into categories of clinical relevance. To the right, age-related changes in lymphocyte profiles are shown for total lymphocyte counts in FIV-positive versus FIV-negative lions (b); as well as specific lymphocyte subsets in FIV-positive lions (c). Due to small sample size for lymphocyte subsets, subadults, and cubs have been included together under the 'juvenile' category.
Fig. 8. Consensus trees from phylogenetic analyses under equal weights. A. Strict consensus tree. B. Reduced consensus tree. a in New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications
Fig. 8. Consensus trees from phylogenetic analyses under equal weights. A. Strict consensus tree. B. Reduced consensus tree. a, Martinmiguelia fernandezi; b, Taubatherium paulacoutoi; c, Ancylocoelus frequens; d, Huilatherium pluriplicatum; e, Asmodeus petrasnerus; f, Colpodon antucoensis + C. propinquus.
Fig. 3 in Equal rights for parasites: Are we there yet?
Fig. 3. Proportion of empirical articles on the topic of parasites and conservation which treat parasites as a conservation target (orange) or a threat (blue) for macroparasites (arthropods, helminths, annelids, molluscs and vertebrates) and microparasites (protozoans, fungi and bacteria), published in (A) International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife or (B) Biological Conservation and Conservation Biology.
Fig. 1 in Equal rights for parasites: Are we there yet?
Fig. 1. Proportion of articles on the topic of parasites and conservation which treat parasites as a conservation target, rather than a threat, published in the International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife (blue line) and in the journals Biological Conservation and Conservation Biology (orange line).
Fig. 2 in Equal rights for parasites: Are we there yet?
Fig. 2. Proportion of empirical and non-empirical articles on the topic of parasites and conservation which treat parasites as a conservation target (orange) or a threat (blue), published in (A) International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife or (B) Biological Conservation and Conservation Biology.
FIGURE 3. Rodentia incisor fragments from the Clarno Formation, Oregon. JODA 16822, 3.1. anterior view, 3.2. lateral view, 3.3. distal view. UOMNH F-28304, 3.4. anterior view, 3.5. lateral view, 3.6. distal view. Scale bar equals 1 in The first Eocene rodents from the Pacific Northwest, USA
FIGURE 3. Rodentia incisor fragments from the Clarno Formation, Oregon. JODA 16822, 3.1. anterior view, 3.2. lateral view, 3.3. distal view. UOMNH F-28304, 3.4. anterior view, 3.5. lateral view, 3.6. distal view. Scale bar equals 1 mm.
FIGURE 39. Claiborne Floral Type 18. All Scale bar equals 1 in Fruits, seeds and flowers from the Bovay and Bolden clay pits (early Eocene Tallahatta Formation, Claiborne Group), northern Mississippi, USA
FIGURE 39. Claiborne Floral Type 18. All Scale bar equals 1 mm: 1) UF15737-059241'a. Counterpart of a laterally preserved flower showing a short pedicel (p), fused filaments (f), anthers (a), and a perianth part (pp); 2) UF15737-059241a. Part of Figure 39.1 showing a filament spliting from the column (indicated by arrow); 3) UF15735-059323. Two laterally preserved flowers. Note strong connectives of the anthers (indicated by arrows).
Sexual (in)equality? A meta-analysis of sex differences in thermal acclimation capacity across ectotherms
<p>1. Climate change is putting the fate of ectothermic animals at stake because their body temperature closely tracks environmental temperatures. The ability to adjust thermal limits and preference through acclimation (i.e., acclimation capacity) may compensate for temperature changes. However, although necessary for forecasting the future of ectotherms in a changing climate, knowledge on the factors modulating these plastic responses is fragmentary. For instance, the influence of an animal's sex in driving acclimation capacity has been underappreciated.<br> 2. Here, we present the first systematic review and meta-analysis on sex differences in thermal acclimation capacity. Using 239 effect sizes from 37 studies and 44 species, we revealed that males and females did not differ significantly in their overall capacity to acclimate their thermal limits and preference. However, in some instances, females expressed significantly greater plastic responses than males.<br> 3. In wild animals, females had a greater heat tolerance plasticity than males. In addition, females had a greater cold tolerance plasticity in terrestrial habitats, but the strength and direction of this sexual dimorphism was associated with the duration of acclimation. We also found a negative correlation between body mass and plasticity. Finally, we demonstrated that the capacity for each sex to adjust their thermal tolerance and preference was remarkably limited.<br> 4. It is important to acknowledge that the above effects were weak and heterogeneous. Hence, in the species we investigated, minor differences in acclimation capacity may not translate into major ecological mismatch between sexes with climate change.<br> 5. Our systematic review also revealed that over 75% of the studies we identified either did not report or confounded the sex of the animals. This under-reporting may cause to overlook ecologically relevant sex differences in plasticity in ectothermic taxa. We stress the need for further research on sex-based responses to temperatures.<br> 6. Our synthesis provides additional evidence that the capacity for ectotherms to acclimate to temperatures is limited, and likely insufficient to compensate for the impacts of climate change.</p>
Figuras que compõem a Carta Executiva "Paridade Étnica e Competitividade das Companhias Brasileiras", publicadas na edição inaugural do Journal of Racial and Ethnic Social Equality
<p>As figuras aqui disponibilizadas são as que compõem a Carta Executiva, que pode ser acessada livremente no site oficial da revista: https://jrese.org/</p>
Text-fig. 5. Amphibians: a, b – Latonia sp. from Nasrettinhoca 2: a – left ilium in lateral (a1) and medial (a2) views, and junctura ilioischiadica (a3), EUNHM PV-13223; b – left ilium in lateral (b1) and medial (b2) views, EUNHM PV-13224; c – right angular of Palaeobatrachus sp. from Mercan 1, in medial (c1) and dorsal (c2) views, EUNHM PV-13225; d – left ilium of Pelobates sp. from Nasrettinhoca 2 in lateral (d1) and medial (d2) views, EUNHM PV-13226; e – right ilium of Bufotes viridis s. l. from Nasrettinhoca 2, in lateral (e1) and medial (e2) views, EUNHM PV-13227; f – left angular of Pelophylax sp. from Mercan 1, in dorsal view, EUNHM PV-13228; g – right ilium of Pelophylax sp. from Mercan 1, in lateral (g1) and medial (g2) views, EUNHM PV-13229; h – right ilium of Pelophylax sp. from Hoyhoytepe 1, in lateral (h1) and medial (h2) views, EUNHM PV-13234; i – left angular of Ranidae indet. from Hamamkarahisar A, in dorsal view, EUNHM PV-13237. Scale equals 1 mm. in Plio-Pleistocene Amphibians And Reptiles From Central Turkey: New Faunas And Faunal Records With Comments On Their Biochronological Position Based On Small Mammals
Text-fig. 5. Amphibians: a, b – Latonia sp. from Nasrettinhoca 2: a – left ilium in lateral (a1) and medial (a2) views, and junctura ilioischiadica (a3), EUNHM PV-13223; b – left ilium in lateral (b1) and medial (b2) views, EUNHM PV-13224; c – right angular of Palaeobatrachus sp. from Mercan 1, in medial (c1) and dorsal (c2) views, EUNHM PV-13225; d – left ilium of Pelobates sp. from Nasrettinhoca 2 in lateral (d1) and medial (d2) views, EUNHM PV-13226; e – right ilium of Bufotes viridis s. l. from Nasrettinhoca 2, in lateral (e1) and medial (e2) views, EUNHM PV-13227; f – left angular of Pelophylax sp. from Mercan 1, in dorsal view, EUNHM PV-13228; g – right ilium of Pelophylax sp. from Mercan 1, in lateral (g1) and medial (g2) views, EUNHM PV-13229; h – right ilium of Pelophylax sp. from Hoyhoytepe 1, in lateral (h1) and medial (h2) views, EUNHM PV-13234; i – left angular of Ranidae indet. from Hamamkarahisar A, in dorsal view, EUNHM PV-13237. Scale equals 1 mm.
Text-fig. 4. Small mammals from Middle Pleistocene site of Yenişarbademli (Central Turkey). a–e – Microtus ex gr. arvalis-socialis: a – m1 and fragmentary m2 sin., EUNHM PV-13210; b – fragmentary m3 sin., EUNHM PV-13211; c – M3 dex., EUNHM PV- 13212a; d, e – fragmentary M3 dex., EUNHM PV-13212b, EUNHM PV-13212c; f – cf. Chionomys nivalis, M3 dex., EUNHM PV-13213; g–j – Lagurus transiens: g, h – fragmentary m1 sin., EUNHM PV-13214-13215; i – m2 sin., EUNHM PV-13216; j – fragmentary M2 dex., EUNHM PV-13217; k – Clethrionomys cf. acrorhiza, fragmentary m3 sin., EUNHM PV-13218 in labial (k2) and lingual (k3) views; l – Ochotona sp., non-pussiloid form, p3 dex., EUNHM PV-13219; m–o – Microtus cf. guentheri: m – fragmentary m1 sin., EUNHM PV-13220; n – m3 sin., EUNHM PV-13221; o – M3 dex., EUNHM PV-13222. Scales for occlusal (larger), and lateral (smaller) views equal 1 mm. in Plio-Pleistocene Amphibians And Reptiles From Central Turkey: New Faunas And Faunal Records With Comments On Their Biochronological Position Based On Small Mammals
Text-fig. 4. Small mammals from Middle Pleistocene site of Yenişarbademli (Central Turkey). a–e – Microtus ex gr. arvalis-socialis: a – m1 and fragmentary m2 sin., EUNHM PV-13210; b – fragmentary m3 sin., EUNHM PV-13211; c – M3 dex., EUNHM PV- 13212a; d, e – fragmentary M3 dex., EUNHM PV-13212b, EUNHM PV-13212c; f – cf. Chionomys nivalis, M3 dex., EUNHM PV-13213; g–j – Lagurus transiens: g, h – fragmentary m1 sin., EUNHM PV-13214-13215; i – m2 sin., EUNHM PV-13216; j – fragmentary M2 dex., EUNHM PV-13217; k – Clethrionomys cf. acrorhiza, fragmentary m3 sin., EUNHM PV-13218 in labial (k2) and lingual (k3) views; l – Ochotona sp., non-pussiloid form, p3 dex., EUNHM PV-13219; m–o – Microtus cf. guentheri: m – fragmentary m1 sin., EUNHM PV-13220; n – m3 sin., EUNHM PV-13221; o – M3 dex., EUNHM PV-13222. Scales for occlusal (larger), and lateral (smaller) views equal 1 mm.
Text-fig. 3. Arvicolids from Plio-Pleistocene sites of Eskişehir-Sivrihisar region (Central Turkey). a–c – Promimomys cf. insuliferus from Nasrettinhoca 2: a – M3 dex., EUNHM PV-13200; b – fragmentary M2 sin., EUNHM PV-13201; c – M1 sin., EUNHM PV-13202; d – Promimomys sp. from Hamamkarahisar B, M1 sin., EUNHM PV-13203; e–i – Mimomys cf. hajnackensis: e, f – Hoyhoytepe 2, m1–m2 from the same mandibular tooth row: e – m1 sin., EUNHM PV-13204; f – m2 sin., EUNHM PV-13205; g, h – Mercan 1: g – M1 dex., EUNHM PV-13206; h – M3 sin., EUNHM PV-13207; i – Hoyhoytepe 3, M3 sin., EUNHM PV-13208; j – Mimomys ex gr. stehlini-hintoni from Mercan 2, M1 dex., EUNHM PV-13209 in lingual view (j2) and labial (j3) views. Scales for occlusal (larger), and lateral (smaller) views equal 1 mm. in Plio-Pleistocene Amphibians And Reptiles From Central Turkey: New Faunas And Faunal Records With Comments On Their Biochronological Position Based On Small Mammals
Text-fig. 3. Arvicolids from Plio-Pleistocene sites of Eskişehir-Sivrihisar region (Central Turkey). a–c – Promimomys cf. insuliferus from Nasrettinhoca 2: a – M3 dex., EUNHM PV-13200; b – fragmentary M2 sin., EUNHM PV-13201; c – M1 sin., EUNHM PV-13202; d – Promimomys sp. from Hamamkarahisar B, M1 sin., EUNHM PV-13203; e–i – Mimomys cf. hajnackensis: e, f – Hoyhoytepe 2, m1–m2 from the same mandibular tooth row: e – m1 sin., EUNHM PV-13204; f – m2 sin., EUNHM PV-13205; g, h – Mercan 1: g – M1 dex., EUNHM PV-13206; h – M3 sin., EUNHM PV-13207; i – Hoyhoytepe 3, M3 sin., EUNHM PV-13208; j – Mimomys ex gr. stehlini-hintoni from Mercan 2, M1 dex., EUNHM PV-13209 in lingual view (j2) and labial (j3) views. Scales for occlusal (larger), and lateral (smaller) views equal 1 mm.
Text-fig. 6. Squamates: a – vertebra of Amphisbaenia indet. from Nasrettinhoca 1, in dorsal (a1), ventral (a2), lateral (a3), anterior (a4), and posterior (a5) views, EUNHM PV-13238; b – right maxilla of Lacertidae indet. from Nasrettinhoca 1, in lateral (b1) and medial (b2) views, EUNHM PV-13239; c – cervical vertebra of Natrix sp. from Hamamkarahisar B, in dorsal (c1), ventral (c2), lateral (c3), anterior (c4), and posterior (c5) views, EUNHM PV-13240; d – trunk vertebra of Natricinae indet. from Nasrettinhoca 2, in dorsal (d1), ventral (d2), lateral (d3), anterior (d4), and posterior (d5) views, EUNHM PV-13241; e – vertebra of cf. Colubrinae indet. from Yenişarbademli, in ventral (e1), dorsal (e2), and anterior (e3) views, EUNHM PV-13262. Scale equals 1 mm. in Plio-Pleistocene Amphibians And Reptiles From Central Turkey: New Faunas And Faunal Records With Comments On Their Biochronological Position Based On Small Mammals
Text-fig. 6. Squamates: a – vertebra of Amphisbaenia indet. from Nasrettinhoca 1, in dorsal (a1), ventral (a2), lateral (a3), anterior (a4), and posterior (a5) views, EUNHM PV-13238; b – right maxilla of Lacertidae indet. from Nasrettinhoca 1, in lateral (b1) and medial (b2) views, EUNHM PV-13239; c – cervical vertebra of Natrix sp. from Hamamkarahisar B, in dorsal (c1), ventral (c2), lateral (c3), anterior (c4), and posterior (c5) views, EUNHM PV-13240; d – trunk vertebra of Natricinae indet. from Nasrettinhoca 2, in dorsal (d1), ventral (d2), lateral (d3), anterior (d4), and posterior (d5) views, EUNHM PV-13241; e – vertebra of cf. Colubrinae indet. from Yenişarbademli, in ventral (e1), dorsal (e2), and anterior (e3) views, EUNHM PV-13262. Scale equals 1 mm.
Text-fig. 2. a–g. Schloenbachia lymensis SPATH, 1926. a–d. S. lymensis from the Plaňany quarry. a. Lateral view. b. Ventral view. c. Whorl section (improved from Soukup 1971). d. Suture line (adopted from Soukup 1971; improved). E – external lobe, A – adventive lobe, U1 and U2 – umbilical lobes. e–g. S. lymensis from the locality Slaný. e, g. Ventro-lateral view showing larger clavi modified into spines closely to the aperture. f. Ventral view. Scale bars equal 10 mm. in Taxonomy And Stratigraphic Distribution Of The Ammonite Schloenbachia Neumayr, 1875 From The Bohemian Cretaceous Basin
Text-fig. 2. a–g. Schloenbachia lymensis SPATH, 1926. a–d. S. lymensis from the Plaňany quarry. a. Lateral view. b. Ventral view. c. Whorl section (improved from Soukup 1971). d. Suture line (adopted from Soukup 1971; improved). E – external lobe, A – adventive lobe, U1 and U2 – umbilical lobes. e–g. S. lymensis from the locality Slaný. e, g. Ventro-lateral view showing larger clavi modified into spines closely to the aperture. f. Ventral view. Scale bars equal 10 mm.
Text-fig. 4. Pazlia hilaris gen. et sp. nov. (a, b) from the Early Cretaceous Famalicão locality (sample 025), Portugal (holotype, S175096) and Pazliopsis reyi gen. et sp. nov. (c, d) from the Early Cretaceous Torres Vedras locality (sample 038), Portugal (S174614); Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, orthoslices). a) Longitudinal orthoslice (xy0984) through the median plane of the seed showing the strongly thickened sclerenchyma under the hilar scar (hi), micropylar slit (mi) and the raphe (ra); note cells of exotesta are almost equally tall on both raphal and anti-raphal sides of the seed and gradually become shorter towards the micropyle. b) Transverse orthoslice (xy0984) through middle of seed showing the thickened cells of the exotesta; note that cells of the exotesta are almost equally tall on both raphal and anti-raphal sides. c) Longitudinal orthoslice (yz0812) through apical part of seed in the median plane showing embryo with two rudimentary cotyledons (asterisks) and surrounding nutritive tissue; note the tiny cells of embryo with central structures we interpret as the fossilized remains of nuclei. d) Detail of (4c) showing tiny embryo with two rudimentary cotyledons (asterisks); nutritive tissue immediately surrounding the embryo is interpreted as endosperm (endo); whether there is any delimitation between this inner endosperm and the outer part of the nutritive tissues is not clear. Scale bars = 250 µm (a–c); 125 µm (d). in Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal
Text-fig. 4. Pazlia hilaris gen. et sp. nov. (a, b) from the Early Cretaceous Famalicão locality (sample 025), Portugal (holotype, S175096) and Pazliopsis reyi gen. et sp. nov. (c, d) from the Early Cretaceous Torres Vedras locality (sample 038), Portugal (S174614); Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, orthoslices). a) Longitudinal orthoslice (xy0984) through the median plane of the seed showing the strongly thickened sclerenchyma under the hilar scar (hi), micropylar slit (mi) and the raphe (ra); note cells of exotesta are almost equally tall on both raphal and anti-raphal sides of the seed and gradually become shorter towards the micropyle. b) Transverse orthoslice (xy0984) through middle of seed showing the thickened cells of the exotesta; note that cells of the exotesta are almost equally tall on both raphal and anti-raphal sides. c) Longitudinal orthoslice (yz0812) through apical part of seed in the median plane showing embryo with two rudimentary cotyledons (asterisks) and surrounding nutritive tissue; note the tiny cells of embryo with central structures we interpret as the fossilized remains of nuclei. d) Detail of (4c) showing tiny embryo with two rudimentary cotyledons (asterisks); nutritive tissue immediately surrounding the embryo is interpreted as endosperm (endo); whether there is any delimitation between this inner endosperm and the outer part of the nutritive tissues is not clear. Scale bars = 250 µm (a–c); 125 µm (d).
Figure 2. Strict consensus cladogram from two equally parsimonious trees from a in Notograptidae, sister to Acanthoplesiops Regan (Teleostei: Plesiopidae: Acanthoclininae), with comments on biogeography, diet and morphological convergence with Congrogadinae (Teleostei: Pseudochromidae)
Figure 2. Strict consensus cladogram from two equally parsimonious trees from a branch-and-bound search using composite coding of the data set in Table 1 (no. of steps = 123; CI = 0.642; RC = 0.547; RI = 0.852). Nodes are lettered as in the text. Characters supporting each node, those without homoplasy in bold, are: A – 1, 2, 3, 4(1), 5, 6, 7, 8; B – 9, 10(1), 11(1); C – 12, 13, 14, 15, 16; D – 17; E – 18, 19(1), 20; F – 21, 22, 23; G – 10(2), 24, 25, 26; H – 4(2), 18, 19(1), 28, 29, 30, 31(1); I – 32(1), 33; J – 46, 58; K – 34, 35, 36, 37, 38(1); L – 19(2), 39, 40(1), 41, 42, 46, 47; M – 43, 44, 45; N – 31(2), 48, 50, 51, 53; O – 32(3), 49, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59; P – 47; Q – 36, 38(2). Numbers below nodes are decay indices.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.