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565 results for “escapement”
Limits to the evolution of herbicide escape and tolerance in the agricultural weed Amaranthus palmeri
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Data from: A new ultrafast movement enables escape at low temperature
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Mosquitoes escape looming threats by actively steering into the bow-wave induced by the attacker
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Civil war is associated with longer escape distances among Sri Lankan birds - flight-initiation distances of Sri Lankan birds
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Linking intercontinental biogeographic events to decipher how European vineyards escaped Pierce's disease
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Data from: Longer development provides first‐feeding fish time to escape hydrodynamic constraints
<div class="abstract"> <p class="abstract_para"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>What is the functional effect of prolonged development? By controlling for size, we quantify first‐feeding performance and hydrodynamics of zebrafish and guppy offspring (5 ± 0.5 mm in length), which differ fivefold in developmental time and twofold in ontogenetic state. By manipulating water viscosity, we control the hydrodynamic regime, measured as Reynolds number. We predicted that if feeding performance were strictly the result of hydrodynamics, and not development, feeding performance would scale with Reynolds number. We find that guppy offspring successfully feed at much greater distances to prey (1.0 vs. 0.2 mm) and with higher capture success (90 vs. 20%) compared with zebrafish larvae, and that feeding performance was not a result of Reynolds number alone. Flow visualization shows that zebrafish larvae produce a bow wave ~0.2 mm in length, and that the flow field produced during suction does not extend beyond this bow wave. Due to well‐developed oral jaw protrusion, the similar‐sized suction field generated by guppy offspring extends beyond the horizon of their bow wave, leading to successful prey capture from greater distances. These findings suggest that prolonged development and increased ontogenetic state provides first‐feeding fish time to escape the pervasive hydrodynamic constraints (bow wave) of being small.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div class="abstract"> </div>
Parasite infection disrupts escape behaviour in fish shoals
<p>Many prey species have evolved collective responses to avoid predation. They rapidly transfer information about potential predators to trigger and coordinate escape waves. Predation avoidance behaviour is often manipulated by trophically transmitted parasites, to facilitate their transmission to the next host. We hypothesised that the presence of infected, behaviourally altered individuals might disturb the spread of escape waves. We used the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus, which increases risk-taking behaviour and decrease social responsiveness of its host, the three spined stickleback, to test this hypothesis. Three subgroups of sticklebacks were placed next to one another in separate compartments with shelter. The middle subgroup contained either uninfected or infected sticklebacks. We confronted an outer subgroup with an artificial bird strike, and studied how the escape response spread through the subgroups. With uninfected sticklebacks in the middle, escape waves spread rapidly through the entire shoal and fish remained in shelter thereafter. With infected sticklebacks in the middle, the escape wave was disrupted and uninfected fish did hardlyrarely used the shelter. Infected individuals can disrupt the transmission of flight responses, thereby not only increasing their own predation risk but also that of their uninfected shoal members. Our study uncovers a potentially far-reaching fitness consequence of grouping with infected individuals.</p>
Escapement and ASL data of salmon in the Salcha River, Alaska
<p>This data was collected as part of the AKSSF funding #4634 awarded to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Sportfish division in Region III. The Salcha River, located outside of Fairbanks, Alaska, is home to the largest spawning population of Chinook salmon in the U.S. portion of the Yukon River drainage. Tower techniques were used in the Salcha River to establish an escapement estimate and carcass surveys were conducted to collect age, sex and length data to assess run compositions. The data in this spreadsheet includes separate tabs for daily passage estimates with uncertainty and final estimate for each year of the project (2017-2019) and a single tab with all years of the data collected during carcass surveys. The citiation for the operational plan for this project is below:</p> <p>Stuby, L., and M. Tyers. 2016. Chinook salmon escapement in the Chena, Salcha, and Goodpaster Rivers and coho salmon escapement in the Delta Clearwater River, 2015. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fishery Data Series No. 16-45, Anchorage.</p> <p>Matter, A. N., and M. Tyers. 2019. Chinook salmon escapement in the Chena and Salcha Rivers and Coho salmon escapement in the Delta Clearwater River, 2019-2023. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Regional Operational Plan ROP.SF.3F.2019.03, Anchorage.</p>
Data from: Emerging risks of non-native species escapes from aquaculture: call for policy improvements in China and other developing countries
<p><span>1. Global aquaculture relies heavily on the farming of non-native aquatic species (hereafter, NAS). NAS escapes from aquaculture facilities can result in serious aquatic bio-invasions, which</span> has been <span>an important issue in the FAO <i>Blue Growth Initiative</i>. A r</span>egulatory quagmire regarding NAS farming and escapes, however, exists in most developing countries.</p> <p><span>2. We discuss aquaculture expansion and NAS escapes, illustrate emerging risks, and propose recommendations for improved aquaculture management</span> across developing countries and particularly for<span> China. </span></p> <p>3. <span>In </span>China<span>,</span> 68 NAS are known to have successfully established feral populations in natural habitats due to recurrent leakages or escapes; among the 68 NAS, 52<span> represent risks to native aquatic ecosystems. In addition to affecting a country's own biodiversity and ecosystem functions, NAS escapees can also threaten the </span>biosecurity<span> of shared waters in neighboring countries.</span></p> <p>4. <i>Policy implications</i>. <span>Non-native aquatic species (NAS) </span>escapes have already had adverse ecological effects in China and other developing countries. The importance of this problem, however, is not adequately recognized by current conservation policies in developing countries. To conserve biodiversity and to support the<span> goal of FAO's</span> sustainable aquaculture, developing countries <span>should now take responsible actions</span> to address NAS escapes <span>through policy and management improvements. Specifically, these</span> countries should pass comprehensive legislation, establish effective agencies and national standards and planning, and enhance integrated research and education to deal with risk assessment, prevention, monitoring, and control of <span>NAS</span> escapes. Given that China is the world's largest aquacultural producer, China can create a model for other developing countries that will increase the biosecurity and sustainability of global aquaculture.</p>
Salmon on the lam: Drivers of escaped farmed fish abundance in rivers
<p>Abstract:</p> <ol> <li>The production of Atlantic salmon in aquaculture has grown substantially over the last 40 years. The unintentional release of domesticated salmon poses a significant risk to the long-term persistence of wild Atlantic salmon populations through ecological interactions and genetic introgression. Our ability to link aquaculture production to farmed escaped salmon in rivers is still limited and hinders identifying the appropriate production capacity of salmon aquaculture to reduce unwanted interactions between wild and escaped Atlantic salmon. </li> <li>Here, we use a 14-year dataset of farmed escapee abundance in rivers to model how the a priori selected covariables of wild salmon abundance, aquaculture intensity, river discharge, hydropower, and fjord placement of the river affects escapee abundance across 54 rivers in western Norway. Then, we evaluate the predictive strength of the model to provide context for its use to minimize escapees. </li> <li>We found that the abundance of farmed escaped Atlantic salmon in rivers is correlated to aquaculture intensity. Furthermore, the abundance of wild Atlantic salmon, mean yearly discharge, and the interaction between fjord placement and wild salmon abundance were important predictors of escapee abundance in rivers. </li> <li>The model was 40% accurate when predicting the abundance of farmed escaped salmon in rivers. However, the accuracy improved to 75% when using risk categories derived from modeled intrusion rates that induced long-term genetic changes to the wild population (low < 4%, medium 4 – 10%, and high > 10% escaped farmed salmon).</li> <li><em>Synthesis and applications: </em>This study links aquaculture production, at relevant spatiotemporal scales (75 km from rivers), to the abundance of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon in rivers, and provides governmental agencies with a tool to help regulate domesticated salmon production based on the carrying capacity of the system to buffer against introgression between conspecifics. Furthermore, understanding this relationship will be beneficial when establishing new aquaculture sites in pristine ecosystems where they would overlap with wild Atlantic salmon. Finally, future mitigation efforts should continue to focus on new technologies (e.g., triploid females) that can eliminate the risk of introgression without limiting aquaculture production.</li> </ol> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Supplementary data for: "Global Venus-solar wind coupling and oxygen ion escape"
<p>Supplementary data for paper "Global Venus-Solar wind coupling and oxygen ion escape", submitted to Geophysical Research Letters. See README file for description of the data in each file.</p>
Replication data for estimating the below-ground leak rate of a natural gas pipeline using above-ground downwind measurements: THE ESCAPE−1 MODEL
<p>Gas leak detectors are currently used to survey for below-ground leaks. However, measurements from gas detectors are not precise in quantifying the below-ground leak rate—data in this submission aimed to quantify the below-ground leak rate of a Natural Gas pipeline.</p>
Sex- and state-dependent covariation of risk-averse and escape behavior in a widespread lizard
<p>Mounting evidence has show<span>n</span> that personality and behavioral syndromes have a substantial influence on <span>interspecific interactions</span> and <span>individual </span>fitness. However, the stability of <span>covariation among multiple behavioral traits involved in antipredator responses</span> <span>has seldom been tested</span>. Here, we <span>investigate whether </span>sex, <span>gravidity</span>, and parasit<span>e infestations influence</span> <span>the covariation</span> <span>between</span> <span>risk-aversion</span> <span>(hiding time within a refuge) </span>and <span>escape</span> <span>response (immobility, escape distance)</span> using a viviparous lizard<span>,</span> <em>Zootoca vivipara</em><span> as a model system. Our results</span> <span>demonstrated a correlation between risk-averse and escape behavior at the among-individual level, but </span>only <span>in</span> <span>gravid</span> females<span>. We found no significant correlations in either males or neonates</span>. <span>A striking result was the loss of the association in post-parturition females. </span>Th<span>is</span> <span>suggests</span> that the <span>'risk-averse</span> – <span>e</span>scape<span>'</span> syndrome <span>is ephemeral and only emerges in response to constraints on locomotion driven by reproductive burden.</span> <span>Moreover</span>, parasites have the potential to disassociate the<span> correlations between</span> <span>risk-aversion and </span>escape <span>response</span> in <span>gravid</span> females, <span>yet the causal chain requires further examination</span>. <span>Overall, o</span>ur findings provide evidence of differences in the association <span>between</span> <span>behaviors within the life-time of an individual</span> and <span>indicate</span> that <span>individual states, sex and life stages can together</span> influence the stability of behavioral syndromes.</p>
Data from: To hatch and hatch not: Rejecting the hypothesis that heterochrony in vestibular mechanosensing explains poor escape-hatching success of Agalychnis spurrelli in snake attacks compared with its congener A. callidryas
<p>Phyllomedusid treefrogs hatch prematurely to escape egg predation, but escape success varies among species. During spontaneous hatching of <em>Agalychnis</em> <em>spurrelli</em>, snake attacks elicited 55% less escape-hatching than did attacks on less developed <em>A. callidryas</em>. <em>Agalychnis</em> <em>callidryas</em> use their vestibular system and, secondarily, their lateral line to sense physical disturbances that cue hatching. Since <em>A. spurrelli </em>develop faster, we hypothesized that heterochronic shifts in the onset timing of vestibular mechanosensory function, relative to hatching ability, might explain their lower escape response to mechanosensory cues. To test this, we compared the onset timing of hypoxia- and mechanosensory-cued hatching (MCH) and vestibular mechanosensory function in developmental series of <em>A. spurrelli</em> and <em>A. callidryas</em> embryos. Across species, most sibships began responding to each cue at the same developmental stage. MCH onset in A. spurrelli was associated with vestibular function onset, as indicated by measurements of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). Indeed, the first <em>A. spurrelli</em> embryos to show MCH had VOR amplitudes similar to those previously found for <em>A. callidryas</em> at the onset of MCH. These results indicate that low escape-hatching success in <em>A. spurrelli</em> is not caused by a relative delay in the onset of vestibular mechanosensory function, rejecting our initial hypothesis; the developmental timing of vestibular mechanosensing and its role in predator-induced hatching appears conserved. Our observations of both higher escape success of larger clutches in snake attacks and hatching complications in flooded A. spurrelli suggest, instead, that differences in egg capsule and clutch structure may contribute to species differences in escape-hatching success.</p>
Model Output for: "MESSENGER observations of Mercury's planetary ion escape rates and their dependence on true anomaly angle"
<p>In the manuscript titled ‘MESSENGER Observations of Mercury’s Planetary Ion Escape Rates and Their Dependence on True Anomaly Angle’, submitted to Geophysical Research Letters, we provide an analysis of test sodium ion (Na+) particles. These test particles, integral to our research, are illustrated in Figure 4. This dataset contains an ASCII file with detailed information and descriptions of these test particles.</p>
Data and code from: Climatic variation allows montane willows to escape an adaptive tradeoff
<p>This repository contains the data and R code needed to reproduce all results and figures from Rosenblad & Ackerly (2024) Climatic variation allows montane willows to escape an adaptive tradeoff. File descriptions are below.</p> <p>analysis.R contains all R code.</p> <p>cutting_data.csv contains the following fields: 1- plant_id, a unique identifier for each genetically distinct in situ parent plant, from which cuttings were collected and propagated; 2- cutting_id, which specifies replicate cuttings from each in situ parent plant; 3- diameter_mm, the initial diameter at the base of each cutting (in millimeters) immediately following collection; and 4- height_cm, the initial height of each cutting.</p> <p>freezing_resistance_data.csv contains the following fields: 1- plant_id (see above); 2- cutting_id_1 (see cutting_id above); 3- cutting_id_2, which specifies replicate greenhouse-grown twigs sampled from each greenhouse plant (specified by cutting_id_1); and 4- new_growth, a binary variable indicating whether each twig survived and grew roots following the freezing treatment.</p> <p>leaf_and_shoot_mass_data.csv contains the following fields: 1- plant_id (see above); 2- cutting_id (see above); 3- shoots_g, the dry mass of all leaves harvested from the greenhouse plant at the end of the growth experiment; and 4- leaves_g, the dry mass of all shoots harvested from the greenhouse plant at the end of the growth experiment.</p> <p>plant_id.csv contains the following fields: 1- plant_id (see above); and 2- site_id, a unique identifier for the provenance site of each plant.</p> <p>psi_tlp_data.csv contains the following fields: 1- plant_id (see above); 2- cutting_id (see above); 3- psi_tlp_mpa, the measured turgor loss point (in megapascals); and 4- collection_environment, a binary variable distinguishing greenhouse plants from in situ parent plants.</p> <p>root_mass_data.csv contains the following fields: 1- plant_id (see above); 2- cutting_id (see above); and 3- root_mass_g, the dry mass of roots for the given measurement. Some plants had too much root material to measure all at once, so these plants were split into multiple measurement batches, each of which receives a row in this CSV.</p> <p>S_lemmonii_GBIF.csv contains occurrence data of S. lemmonii from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. There are many fields. The important fields for this use case are decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude, the WGS 84 coordinates (EPSG 4326) of each observation. Information on the other fields is available at gbif.org.</p> <p>treatment.csv contains the following fields: 1- plant_id (see above); 2- cutting_id (see above); and 3-treatment, a binary variable indicating whether each greenhouse plant received the drought or control treatment during the growth experiment.</p> <p>fig1.png and other similarly named .png files are the figures in the paper. They can be re-generated by running analysis.R.</p> <p>aet_1981_2010_bcm.tif contains mean annual actual evapotranspiration data for the period 1981-2010 from the Basin Characterization Model.</p> <p>aprpck1981_2010_ave_HST_1641848708.tif, and other files with the same basename but different extensions, contain mean April 1 snow water equivalent data for the period 1981-2010 from the Basin Characterization Model.</p> <p>ds542.shp, and other files with the same basename but different extensions, contains a polygon outlining the Sierra Nevada ecoregion.</p> <p>KR_sites_WGS84.shp, and other files with the same basename but different extensions, contain polygons of the provenance sites.</p> <p>tmn1981_2010may_ave_HST_1689800754.tif, and other files with the same basename but different extensions, contain mean May minimum temperature data fro the period 1981-2010 from the Basin Characterization Model.</p>
Selection against individuals from genetic introgression of escaped farmed salmon in a natural population of Atlantic salmon
<p>The viability of wild Atlantic salmon populations is threatened by genetic introgression from escaped farmed salmon. Farmed Atlantic salmon are genetically improved for important commercial traits and a life in captivity but are poorly adapted to the natural environment. The rate of geneflow from escaped farmed to wild salmon depends on their spawning success and on offspring survival at various life-stages. We here investigate relative survival of introgressed juvenile Atlantic salmon (parr) in a river in northern Norway. The studied population has experienced genetic introgression from farmed salmon for about four generations (20 years). We followed two cohorts of parr from the year of hatching (0+) to the age of two years (2+). Farmed genetic introgression was quantified at the individual level and on a continuous scale using diagnostic SNPs. Population-level genetic introgression decreased from 0+ to 2+ by 64% (2011 cohort) and 37% (2013 cohort) . This change was driven by a 70% (2011 cohort) and 49% (2013 cohort) lower survival from age 0+ to 2+ in introgressed parr compared to parr of wild origin. Our observations show that there is natural selection against genetic introgression with a potential cost of lower productivity.The viability of wild Atlantic salmon populations is threatened by genetic introgression from escaped farmed salmon. Farmed Atlantic salmon are genetically improved for important commercial traits and a life in captivity but are poorly adapted to the natural environment. The rate of geneflow from escaped farmed to wild salmon depends on their spawning success and on offspring survival at various life-stages. We here investigate relative survival of introgressed juvenile Atlantic salmon (parr) in a river in northern Norway. The studied population has experienced genetic introgression from farmed salmon for about four generations (20 years). We followed two cohorts of parr from the year of hatching (0+) to the age of two years (2+). Farmed genetic introgression was quantified at the individual level and on a continuous scale using diagnostic SNPs. Population-level genetic introgression decreased from 0+ to 2+ by 64% (2011 cohort) and 37% (2013 cohort) . This change was driven by a 70% (2011 cohort) and 49% (2013 cohort) lower survival from age 0+ to 2+ in introgressed parr compared to parr of wild origin. Our observations show that there is natural selection against genetic introgression with a potential cost of lower productivity.</p>
The stabilising impact of natural selection on the allometry of sexual ornaments: Fish that escape locomotor constraints exhibit extravagant ornamentation
<p>1. Positive allometry has been considered a hallmark of sexual selection whereby larger males of superior condition develop disproportionately larger ornaments for their body size compared to smaller males of poorer condition.</p> <p>2. Yet many structures known to be sexually selected often exhibit other allometric patterns. This has led to controversy over the utility of allometry in adequately capturing the signature of sexual selection, particularly if static (within population) and evolutionary (across species) allometries are functionally constrained by stabilising natural selection.</p> <p>3. To investigate this, we evaluated the allometries of ornamental head crests and dorsal fins across multiple species of blenny fish. In particular, we compared species that occupied an aquatic environment—where swimming performance was expected to have constrained ornament size—with species that have transitioned onto land where such biomechanical constraints on ornament size have been removed.</p> <p>4. Static allometries of both head crest and dorsal fin ornaments were found to be positive in males, but less so in females, across all species examined. This was consistent with the allometric theory of sexual selection that predicts positive allometry specifically in male ornamentation. Nevertheless, male allometric slopes were constrained in aquatic species whereas males of terrestrial species were free to exaggerate the size of their ornaments. Natural selection therefore appears to suppress ornament size in aquatics because of the biomechanical constraints associated with swimming. These differences in within-population static allometry between aquatic and terrestrial species in turn manifested in a greater across-species evolutionary allometric intercept, but not slope, for terrestrial species relative to aquatic and species.</p> <p>5. These findings indicate that the study of ornament allometries can provide useful insights into the role of sexual selection on ornament elaboration and also help reveal the presence of opposing natural selection that might result in alternative allometric patterns. The relationship between static and evolutionary allometries remains complex, and our results caution against the interpretation of evolutionary allometry in the absence of a clear understanding of the underlying static allometries associated with it.</p>
Diurnal and nocturnal mosquitoes escape looming threats using distinct flight strategies
<p><span>Flying insects have evolved the ability to evade looming objects such as predators and swatting hands. This is particularly relevant for blood-feeding insects like mosquitoes that routinely need to evade defensive actions of their blood-hosts. To minimize the chance of being swatted, a mosquito can use two distinct strategies: continuously exhibit an unpredictable flight path or maximize its escape manoeuvrability. We studied how baseline flight unpredictability and escape manoeuvrability affects the escape performance of day-active and night-active mosquitoes (<i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Anopheles coluzzii</i>, respectively). We used a multi-camera high-speed videography system to track how freely flying mosquitoes respond to an event-triggered rapidly approaching mechanical swatter, in four light conditions ranging from pitch darkness to overcast daylight. Results show that both species exhibit enhanced escape performance in their respective natural light condition (daylight for <i>Aedes</i> and dark for <i>Anopheles</i>). To achieve this, they show strikingly different behaviours. The enhanced escape performance of <i>Anopheles</i> at night is explained by their baseline unpredictable erratic flight behaviour, whereas the increased escape performance of <i>Aedes</i> in overcast daylight is due to their enhanced escape manoeuvres. This shows that both day and night active mosquitoes modify their flight behaviour in function of light intensity such that their escape performance is maximum in their natural blood-feeding light conditions, when these defensive actions by their blood-hosts occur most. Because <i>Aedes</i> and <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes are major vectors of several deadly human diseases, this knowledge can be used to optimize vector control methods for these specific species.</span></p>
Epistasis at the SARS-CoV-2 RBD Interface and the Propitiously Boring Implications for Vaccine Escape
<p>This repository includes:</p> <p> </p> <p>SI Appendix</p> <p>GISAID Acknowledgements</p> <p>An example resfile</p> <p>RosettaScripts .xml files</p> <p>Complex conformations (50 each) for WT/Delta/Gamma/Omicron; antibody (NAb) and receptor (ACE2)</p>
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